博士生综合英语 Unit 4

博士生综合英语Unit4PAGEPAGE1UnitFourText:TheManyFacesoftheFutureSamuelP.Huntington1.elite:n(常作贬义)socialgroupconsideredtobethebestormostimportantbecauseoftheirpower,talent,wealth,etc（由于有权力、才能、财富等）被视为最好的或最重要的社会集团;精英;尖子:theruling,scientificelite掌权的、科学方面的精英|aneliteforce,regiment精锐部队、团.AlltheglamorousWashingtonelitewereatthedinnerthatevening.Onlyasmallelitecanaffordtosendtheirchildrentothisschool.TheParachuteRegimentaretheeliteoftheBritisharmedforces.ThePresidenthasbeenaccusedofdevelopingpoliciesinfavorofasmallelite.2.scenario:pl.scenarios[C],n(pl~s)1（电影、戏剧等的）脚本、剧情概要等.2imaginedsequenceoffutureevents想像中的未来事情的顺序:apossiblescenarioforwar战争中可能出现的情况.Imagineascenariowhereonly20%ofpeoplehaveajob.possible/likely/plausible/worst-case/nightmarescenarioUnderalikelyscenario,worldpopulationwilldoubleby2050.Theworst-casescenariowasthathewouldhavetohaveanoperation.MoreExamples:Acommonscenarioisthatawomanmarriesandsacrificeshercareerforherhusband.Inaworst-casescenarioalllifeontheplanetwouldbewipedoutbyanuclearwar.Thisiseverypolitician'snightmarescenario.Underthemosthopefulscenario,itwilltake20yearstocleanupthemess.3.fad:nsomethingthatisfashionableforashorttime;=craze;fashion,interest,preference,enthusiasm,etcthatisnotlikelytolast流行的时尚、爱好、狂热等:WillTomcontinuetocollectstampsorisitonlyapassingfad?汤姆还在集邮呢,还是热劲已过?Interestinorganicfoodisnotafad,it'sheretostay.Isbloggingafad?Theyknowthisisjustanotherfad.Thisisnotsimplyapassingfad.faddish:=faddy,intenselyfashionableforashorttime,风行的，时尚的，流行的faddist：apersonwhosubscribestoavarietyoffads4.recipient:n~(ofsth)personwhoreceivessth接受者.ThefederalFamilySupportActof1988requiredmanywelfarerecipientstoparticipateineducation,training,orwork.Threeminuteslater,thecomputerprintsoutalistof60namesofsuitablerecipients,togetherwiththeirrelevantdata.5.gadget:nsmallmechanicaldeviceortool小机械;小器具:acomplicatednewgadgetforopeningtins复杂的新开罐器.Asalesassistantwasdemonstratingseveralkitchengadgetstoacrowdofshoppers.Heshowedherseveralelectronicgadgets,suchasawatchthatyoucanuseasaphone.It'sacleverlittlegadgetwhichyoucanusetocutvegetablesintoattractiveshapes.gadgetry:n[U]小机械,小器具（统称）:lotsofmoderngadgetry很多现代化的小机械.Idon'tunderstandhowallthiselectronicgadgetryworks.Thegadgetryisimpressivebutwhatareitshumanapplications?6.antagonistic:adj~to/towardssb/sthshowingorfeelingantagonism;hostile;averse对抗的;敌对的:同义词：hostile,adverse,opposed,resistantHe'salwaysantagonistictowardsnewideas.他总是抗拒新思想。AlotofpeoplerefusetoworkwithPaula.Hermannerisjusttooantagonistic.Ican'tunderstandwhyhe'sbeingsoantagonistic.TherightwingpresshasalwaysbeendeeplyantagonistictowardstheLabourparty.WhyareKateandJohnsoantagonistictowardseachother?antagonist:npersonwhoactivelyopposessb/sth;adversary对抗者;对手;敌手同义词：adversary,competitor,contestant,enemy,foe,opponent,rivalInthefluctuatingcombinationandrecombinationofgroups,oldfriendsandoldantagonistscomeacrossoneanotherinshiftingsocialcontexts.Yet,onthewhole,therichmanremainsthenaturalantagonistofthepoor.7.naïve:adjnatural,innocent;unaffected自然而天真的,不做作的;credulous轻信的,缺少经验、智慧或判断力的:同义词：childlike,green,credulous,gullible,innocent,simpleYouweren'tsonaiveastobelievehim,wereyou?你没有轻易相信他,是吧?HeheldontothenaivebeliefthatMarxismwouldsolvealltheworld'sproblems.Iwassonaive-Ibelievedeverythingthemilitarytoldme.We'renotnaiveanymorelikewewereinthe60s.Itwouldbenaivetothinkthatthiscouldsolveallthearea'sproblemsstraightaway.naively(alsonavely):adv.Ihadnaivelyimaginedthathewasinlovewithme.naivety(alsonavety,navete):n天真;天真的言语、举动等.|dangerouspoliticalnaivety8.arrogance:whensomeonebehavesinarudewaybecausetheythinktheyareveryimportantSynonyms：conceit,conceitedness,disdain,loftiness,presumption,pride,self-esteem,vanityarrogant:adjproud,superior傲慢的;自大的:anarroganttoneofvoice傲慢的口气It'sarrogantofyoutoassumeyou'llwineverytime.Synonyms:assuming,conceited,contemptuous,disdainful,lofty,presumptuous,proud,scornful,self-conceited,self-important9.dissemination:n.disseminate:vspread(ideas,beliefs,etc)widely散布,广为传播（思想、信仰等）:Synonyms:circularize,circulate,disperse,distribute,passaround,scatter,spreadTheyusethepresstodisseminateright-wingviews.他们利用报刊来传播右翼观点。Herfindingshavebeenwidelydisseminated.TheHealthEducationCouncilisthecentralagencyfordisseminatinginformationaboutdiseaseprevention.10.converge:v1~(onsb/sth);~(atsth)（指线条、运动的物体等）会于一点,向一点会合;聚集:armiesconvergingonthecapitalcity向首都集结的各路军队|Parallellinesconvergeatinfinity.平行线永不相交.|EnthusiastsfromaroundtheworldconvergeonLeMansfortheannualcarrace.热心的观众从世界各地涌到勒芒市观看一年一度的汽车比赛。2(比喻)(tendto)becomesimilaroridentical（趋于）相似或相同:Ourpreviouslyopposedviewsarebeginningtoconverge.我们原来相互对立的观点开始趋于一致。|Somesaythatcapitalismandsocialismwilleventuallyconverge.有人说资本主义和社会主义最终会合而为一。Synonyms:assemble,cometogether,congregate,gather,huddle,merge,rally,uniteCulturalbeliefsabouttheroleofwomenconvergewithgovernmentpolicies.Reportersconvergedonthescene.convergence:n[U].convergent:adj:convergentlines,opinions相交的线条;趋于一致的意见.Thememberstatesshouldstarttohavemoreconvergentpolicies.Cf:diverge:v1~(fromsth)(a)(oflines,roads,etc)separateandgoindifferentdirections,becomingfurtherapart（指线条、道路等）分叉,岔开:TheM6divergesfromtheM1justnorthofRugby.6号高速公路与1号高速公路在拉格比市以北处岔开。|(fig)UntiltheirpathsdivergedLennonandMcCartneywrotemanyhitstogether.伦农和麦卡特尼在分道扬镳之前一同写过许多成功之作。(b)(fml)(ofopinions,etc)differ（指意见等）分歧:Ourviewsdivergedsogreatlythatitwasimpossibletoagree.我们的观点存在着严重的分歧,绝无调和余地。2~fromsthturnawayfrom(aplan,standard,etc)偏离（计划、标准等）:divergefromthetruth,norm,usualprocedure不符合事实、规范、一般程序.Globalgrowthratesaredivergingmarkedly.RussiadoesnotintendtodivergefromtheUnitedNationspositiononthisissue.divergence:(alsodivergency)n[C,U].divergent:adj:divergentpaths,opinions岔路、歧见.divergentviews不同的看法11.hegemony:n[U,C](文)leadership,espbyonestateinagroupofstates领导权;支配权;（尤指国家集团中的）霸权.Forthesinglegreatestculturalmovementofthetwentiethcenturyistheriseandglobalhegemonyofblackmusic.12.populist:nsupporterorrepresentativeofpopulism平民主义者;平民论者.

populist:adj:populisttheories平民主义的理论.13.rally:v(pt,pprallied)~(round/tosb/sth);~(round)(ofpeople)~sb(together)集合起来（尤指重新努力,如失败后或有危险、需要等时）;（重新）召集;（使）恢复健康、力量等;振作:Thetroopsrallied(roundtheirleader/theflag).部队重新集结（在指挥官/旗帜周围）.Theyralliedtotheirleader'scause.他们团结一致支持领袖的事业。Whentheirmotherwasill,thechildrenallralliedround.母亲生病时,孩子们都来到她身旁。Theleaderralliedhismen(roundhim).指挥官重新集结其部属。Herspiritsralliedonhearingthegoodnews.她听到这好消息精神又振作起来。Theteamralliedafterthefirsthalf.该队在上半场过后士气大增。Churchill'sstirringspeecheshelpedrallyhiscountrymentofightagainsttheenemy.Synonyms:assemble,bandtogether,collect,cometogether,comeup,converge,gather,meet,muster,musterup,roundup,uniterally:n集合,集结;群众大会;康复,复苏:Bugler,soundtherally!司号兵,吹集合号!hold/stageapeacerally举行拥护和平的群众大会.Wedecidedtoholdarallytoputpressureonthegovernment.Hewasshotdeadwhileaddressinganelectionrally.14.constituent:adj[作定语]组成的;构成的:Analysethesentenceintoitsconstituentparts.把这句子的各个成分加以分析。Scientistshavetobreakthecompounddownintoitsconstituentsinordertoanalyzeit.constitute:v组成,构成;是;建立:Twelvemonthsconstituteayear.十二个月为一年。Thecommitteeisconstitutedofmembersofallthreeparties.委员会由所有三个政党的成员组成。Thedefeatconstitutesamajorset-backforourdiplomacy.这次失败是我们外交上的重大挫折。Thecommitteehadbeenimproperlyconstituted,andthereforehadnolegalpower.该委员会的建立不合规定,因而没有合法的权力。Failingtocompletetheworkconstitutesabreachoftheemploymentcontract.Theriseincrimeconstitutesathreattosociety.AccordingtoMarx,"moneyconstitutestruepower."AlaskaisthelargestofthefiftystatesthatconstitutetheUSA.15.indigenous:adj~(tosth)(fml)belongingnaturally(toaplace);native本地的;土产的;土生土长的:theindigenouslanguage,culture本地的语言、文化.同义词：nativeKangaroosareindigenoustoAustralia.袋鼠产于澳大利亚。BlueberriesareindigenoustoAmerica.16.proposition:n1~(that...)assertion观点,主张;suggestion提议,建议;problemortask要处理的事,问题;(geometry)定理,命题:Thepropositionissoclearthatitneedsnoexplanation.观点十分明确,无须解释。ImadewhatIhopedwasanattractiveproposition.我希望我提的建议能吸引买家。It'satough/notaneasyproposition.这是一件棘手的[不好办的]事。Keepingashopinthisvillageisnotapayingproposition,ienotprofitable.在这个村子里开设商店是一桩亏本的买卖。17.ideology:n[C,U](setof)ideasthatformthebasisofaneconomicorpoliticaltheoryorthatareheldbyaparticulargrouporperson思想（体系）;思想意识:Ourideologiesdiffer.我们的思想不同。Marxist,bourgeois,monetaristideology马克思主义/资产阶级/货币主义的思想体系.18.fountainhead:noriginorsource根源;来源:thefountain-headofpower力量的根源.19.reinforce:v加固;emphasize给更多的支持,加强;增加数量或力量:reinforcethesleevesofajumper,egwithelbowpatches在套头毛衣肘部加补钉reinforceawall,bridge,dyke,etc把墙、桥、堤坝等加固.2(比喻)reinforcesb'sopinion,argument,conviction,etc支持某人的意见、论点、信念等Thisevidencereinforcesmyviewthatheisaspy.这个证据证实了我…的这一看法。Ourdefencesmustbereinforcedagainstattack.我们必须加强防御设施以抵抗敌人的进攻。Synonyms:bolster,buildup,confirm,fortify,strengthen,support20.resurgence:n[U,sing]:asuddenresurgenceofinterestinVictorianart对维多利亚时代的艺术重新激发起的兴趣.Synonyms:rebirth,regeneration,renaissance,renascence,revitalization,revivalTherehasbeenaresurgenceofinterestinreligionoverthelasttenyears.Therewasaresurgenceoftuberculosisatthestartofthedecade.resurgent:adj[通常作定语](fml)risingorrevivingafterdestruction,defeat,disappearance,etc复苏的;复兴的;恢复生机或活力的:aresurgenteconomy复苏的经济|resurgenthope,nationalism重新燃起的希望、重新抬头的民族主义.Despitehistoricalpredictionstothecontrary,weremainvulnerabletoawidearrayofnewandresurgentinfectiousdiseases.21.fundamentalist:nsupporteroffundamentalism原教旨主义者;基要主义者:fundamentalistideas原教旨主义思想.fundamentalism:n[U](inChristianthought)beliefthattheBibleisliterallytrueandshouldformthebasisofreligiousthoughtorpractice（基督教学说）原教旨主义,基要主义（认为《圣经》的经文翔实无误,应构成宗教的理论或实践的基础）.22.proselytize:v(fml)(tryto)persuade(others)toacceptone'sownbeliefs,religion,etc（尽量）劝诱（他人）接受自己的信仰、宗教等:goingroundthecountryproselytizing到全国各地进行信仰宣传活动|attemptstoproselytizetheyoungergeneration向年轻一代进行信仰方面的宣传.Daviswantedtosharehisconceptandproselytizehisideas.23.perspective:n1(a)[U]透视法:Shedrewarowoftreesrecedingintothedistancetodemonstratethelawsofperspective.她画了一排由近而远高度递减的树以演示透视法的规律。|aperspectivedrawing一幅透视画.(b)[C]透视图.2[C]view,esponestretchingintothedistance远景,景（尤指由近而远的）:getaperspectiveofthewholevalley取整个山谷的远景|(fig)apersonalperspectiveofthenation'shistory国家历史之我见.3(idm)in/outofperspective(a)可见物体的位置或比例正确[不正确];按照/不按照透视法:drawthebuildingsinperspective按比例画某建筑物|Thattreeontheleftofthepictureisoutofperspective.画中左边那棵树不合比例。(b)[U]inawaythatdoesnotexaggerateanyaspect/thatexaggeratessomeaspects不夸大/夸大;恰当/不恰当:Heseesthingsintheirrightperspective.他观察事物很正确。|view/put/seesthin(itstrue/itsproper)perspective从实际的/恰当的角度观察/处置/看待某事物|seetheeventsintheirhistoricalperspective用历史的观点看待这些事件|getthingsbadlyoutofperspective处事极为失当Synonyms:angle,attitude,outlook,pointofview,position,prospect,scene,standpoint,view,viewpoint,vista24.demise:n[sing]1(fml)death死;死亡.2(fig)endorfailure(ofanenterprise,etc)停业;倒闭:Thislossledtothedemiseofthebusiness.这一损失导致了公司的倒闭。25.authoritarianism:n[U].authoritarian:adjfavouringcompleteobediencetoauthority(espthatoftheState)beforepersonalfreedom权力主义的（主张绝对服从权威,尤指政权,高于个人自由）:anauthoritariangovernment,regime,doctrine权力主义的政府,政体,教义等|Theschoolisrunonauthoritarianlines.这所学校走的是权力主义路线。authoritarian:npersonwhobelievesincompleteobediencetoauthority权力主义者:Myfatherwasastrictauthoritarian.我父亲是绝对的权力主义者。26.secular:adj1notconcernedwithspiritualorreligiousaffairs;worldly现世的;世俗的:seculareducation,art,music世俗教育、艺术、音乐|thesecularpower,ietheStatecontrastedwiththeChurch政权（非教会之权）.2(ofpriests)notbelongingtoacommunityofmonks（指教士）不属修道院的:thesecularclergy教区神职人员.Synonyms:earthly,mundane,temporal,worldly27.sheer:adj1[作定语]complete;thorough;utter完全的;彻底的;十足的:sheernonsense一派胡言|asheerwasteoftime纯粹浪费时间|bysheerchance完全出于偶然地.2[通常作定语](oftextiles,etc)thin,lightandalmosttransparent,filmy,flimsy,gauzy（指织物等）薄的、轻的、几乎透明的:sheernylon薄而透明的尼龙.3almostvertical;verysteep近乎垂直的;陡峭的:asheerrock,cliff,etc陡峭的岩、悬崖等|asheerdropof50feet50英尺垂直降落.Synonyms:absolute,complete,downright,out-and-out,pure,right-down,utterThesheersizeofthecountrymakescommunicationsdifficult.I'llneverforgetthelookofsheerjoyonherface.28.hubris:n[U](fml)arrogantpride傲慢.Hishubriscosthimwhateverslimchancehehadofactuallypullingitoff.29.spawn:v(a)（指鱼、蛙等）产（卵）:salmonspawning产卵的鲑鱼|Havethefrogsspawnedyet?那些蛙产卵了吗?(b)(尤作贬义)appearorproduce(sth)ingreatnumbers大批涌现;大量产生（某事物）:departmentswhichspawncommitteesandsub-committees派生出一大串委员会和附属委员会的部门|newhousingestatesspawningeverywhere处处涌现出的新住宅区.spawn:n[U](espincompounds尤用以构成复合词)1（鱼/甲壳动物/蛙/蟾等的）卵:frog-spawn蛙卵.2(生)菌丝.30.modernity:n[U]beingmodern现代性.aconflictbetweentraditionandmodernityAnothercharacteristicofgooddesignismodernity.Itisoneoftheshiningaccomplishmentsofmodernitythatindividualshavelearnedtosharetheirfateswithpeopleveryunlikethemselves.TheEnlightenmentwasthemorningstarofmodernity.31.facilitate:v[Tn](fml)(ofanobject,aprocess,etcbutnotofaperson)make(sth)easyorlessdifficult（指物体、过程等,但不用于指人）使（某事物）容易或减少困难:Itwouldfacilitatemattersifyouweremoreco-operative.要是你再合作些就省事了。Computerscanbeusedtofacilitatelanguagelearning.Dividingstudentsintosmallgroupsusuallyhelpsfacilitatediscussion.facility:n1[U,sing]abilitytolearnordothingseasily容易学好或做好事物的能力:have(a)greatfacilityfor(learning)languages有（学习）语言的天才|Heplaysthepianowithsurprisingfacility.他弹奏钢琴神乎其技。2facilities[pl]circumstances,equipment,etcthatmakeitpossible,oreasier,todosth;aids能够或易于做某事的环境、设备等;辅助物:sportsfacilities,egrunningtracks,swimmingpools运动设施（如跑道、游泳池）|washing,postal,shopping,bankingfacilities洗涤/邮政/购物/银行等设施|facilitiesforstudy,eglibraries有助学习的设施（如图书馆）.Allroomshaveprivatefacilities(=privatebathroomandtoilet).Thehotelhasitsownpoolandleisurefacilities.facile:adj1(通常作贬义)(a)[作定语]easilyobtainedorachieved(andsonothighlyvalued)容易得到的,容易达到的（因而不受重视的）:afacilesuccess,victory,etc轻易获得的成功、胜利等.(b)(ofspeechorwriting)easilyproducedbutsuperficialorofpoorquality（指演说或写作）轻易完成但肤浅或质量差的:afacileremark信口开河的话.2[作定语](ofaperson)sayingordoingthingseasily;fluent（指人）麻利的,利落的:afacilespeaker能说会道的人.Thesenatorisknownformakingfacilejudgmentsoncurrentissues.Acrudeorfacilenarrativetechniquewillinevitablyfailtoachievethedesiredideologicalobjective.32.homogeneity:n[U]qualityofbeingalike同种;同质.homogeneous:adjformedofpartsthatareallofthesametype由同类部分组成的.Computerscheckwhethereachtextisstylisticallyhomogeneous.Womenarenotahomogeneousgroup.Cf参看heterogeneous:adjmadeupofdifferentkinds;variedincomposition由不同种类组成的;成分混杂的:theheterogeneouspopulationoftheUSA,由不同种族组成的美国人口.33.antedate:(alsopre-date)v1（在文件,信件等上面）写上比实际书写日期早的日期:anantedatedcheque填有比实际日期早的支票.2bebefore(sth/sb)intime先于,早于（某事物[某人]）:ThiseventantedatesthediscoveryofAmericabyseveralcenturies.这件事比发现美洲早几个世纪。Theeconomictroublesantedatethecurrentadministration.Cf:post-date:v[Tn]1在（文件等）上填入比实际晚的日期:apostdatedcheque期票（在所示日期前不能兑现）.2giveto(anevent)adatelaterthanitsactualdateorthedatepreviouslygiventoit将（某事）的日期确定为比实际晚的日期或比以前所称之较晚的日期.3beoroccuratalaterdatethan(sth)日期较（某事物）为晚;发生在（某事物）之日期之后.Themosaic(镶嵌画)postdatesthisperiod,althoughthestyleisquitesimilar.34.bloc:ngroupofcountriesorpartiesunitedbyacommoninterest（国家或政党的）集团:theEastern/Westernbloc东欧/西方集团.|theformerSovietbloc35.pluralistic:(alsopluralist)adj:apluralistsociety多元主义社会pluralist:nsupporterofpluralism多元主义者.plural:n(grammar)formofanounorverbwhichreferstomorethanonepersonorthing（名词的或动词的）复数,复数形式:Thepluralof`child'is`children'.child的复数形式是children.|Theverbshouldbeintheplural,eg`have'in`theyhave'.这个动词应用复数形式（如theyhave中的have.）反义词：singularplural:adj(grammar)1oforhavingthisform复数的;有复数形式的:MostpluralnounsinEnglishendin`s'.英语的复数名词多以s结尾.2ofmorethanone不止一个的:apluralsociety,ieonewithmorethanoneethnicgroup多元社会（由不止一个种族组成的）.pluralism:n[U]1(a)existenceinonesocietyofanumberofgroupsthatbelongtodifferentracesorhavedifferentpoliticalorreligiousbeliefs多元性（一社会中有不同民族或有不同政治或宗教信仰的群体共同生活的状态）.(b)principlethatthesedifferentgroupscanlivetogetherpeacefullyinonesociety多元主义（一社会中多民族或有不同政治、宗教信仰的人和平共处的原则）.2(通常作贬义)holdingofmorethanoneofficeatonetime,espintheChurch兼任,兼职（尤指神职）.36.legitimate:adj1inaccordancewiththelaworrules;lawful法定的;依法的;合法的:thelegitimateheir法定继承人|I'mnotsurethathisbusinessisstrictlylegitimate,ieislegal.我说不好他的生意是否绝对合法。2thatcanbedefended;reasonable正当的;合理的:alegitimateargument,reason,case,etc合乎情理的论据、理由、例子等|Politiciansarelegitimatetargetsforsatire.政治家理所当然是讽刺的靶子。3（指孩子）婚生的,合法婚姻所生的.4genuine正统的:legitimatetheatre正统戏剧（非歌舞喜剧、时事讽刺剧等）.Mostscientistsbelieveitislegitimatetouseanimalsinmedicalresearch.That'saperfectlylegitimatequestion.Atleastthreeofthedeadwoman'srelativeshavealegitimateclaimtoherhouse.Cf:illegitimate:37.scoresof:verymany很多:`Howmanypeoplewerethere?'`Therewerescores(ofthem).'｀那里有多少人?＇｀有很多（人）。＇38.caterto:trytosatisfyaparticularneedordemand满足某种需要或要求:newspaperscateringtopeople'sloveofscandal迎合人们爱看丑闻消息的报纸.caterfor:提供饮食及服务（尤指社交方面）:caterforaparty,banquet,etc为聚会、宴会等备办食物|Fiftyisalotofpeopletocaterfor!承办五十人的饮食可够多的!为（聚会、宴会等）提供饮食及服务.providewhatisneededordesiredbysb/sth由某人[某事物]提供、迎合:TVmustcaterformanydifferenttastes.电视节目必须迎合各种人的爱好。39.linguafranca:languageusedforcommunicatingbetweenthepeopleofanareainwhichseverallanguagesarespoken混合语,交际语（在使用几种语言的地区的人们进行交际的混合语言）:SwahiliistheprincipallinguafrancainEastAfrica.东非的主要交际语是斯瓦希里语。40.beidentifiedwith:identifysthwithsthconsidersthtobeidenticalwithsth;equatetwothings认为某事物与另事物等同:Onecannotidentifyhappinesswithwealth.幸福和财富不能混为一谈。identify(oneself)withsb/sthgivesupporttosb/sth;beassociatedwithsb/sth支持某人[某事物];与某人[某事物]有关联:Herefusedtoidentifyhimself/becomeidentifiedwiththenewpoliticalparty.他拒绝与那个新政党来往。identifywithsbregardoneselfassharingthecharacteristicsorfortunesofsb;takesbasamodel与某人认同;以某人为模式:Ifoundithardtoidentifywithanyofthecharactersinthefilm.我对这部影片里的任何角色都难以认同。Humanscaneasilyidentifywiththeemotionalexpressionsofchimpanzees.Heidentifiedwithourdistressanddespair.Shehasalwaysbeenidentifiedwiththeradicalleft.Wecanallidentifywiththesepeopleintheirdesireforfreedomandindependence.41.resortto:makeuseofsthforhelp;adoptsthasanexpedient求助于或诉诸某事物;采取某手段或方法应急或作为对策:Ifnegotiationsfailweshallhavetoresorttostrikeaction.假若谈判失败,我们就采取罢工行动。|resorttoviolence,deception,trickery,etc靠暴力、欺骗、欺诈等.IIText1.universal:adj[尤作定语]of,belongingto,affectingordonebyallpeopleorthingsintheworldorinaparticulargroup全体的;影响全体的;全体做的;共同的:Televisionprovidesuniversalentertainment.电视提供的是大众的娱乐。|Warcausesuniversalmisery.战争给所有的人带来苦难。|universalsuffrage,ietherightofallmembersofacommunitytovote普选权|Thereisuniversalagreementonthisissue.在这个问题上,大家观点一致。|Theirproposalmetwithalmostuniversalcondemnation.他们的提议遭到了几乎所有人的反对。Itisnoteasytowriteasongthathasuniversalappeal.Popularcultureseemstohaveuniversalappeal.Supportforthegovernmentisbynomeansuniversal.2.viable:adj1soundandworkable;feasible切实可行的;可实施的:aviableplan,proposition,proposal,etc切实可行的计划、提议、建议等|scientifically,politically,economicallyviable科学上、政治上、经济上可行的.2(biology生)capableofdevelopingandsurvivingindependently能自行生长发育的:viableeggs,seeds,foetuses能孵化的蛋、能萌发的种子、能成活的胎儿.Thecommitteecameforwardwithoneviablesolution.3.Davos:Commune,easternSwitzerland.Itconsistsoftwovillages,Davos-PlatzandDavos-Dorf,locatedinavalleyoftheAlps.FirstinhabitedbyRomansh-speakingpeople,itwassettledinthe13thcenturybyGermanspeakers.ItbecamethecapitaloftheLeagueofTenJurisdictions(orCourts)in1436andwasruledbyAustriafrom1477to1649.Afterthe1860sitbecameafashionablehealthresort,andinthe20thcenturyitdevelopedintoacentreforskiingandotherwintersports.Since1971(exceptfor2002?),DavoshashostedtheannualconferenceofwhatisnowtheWorldEconomicForum,anannualgatheringofinternationalpoliticiansandfinancierswhorepresentedatransnationalelite.4.WorldEconomicForum:世界经济论坛（WorldEconomicForum）:【成立日期】1971年由瑞士日内瓦大学教授克劳斯·施瓦布倡议创建。它是瑞士的一个独立的非官方机构。【宗旨】研究和探讨世界经济领域存在的问题，促进国际经济合作和交流。【主要负责人】克劳斯·施瓦布（KlausSchwab）自该机构成立起一直担任主席。【总部】瑞士日内瓦。【网址】【出版物】《世界联系》（WorldLink）季刊，《世界竞争力报告》（TheWorldCompetitivenessReport），此外，每年还不定期出版一些介绍该组织活动的小册子。【同我国的关系】中国同世界经济论坛保持着密切的联系。自1979年以来，我国应邀派代表团参加了历届达沃斯会议。5.individualism:n[U]1feelingorbehaviourofapersonwholikestodothingshis/herownway,regardlessofwhatotherpeopledo（不管别人怎样做）只按个人方法行事的感觉或行为;我行我素.2theorythatfavoursfreeactionandcompletelibertyofbeliefforeachindividualperson(contrastedwiththetheorythatfavoursthesupremacyofthestate)个人主义.Capitalismencouragescompetitionandindividualism.individualist:someonewhodoesthingsintheirownwayandhasdifferentopinionsfrommostotherpeopleGeoffwastoomuchofanindividualisttobeteamcaptain.6.英国大宪章：Thebaron’scharter,orMagnaCartaasitcametobeknown,waspresentedbyadelegationoftheirclasstothekingandhisadvisersinthesummerof1215.（1215年夏天，贵族代表团把他们的宪章—就是后来众所周知的大宪章递交给了国王和他的顾问们。thecontentsoftheGreatCharter：MagnaCartahadaltogether63clauses,ofwhichthemostimportantmatterswerethese:NotaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil;nofreemanshouldbearrested,imprisoned,ordeprivedofhispropertyexceptbythelawoftheland;theChurchshouldpossessallitsrights,togetherwithfreedomofelections;Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirancientrightsandprivileges,andthereshouldbethesameweightsandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry.（没有大议会批准不准征税；不得随意逮捕，拘禁自由民，不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产；教会拥有权利和选举自由；伦敦和其他城市应保留其古老的权利和特权；全国应统一度量衡。）thesignificanceofMagnaCarta：MagnaCartawasregardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberties,itwasastatementofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipbetweentheCrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchandalimitationofthepowersoftheking.（大宪章被认为是英国自由的基础，它陈述的是国王和贵族之间的封建关系和法律关系，保证了教会的自由，限制了国王的权利。）ThespiritofMagnaCartawasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking,keepingthemwithintheboundsofthefeudallawoftheland.（大宪章的实质是限制王权，置王权于封建法律约束下。）1215年，英国大封建领主和教会反对英国国王约翰的一些政策，迫使他签署了保障部分公民权和政治权利的文件，限制国王的权力，《大宪章》被认为是保护公民权不受王权侵犯的重要文件。《大宪章》签订的初衷是满足25个贵族要求实现国王许诺的权利，是国王和贵族之间的分权协议。但是《大宪章》的条款后来演化出西方法律体系中的一些重要原则，对全世界都产生了积极的影响。《大宪章》签订前，国王拥有对臣民的生杀大权，《大宪章》签订后英美法律从中衍生出“人身保护令”原则，得出了一条著名的法律思想：只有法庭有权判定一个人是否有罪，在法庭判定有罪以前，任何人都是无罪的。从《大宪章》中推导出“没有代表不纳税”的思想，即凡纳税人都有权派出代表，参与立法。从《大宪章》中产生了英国关于请愿权的法律，从而演化出一系列保障公民个人权利和自由的法律。《大宪章》第一次明确了国王也必须服从法律，没有人能够凌驾于法律之上，这是后来英国《权利法案》的先声。《大宪章》对1948年联合国大会通过的《世界人权宣言》也产生了重大影响。例如在消极权利上，《世界人权宣言》第九条采纳了《大宪章》第39条的内容，它宣布：“任何人不得任意逮捕、监禁和放逐任何人。”根据《大宪章》第30、31条的内容，《世界人权宣言》第17条第2款规定：“任何人的财产不得任意被剥夺。”《世界人权宣言》的第40条援引了《大宪章》的第40条内容：“人人有权享受法律保护。”在积极权利上，《世界人权宣言》基本采纳了《大宪章》的所有内容，并用现代的语言加以表述。《自由大宪章》被公认为是英国人权发展史上的一个里程碑式的文件。《自由大宪章》是英国的盎格鲁-撒克逊传统与诺曼征服后特定的历史背景相结合的产物。它对于“自由民”的权利的规定体现了英国权利观念的特点,并树立起了英国人权传统。人们在对它的历史诠释中赋予了它在人权发展史上的重大的意义。《自由大宪章》作为英国人权传统的基石,它对于英国、欧洲大陆、美国乃至世界其他各国都有着深远的影响。7.denounce:v1(a)~sb(tosb)(assth)giveinformation(totheauthorities)againstsb（向当局）告发某人:Aninformerdenouncedhimtothepolice(asaterrorist).检举人已向警方告发他（是恐怖分子）。(b)~sb/sth(assth)saythatsb/sthiswrong,unlawful,etc谴责;指责;斥责:ShestronglydenouncedtheGovernment'shypocrisy.她强烈谴责政府虚伪。|Unionofficialsdenouncedtheactionasabreachoftheagreement.工会负责人谴责这一行动破坏了协议。2announceone'swithdrawalfrom(atreaty,etc)宣布退出（条约等）.Communityleaderswerequicktodenouncethepoliceforreactingtooviolentlytothedisturbances.Darwin'stheoriesaboutevolutionweredenouncedbymanypeople.Residentsdenouncedtheplanbecauseoftrafficandparkingproblems.8.imperialism:n[U](通常作贬义)(beliefinthe)policyofextendingacountry'spowerandinfluenceintheworldthroughdiplomacyormilitaryforce,andespbyacquiringcolonies帝国主义;帝国主义政策SmallnationsresentWesternculturalimperialism.Aslongasglobalisationissynonymouswitheconomicimperialismitisworthyofthemostvociferous(大声的;嘈杂的;强行或坚持表达自己观点的)opposition.imperial:adj1[通常作定语](a)ofanempireoritsruler(s)