张培基散文翻译及译者主体性

AbstractAfterreadingtheEnglishversionofSELECTEDMORDERNCHINESEESSAYS,allthereadersaredeeplyattractedbyProf.ZhangPeiji,sexcellentprosetranslation.WithoutProf.Zhang‘sunremittingeffortsandgreatintelligence,wewillhavenosuchlucktoappreciatetheelegantprosetranslation.Prof.Zhanghasbeenengagedintranslationformorethan50years,andmainlyinC-EprosetranslationtointroduceChinesethoughtsandculturetoforeignerseffectively.Prof.Zhangisaprestigioustranslatorandeducator,andTheEnglishVersionofSelectedModernChineseProseWritingsisconcernedashisclassicalrepresentativework.Prof.Zhang'sprosetranslationboastsoffluencyandliterarytalent,fullydisplayinghistranslationideas.Inthisthesis,theauthortakeshisprosetranslationofSelectedModernChineseProseWritingsasacasestudytogiveadetailedanalysisofhowthetranslator^subjectivityisgivenfullplayinprosetranslation.Theanalysisisdivinedintothemacrolevelandthemicrolevel.Theformerreferstothefactorsbeyondtranslation,whichincludetheselectionofsourcetext,translationpurpose,theselectionoftranslationmethods.Thelatterfocusesonthestageofunderstandingandexpressingoftranslationwhichincludeslexical,syntacticallevel.KeyWords:ZhangPeiji;translator^subjectivity;macrolevel；microleve；阅读张培基教授的《英译中国现代散文选》之后，所有都被张教授优美的译文深深地吸引。如果没有张教授的不懈努力和聪明智慧，我们就不会有幸欣赏到如此优美的译文。张培基教授耕耘译苑已50余载，主要从事汉籍散文英译向外国介绍中国的文化与思想。张教授是我国著名的翻译家、教育家，《英译中国现代散文选》是他的经典代表作，其中的散文翻译自然流畅，极具文采，充分体现了译者的翻译理念。本文旨在通过研究张培基及其在英译《英译中国现代散文选》中的翻译艺术，从宏观和微观两个层面探讨在翻译过程中译者主体性的彰显。宏观上着力从翻译文本的选择、翻译目的、翻译策略等方面分析译者的主体性是如何产生影响的。微观上则是集中于翻译理解表达阶段的文本分析，从词汇，句法，修辞等方面具体分析译者主体性在翻译实践中的体现。关键词：张培基；译者主体性；《英译中国现代散文选》摘要ContentsIntroduction.・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・...•错误!未定义书签。ZhangPeijiandHisProseTranslation.……错误！未定义书签。ResearchQuestionsamdThesisStructure^错误！未定义书签。AGeneralSummaryonProseTranslationandTheTranslator'sSubjectivity.・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・...2.1TheDefinitionofproseTranslation.・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・.4TheDefinitionoftheTranslator'sSubjectivity........・・........7DisplayoftheTranslator’sSubjectivityinProf.Zhang’sProseTranslation.・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・.203.1DisplayoftheTranslator'sSubjectivity.・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・...3.2TheTranslator'sSubjectivityDisplayedattheMacroLevel.・・・・・.213.2.1TheSelectionoftheOriginalText・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・.213.2.2TranslationPurpose.・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・.233.2.3TheSelectionofTranslationStrategies.・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・.243.3TheTranslator’sSubjectivityDisplaceMkirotLevel.・・・・・.27Lexicallevel.................................... 24.SyntacticLevel...........................................................................34Conclusion.・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・.52Bibliography.・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・.55Acknowledgments・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・...TheTranslator'sSubjectivityDisplayedin

ZhangPeiji'sProseTranslation1.IntroductionZhangPeijiandHisProseTranslationZhangPeijiwasbornin1921inthecityofFuZhou,FuJianprovince,aplaceboastsquitealotoffamoustranslators,amongwhom,thereareYanFuandLinShu.Earlyinhischildhood,togetherwithhisfamilyhemovedtoShanghai,whereheformallybeganhispursuitofeducation.FirstlyhewasenrolledbyShanghaiHighSchool,aprestigiousmiddleschoolwherehemethisEnglishteacherYaoZhiying.AccordingtoZhang’snarration,YaowasverystrictwithhisstudentsandmaderecitingclassicEnglishessayscompulsorytothem.ItisduetotheaccumulationofsuchinputthatZhangcouldgatherhisinitialinspirationsforhistranslationcauselateron.Therefore,helaidasolidfoundationathighschool.Afterthat,hewasadmittedbyEnglishLiteratureDepartmentofSt.John’sUniversity,inShanghaiin1942.In1945,hewasgraduatedfromthatfamousuniversityhavinggivenbirthtolotsofgreatmasters.Inthesameyear,heworkedasareporterofTheShanghaiHerald,contributingeditoroftheChinaCommentWeekly,andasajournalistanddeputychiefeditorofChinaChronicles.Froml946to1948,heworkedfortwoyearsandahalfastranslatorandinterpreterattheInternationalProsecutionSection(IPS)undertheInternationalMilitaryTribunalfortheFarEastCourtinJapan.Inl949,hereturnedtoChinaafterdoingpostgraduatestudiesinEnglishLiteratureInstituteofIndianaUniversityinU.S.A.Froml951to1955,heworkedasaneditorinBeijingForeignLanguagesPress.Then,hetaughtinPLAInstituteofForeignLanguages,Luoyang(nowPLAUniversityofForeignLanguage,Luoyang).Froml980on,hecontinuedhisteachinginBeijingForeignTradeUniversity(nowUniversityofInternationalBusinessandEconomics).Sincehisretirementinl991,hehasbeenaM.A.director,acommitteeofseniortitleevaluationinBeijing,amemberofTranslatorsAssociationofChina,andanEnglishTranslationConsultantofForeignLanguagesPress.WhatimpressesusdeeplyisthathewasawardedthespecialallowancewithoutstandingcontributionfromtheNationalStateCouncil.Tillnow,hestillservesasaconsultantofamagazinenamedTheWorldofEnglish.Prof.ZhangPeiji,aprestigioustranslatorinchina,hascontributedsignificantlytothecourseoftranslation.Prof.Zhanghasbeenengagedintranslationpracticeformornthan50yearsandhistranslationpracticehaswonagreatreputationinthetranslationcircle.Nowadayshisworkshavebeenstudiedbymanyscholarsathomeandabroad;Withachievementsinbothtranslationpracticeandtheory,Zhangisespeciallyknownforhistwobooks:OnEnglishEchoicandColorWordsinC-ETranslation(1964)andHowtoTranslateIdiomsintoEnglish(1964).HetooktheleadincomposingthetextbookACourseinEnglish-ChineseTranslation(1980),whichhasbeenreprintedformanytimessinceitsfirstappearance.Besides,healsoeditedTheChinese-EnglishInterpreter'sHandbook(1984)togetherwitheditorsofMalaspinaCollegeinCanada.Prof.Zhang,beenaproductivetranslator,touchesawidevarietyofliteratureforms,amongwhich,thereareaplay,fictions,biographies,essays,etc..andmostofthemarefromChinesetoEnglish.Later,Prof.ZhangcompiledtwovolumesofSelectedModernChineseProseWritingsin1999and2003respectively.AmongthebookshehastranslatedfromChineseintoEnglishare:ASlaveMother(ashortstorybyRouShi),BrightSkies(aplaybyCaoYu),IronBarsButNotaCage_WangRuofei”sDaysinPrigoibiographybyYangZhilin),LuXun:ABiography(byWangShijing),andXunBeihong—LifeofaMaster(byLiaoJingwen).HisrecentpublicationistheEnglishtranslationofhisself—compliedSelectedModernChineseEssays(inthreevolumes).HeisalsotheauthorofHowtoTranslateChineseIdiomsintoEnglishandOnEnglishEchoicandColourWordsinC—ETranslation,andchiefeditorofACourseinE—CTranslation.SelectedModernChineseProseWritingsanalyzedinthisthesisincludesthreevolumes,collecting97piecesoffamousChineseessaysandtheirEnglishtranslations.AlltheseessayswerepublishedafterMay4thmovement,belongingtoModernChineseProseWritings.Alltheworksinthisbookarewrittenbywell-knownChinesewriters,suchasLiDazhao(李大钊),LuXun（鲁迅）,ZhuZiqing（朱自清）,Bingxin（冰心）,GuoMoruo（郭沫若）,LaoShe（老舍）,YuDafu（郁达夫）andsoon.TheirworksinthiscollectionaretheirrepresentativepiecesandenjoygreatpopularityamongChinesereadersregardlessofageandsex.Thetranslationoftheseworksmakesagreatcontributiontoourculturalcommunicationwithforeigncountries.ResearchQuestionsandThesisStructureProf.Prof.ZhangPeijisatranslatorwhocloselycombineshistranslationtheoriesandpracticetogether,andhisworksaretheveryrepresentationofhistranslationthoughts,thuscontributingtoliterarytranslationasawhole.ThethesisisananalysisofProf.ZhangPeiji‘sprosetranslationfromtheperspectiveofthetranslator'ssubjectivity.ThisthesischoosesProf.Zhang'stypicalworkSelectedModernChineseProseWritingsasthecasestudytoanalyzethetextsoftheoriginalessayfromtheperspectiveofthetranslator'ssubjectivity.Inthepaper,therearemainlytworesearchquestions:howthetranslator'ssubjectivityissuccessfullyrevealedinProf.Zhang‘sprosetranslation,andhowthetranslatordemonstrateshissubjectivitybycombininghistranslationtheoriesandpracticetogether.Thewholepapercanbedividedintofourparts.PartOneChapteronemainlygivesabriefintroductionofProf.Zhang‘slifestory,hismajorworksaswellashisgeneraltranslationstyles.ThroughtheintroductionofZhang‘shistory,wecanconcludethathehasasolidfoundationinbothEnglishandChineseanditistheseexperiencesthatspurhimtogetintothecauseoftranslationlateron.Whileinthelatterpartofchapter1,theauthorgivestheresearchquestionsandstructureoftheessay.PartTwocontainsasummaryonproseandprosetranslationandabrieftouchonthetranslatorslifeandworks,especiallythebookSelectedModernChineseProseWritings.Inaddition,Prof.Zhang‘stranslationideastowardsprosetranslationisalsopresentedinthispart.Then,inthethirdpart,afterashortreviewofthetranslator'ssubjectivityandanintroductionontheconnotationanddevelopmentofthetranslator'ssubjectivity,theauthorbrieflypresentstheimportanttheoreticalbases,namelytheHermeneuticsandtheSkopostheory.Thelastpart,alsoisthemainpartofthethesis.TheauthormakesandetailedstudyonProf.Zhang,sSelectedModernChineseProseWritingsandgetstheideathathisworksaretheveryrepresentationofhistranslationthoughts.Throughtheanalysis，itwillbecomeobviousthatthetranslator'ssubjectivityisanewandanimportantperspectivefortheunderstandingofProf.ZhangPeiji‘sprosetranslation.Finally,wecangetasummarythatthetranslator'ssubjectivityplaysanimportantroleinProf.ZhangPeiji,stranslatingprocess.Prof.Zhangisanexcellenttranslatorwhouniteshistranslationcriteriawithhispracticeasawholeanddeservesourgreatrespect.ASummaryonProseandProseTranslationTheDefinitionofTranslationInaccordancewithJ.A.Cuddon'sdefinition,theEnglishword"prose"derivesfromtheLatin"prosa"or"proversaoratio",whichmeans"straightforwarddiscourse".Itis"adirect,unadornedformoflanguage,writtenorspoken,inordinaryusage.Itisdifferentfrompoetryorverseinthatitisnotrestrictedinrhythm,measureorrhyme".Inancienttimesnomatterwhatlanguage"prose"wasin,allreferredtothesameliteraryforminabroadrange,justdifferentiatingfromtheverse.''Exceptwhenitisusedtopresentpoetry,ortorecordactualspeech,andthelike,prosemaylogicallyandconvenientlybedefinedasthewrittenformofalanguage"."Proseisthemostpracticalliterarystyle.Everynationthathasitsownlanguageandliteraturemusthaveitsprosewriting"(ZhaoXianzhong,1991:411).Thatistosay,accordingtotheruleof"eitherverseorprose",anyarticlesthatfocuslessonrhymecanbecalledprose.Thisisaquitegeneraldefinitionofprose.Withthedevelopmentofliteraryreportandliterarystyles,thedefinitionofprosetendstobemorestricterthanbefore.Itonlyreferstotheliteraryandartisticprose.Basically,"itisapieceofliteraryandartisticwritingwhichisshortandflexible,depictingtruthandfacts,realmenandtruefeeling,reflectingupliftingthemes"(ZhaoXianzhong,1991:411).However,thisdefinitionisstillnotpreciseenoughtoexpresstheuniquefeaturesofprosestyle.The"prose"selectedinTheSelectedModernChineseProseWritingsbelongstotheliteraryandartisticprose,whichisnearlytheequivalentofthe"essay"inEnglish,includinginformalessays,prosepoems,randomthoughts,letters,etc.Mostofthemareshortandlucid.Inthisthesis,ifgiveanexactdefinitionof"prose"inSelectedModernChineseProseWritings,itshouldbelikethis:Proseisapieceofliteraryandartisticwritingwhichiscomposedbydirect,unadornedformoflanguageinordinaryusage,depictingtruthsandfacts,realmenandtruefeelings,reflectingupliftingthemes.TheDefinitionoftheTranslator'sSubjectivityBeforeintroducetheissueofthe"translator'ssubjectivity",itisnecessarytomakeagoodknowledgeofthetermof"translationsubjectivity".Then,"Whatisthesubjectoftranslation?"Asdiscussedabove,theauthorofthisthesisbelievesthatthetranslatoristhesubjectoftranslation.Translatingisanundoubtedlysubjectiveactivityandthetranslatingsubject,namely,thetranslatorcannotbeignoredoreliminated.Firstofall,translationstartswiththetranslator'sreadingofsourcetext,whichishisinterpretationofsourcetext.Interpretationisaboutthetranslator'sviewpointofsourcetextandhenceisfromasubject-position.Secondly,asaprocessoftext-reproduction,translationrequiresachoiceofstrategies,linguisticexpression,andtranslationskills,etc.Therefore,inthisthesis,thesubjectivityoftranslationexclusivelyreferstothetranslator'ssubjectivity.Inthefollowing,wewillmakeaintroductionofthetranslator'ssubjectivity:atfirst,weshouldmakeclearwhatthesubjectivityis.Subjectivityistheessentialcharacteristicsofthesubjectwhichisrepresentedintheactivityoperatingontheobjects.Thetargetofthetranslator'sactivityisthesourcetext.Hisprimarytaskistotransformthesourcetextintothetargettextbymakinguseofhissubjectivityinitiatively.Atthesametime,heistoberestrictedbythedifferentlinguisticfeaturesandusageofthetwolanguages,thecultureandaestheticsofthesourcetext,thesocietythetranslatorlivesin,thetranslatingstrategyofthatparticularperiod,andsoon.Therefore,thetranslator'ssubjectivityisthesubjectiveinitiativerepresentedinthetranslationactivitieswhichaimattherealizationoftranslatingpurposes,withthepresuppositionoftherespectsofthetranslator,thesubjectoftranslation,tothetranslatingobject.Itsessentialcharacteristicsaretheculturalconsciousness,thehumanisticcharacters,aswellastheculturalandaestheticcreativity.DisplayoftheTranslator'sSubjectivityinProf.Zhang'sProseTranslationDisplayoftheTranslator'sSubjectivityInthisthesis,theauthorthinksthatthetranslator'ssubjectivityisrepresentedinthewholeprocessofthetranslation.Itispresentednotonlyinthetranslator'sre-comprehensionoftheoriginaltextandlinguistictransformation,butalsointhechoicesofdifferentstylesoforiginaltextsfortranslating,varioustranslationpurposes,thedifferenttranslatingstrategies,etc...Inotherwords,thetranslator'ssubjectivitycanbeaffectedbymanyaspects.AccordingtoAntoineBerman,averyfamousFrenchtranslator,thetranslator'ssubjectivityisthemostactiveelementinthetranslationactivity.Hisowntranslatingmethodscanbedeterminedbyhisowntranslationmotive,intention,andaim.Inthisthesis,theauthormainlydiscussesthetranslator'ssubjectivityfocusing onProf.ZhangPejji'sprosetranslation.Specificallyspeaking,themanifestationofthetranslator'ssubjectivityinhisprosetranslationwillbeanalyzedatboththemacroandthemicrolevel.Inthissense,themacrolevelrepresentsthepreparationoftranslating,whichreferstotheselectionofthesourcetexts,translationpurposes,translationstrategiesandsoon.Themicrolevelreferstotheculturalandlinguisticaspect,whichincludeslexical,syntactical,rhetoricallevel,differentfiguresofspeechandsoon.Accordingtotheanalysis,itwillbecomeself-evidentthatthetranslator'ssubjectivityisaverysignificantperspectivefortheunderstandingofProf.Zhang’sprosetranslationandheisarealtranslatorwhocloselycombinestheoryandpracticetogether.Inhistranslatingcareer,Prof.Zhangalwaysadheringtohisowntranslationprinciplesof“faithfulness”and"smoothness”，andhealsodealshistranslationwithadequateconsiderationofthethinkingpatternofnativespeakers.Toagreatdegree,“faithfulness”and"smoothness”canbesummarizedashistranslationprinciples.Inthefollowingsections,theauthorwillanalyzethisfromthemacroandthemicroleveltoshowhowProf.Zhang’stranslationisinfluencedbythetranslator’ssubjectivityandhowhecombineshistranslationtheoryandtranslationpracticeasawhole.TheTranslator’SubjectivityDisplayedattheMacroLevelAsto"macrolevel",itmeanstheanalysiswillbemainlyfocusedontheselectionoftheoriginaltext,translationpurpose,andtranslationmethods,ratherthanonthewords,sentencesorparagraphs.TheSelectionoftheOriginalTextTosomedegree,theprocessoftranslationisaprocessofmakingdecisions.InXuJun'swords(XuJun,alsoisafamousChinesetranslator),thechoiceintranslationrunsthroughthewholeprocessoftranslation.Both'whattotranslate5and'howtotranslate5relatetothetranslator'schoice".Thedecisionsonwhattotranslatearethetranslator'spersonalinterests,culturalbackgroundandlanguageinterpretation.Andthisinitialchoiceordecisionofthetranslatorwillgreatlyinfluencethefinaltranslationversionandalsoembodytheroleofthetranslator'ssubjectivity.Atthepresenttime,itisknownthatmoretranslatorsareengagedinEnglish-ChinesetranslationthanviceversainChinesetranslationcircle.Afterall,translatorsfeelmorefreelyinunderstandingmotherlanguagethaninotherforeignlanguagesbecauseofculture,customs,education,socialcircumstancesandsoon.However,Prof.ZhangprimarilyaimsatChinese-Englishtranslation:hecontributestointroducingChinesethoughtsandideastoforeigners.Hetranslateswithhisowninterest--helovesdoingprosetranslationashelovesChineseculturedeeply.Histranslationmaterialsarequitedifferentfromothertranslators'.Histranslationworkshavewitnessedhisuniquepracticefeatures.Inaddition,hechooseshistranslationmaterialswithgreatconsideration.Allhischoicesarewiththefollowingfeatures:thetranslationcanexpressthedistinctChinesethoughtsandideastoforeigners;theideasandthoughtscontainedinmaterialsshouldhavetherealisticsignificanceandmeaningforthepresentChina;andhetrieshisbesttoimpressivethereaderswithhisownsincerefeelings,hewishesthereaderscannotonlybetouchedbyhistranslationbutalsocandosomedeepthinking;Hedoesnotwanttoexpresstheideascontainedinthesourcetextmerely,inthedeeperlevel,hewantstoenlightenthereaderstofindmoreideasfromhistranslationworks.Forexample,histranslationof"TransientDays"writtenbyMr.ZhuZiqing,aimsnotonlytorevealthepreciousnessofthetimebutalsohecallsforallthepeopleshouldcherishandmakefulluseofthetime.ModernChineseprosewritingsarehisfavorites,ashedeclaresintheprefaceoftheEnglishversionofSelectedModernChineseProseWritings:"Recentyears,duringmyretirementlife,Ihavetranslatedsomeessaysfromtimetotime,oneforfun,secondforagreatlovetowardsEnglishlanguageandProse,andthethirdforintroducingsomeexcellentmodernChineseprosewritingstoforeigncountries.SincethefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,whathavebeenmostlytranslatedintoforeignlanguagesarepoems,novelsanddramas;however,onlyproseisleftbeside.Whatapityitis”.Prof.ZhangalsoclaimsthatprosehasadeeprootinChinesetraditionandtheachievementsinprosearealmostasgreatasthoseinpoetry.ButsinceMay4thMovement,thesuccessofprosewritinghavealmostbeyondnovel,dramaandpoem.Intherecentcentury,somanytranslatorshavetranslatedandintroducedwesternideasandtheoriesintoChina.ButthosewhoarewillingtointroducevividthoughtsexistinginChineseprosetoforeignersarequitefew.However,Prof.Zhangdoesexcellentworktofilltheblank.Sointheprocessofselection,translators'personalinterestandwillsurelyclaimanimportantshareintheformationoftheirchoices.Atthesametime,thesocialculturalcontextandreadershipalsoexertgreatinfluenceontheofthetranslator'sselection.So,inthisthesis,theauthorthinksthattheselectionoftheoriginaltextisnotrandom.Itdependsonthetranslatoipefsonalinterestandtherequirementofthesocialculture.TranslationPurposeWhenitcomestothetranslationpurpose,firstofalltheinitiatororthecommissioneroftheprogramshouldbeelaborated.ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPressistheinitiatoroftheSelectedModernChineseProseWriting.Thetenetsofthispublishinghousearetoserveforforeignlanguageeducation,spreadadvancedculture,popularizeacademicresultsandpromotepersonneltraining.Sointhecontentsynopsisofthisbook,theeditorclaimsthatthisbookcanbeusedforC-Eliterarytranslationresearchers,collegetranslationstudents,teachersandliterarytranslationlovers.Thesecondpurpose,alsothemostimportantpurpose,isconcerningtothetranslator'sownspecificpurpose.Prof.ZhangdevotestointroducingChinesecultureandideastoforeignerswhoneedanaccesstoapproachmoreaboutChinaanditsculture.Inaddition,theChinesepeoplealsoneedtolearnhowamazingtheChinesecultureisandhowabundanttheChineseprosewritingis.TodisseminateChinesethoughtsandfaithfullyexpressChinesecultureanditssoul,Prof.Zhangdemandsthatthetranslatorbeloyaltotheimageoftheoriginaltext.Toreachthispurpose,hecreateshisowntranslationcriteria:“faithfulness”and"smoothness”.Sowecandrawaconclusionthathistranslationpurposeisnotonlyforreaderstoenjoyreadingprose,butalsoforthemtolearnsomethingusefulinChineseproseanditstranslation.3.2.3TheSelectionofTranslationStrategiesTranslatingstrategiesvaryfromtranslatortotranslator,foreachindividualtranslatorwilladoptdifferentstrategiesevenwhenhetranslatesthetext.TranslationStrategiesarealsothedisplayoftranslator'ssubjectivity.Therearemanyfactorsinfluencingtranslatingstrategiessuchastranslationpurposes,thetargetcultureconventions,thecharactersofthetargetlanguage,thereadingneedsofreadersandthefeaturesofthesourcetext.Butamongthesefactors,oneimportantfactorwhichcannotbeneglectedisthetranslator'spurposeintranslation.Itistranslator'spurposethatprovesthetranslator'ssubjectivity.Sincetheworkoftranslationcameintobeing,literaltranslationandfreetranslationhavebeentwinsisters".Theyaretwoimportantandalsooften—usedstrategiesoftranslation.Literaltranslation,accordingtoOxfordAdvancedLearners’English-ChineseDictionary,isthetranslationcorrespondingexactlytotheoriginal,anditisaword-to-wordrenderingoftheoriginaltext.Infact,itisaneffectiveapproachtoretaintheculturalcharacteristicsoftheoriginaltext.LiteraltranslationismainlyadoptedinhisprosetranslationsinceProf.Zhang'stranslationpurposeistointroduceChinesethoughtsandculturetoforeignerswithhistranslationcriteria-faithfulness"andsmoothness".Hepreferstoregardsentencesasitsbasicunitsandtakethewholeessayintoconsiderationatthesametimeintheprocessoftranslation.Thatis,hemanagesnottobreakuptheoriginalsentenceunittoretaintheoriginalmeaningasmuchaspossible.However,thisdoesnotmeanthetranslatorshouldmerelyattachsignificancetotheformalequivalenceatthesentencelevel,buttoconveythedeepmeaningfromthewholeessay.Thischaracterisvividlyexpoundedinthefamousprose“OnGrowingFlowers”.ItisoneoftheclassicproseswrittenbyLaoShe,whichiswidelyreadinChinese-speakingworld.Anarrativeprose,itdescribesthejoyandsorrow,laughterandtearswhichexperiencedintheprocessofgrowingflowers.Thereareflowersandfruit,fragranceandclour,manuallaborandincreasedknowledgeinthecharmofflowercultivation.Whatshouldbementionedhereisitstwoartisticappeals:first,thestoryistoldinfirst-personnarration,whichincreasesitsauthenticity;second,thenarrationissovividthatasifweourselvestakingpartintheflowercultivation.Inoneword,withplaindiction,explicitnarrationandsincereemotion,theprosesuccessfullyfulfilsthefunctionofconveyingthemeaningandexpressingthefeeling,whichisthesoulofZhuZiqing,saestheticfeatures.3.3TheTranslator’sSubjectivityDisplayedattheMicroLevelInthisthesis,theanalysisatthemicrolevelismainlyconcernedwithunderstandingandexpressing.ItwillanalyzeProf.ZhangPeiji’sSelectedChineseProseWritingfromlexicallevel,syntacticlevelandfiguresofspeech.3.3.1LexicallevelAnexcellenttranslatorknowswhichwordisproperandhowtochooseaproperword.Thechoiceofaproperword,ofcourse,canberegardedobviouslyasakindofpresentationofthetranslator'ssubjectivity.Itdependsonthetranslator'sknowledgebackground,understanding,translationskillsandsoon.Inlexicallevel,whatimpressthereadersalotisProf.Zhang'sfour-characterphrasestranslation.Thefour-characterphrases,asChinesecharacteristiclinguisticform,arewidelyemployedinwritingsandtranslations.Generallyspeaking,four-characterphrasesarepopuledwiththeirconciseness,symmetryandmelodiousness.InProf.Zhang'stranslation,hesuccessfullydealswithfour-characterphrases.Hisfaithfulexpressionbasedontheoriginaltextmanifeststranslator'ssubjectivity.Forexample,LiDazhao'sworks,areusuallyembellishedwiththefour-characterphrases.Example1:一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河，有时流到很宽阔的境界，平原无际，一泻千里。有时流到很逼狭的境界，两岸丛山迭岭，绝壁断崖，江河流于其间，回环曲折，极其险峻。民族生命的进展，其经历亦复如是。 (李大钊《艰难的国运与雄健的国民》)Translation:Amightylongriversometimesflowsthroughabroadsectionwithplainslyingboundlessoneitherside,itswatersrollingonnon-stopforthousandsuponthousandsofmiles.Sometimesit