英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编17

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编17(总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：17，分数：44.00)1.InwhatwaydowesayEnglishisaninflectionallanguage?（厦门大学2006研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：Theinflectionallanguageisatermasopposedtotheisolatedlanguage,inwhichthemorphemehasnoinflectedform;suchasinChinese,thereareonlyisolatedcharacters,whichcannotbeaddedtowithaninflectionalaffix.EnglishisregardedasaninflectionallanguageinthesensethattheinflectionalaffixerservesimportantgrammaticalfunctionintheEnglishvocabulary.InEnglish,inflectionalaffixesindicatingtense,numbers,caseandsoonusuallymanifestatethegrammaticalrelationshipsbetweentheelementsofthesentences.)解析：2.IllustratelexicalchangeproperwiththelatestexamplesinEnglish,coveringatleastfouraspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：Newwordsorexpressionsarecreatedthroughthefollowingprocessesexceptedcompoundandderivation,whicharecalledlexicalchangeproper.(1)InitialismSomenewwordsarecomposedofthefirstlettersofaseriesofwordsandpronouncedbysayingeachletterinthem.WordsofthiskindsuchasVIP,WTOarecalledinitialisms.(2)AbbreviationManyEnglishwordshavecomeintobeingthroughabbreviation.Thisphenomenonisalsocalledclipping;anewcanbecreatedby:i.cuttingthefinalpart,forexample,adforadvertisement.ii.cuttingtheinitialpart,forexample,planeforaeroplane.iii.cuttingboththeinitialandfinalpartsaccordingly,forinstance,fridgeforrefrigerator.(3)Blendingisarelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtogethertheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyonlyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords,forexample,emotion+icon→emoticon;car+hijacking→carjacking.(4)Acronymismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasheavilymodifiedheadword;anexampleisEUforEuropeanUnion.Thisprocessisalsowidelyusedinshorteningextremelylongwordsofwordgroupsinscience,technologyandotherspecialfields,forexample,SARSisshortfor"SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome".What"smore,peoplealsousethisprocessininternetchattingore-mailcommunication,suchasBTWfor"bytheway",ASAPfor"assoonaspossible".)解析：解析：(本题考查特有的词汇变化。作答时任选四个进行描述，并举例说明。)3.AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofImmediateConstituentAnalysis(ICAnalysis)(北京交通大学2006研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：ThroughICanalysis,theinternalstructureofasentencemaybedemonstratedclearly,andifthereisanyambiguity,itcouldberevealed.Forexample,howthesentence"Leavethebookontheshelf"isambiguouscouldbeshownaftertheICanalysis.However,therearealsoproblemsinICanalysis.First,atthebeginning,someadvocatorsinsistedonbinarydivisions,thatis,anyconstruction,atanylevel,willbecutintotwoparts.Butthisisnotalwayspossible.Forexample,inthephrase"menandwomen",itisnotappropriatetocombine"and"withonlytheprecedingpartoronlythesucceedingpart.Second,constructionswithdiscontinuousconstituentswillposetechnicalproblemsfortreediagramsinICa-nalysis.Forexample,in"makeitup"thephrasalverb"makeup"isseparatedbyapronoun.Third,whichisalsothemostseriousproblem,therearestructuralambiguitieswhichcannotberevealedbyICanalysis,asshownin"theloveofGod".InICanalysis,thedifferentrelationsof"God"totheword"love"cannotbeshown,whichmakestheexpressionambiguous.)解析：4.Illustrate"ImmediateConstituentAnalysis".（大连外国语学院2008研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：Therelationbetweenasentenceanditscomponentelementsisgenerallyreferredtoastherelationbetweenaconstructionanditsconstituents,inwhichaveryimportantnotionisimmediateconstituentanalysis,ICAnalysisforshort.Theimmediateconstituentanalysismaybedefinedas:theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents—wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.Theimmediateconstituentanalysisofasentencemaybecarriedoutwithbracketsorwithatreediagram.Thecriterionfortheimmediateconstituentanalysisissubstitutability:whetherasequenceofwordscanbesubstitutedforasinglewordandthestructureremainsthesame.ThroughICanalysis,theinternalstructureofasentencemaybedemonstratedclearly,andambiguities,ifany,willberevealed.Forexample;theICstructureforthesentence"Theboyatetheapple."is:1)Treediagram2)Bracketing((The)(boy))((ate)((the)(apple))))解析：解析：(本题考查直接成分分析法。作答时给出定义、作用及其表现方法——树形图和括号，并分别举例说明。)Foreachofthefollowingpairsofsentences,discusshowthetwosentencesaredifferentfromeachother.（南京大学2006研)（分数：6.00）(1).A.HiscarelessnessIcan"tbear.B.Ican"tbearhiscarelessness.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(正确答案：Thesetwosentencesaredifferentinthesensethatthethematicstructuresaredifferent.Thethemeofasentenceisoftentheknowninformation,whichthesentenceismainlyabout.SentenceAprovidessomeinformationabout"hiscarelessness",since"hiscarelessness"servesasthetheme.Whereas,SentenceBisastatementabout"I",andfromtheremainderofthesentencetherecipientcouldknowsomeinformationaboutme.)解析：(2).A.Adaggerkilledthetourist.B.Thetouristwaskilledwithadagger.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(正确答案：InsentenceA,"Adagger"servesasthetheme,withwhichthesentencecouldbeseenasananswerof"Whatdidthedaggerdo?"InsentenceB,"Thetourist"istreatedasthegiveninformation,aroundwhichthesentencedevelops;thus,thecorrespondingquestionofthissentenceasananswercouldbe"Whathappenedtothetourist?")解析：(3).A.Ahurricanekilledeightpeople.B.Eightpeoplediedinahurricane.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(正确答案：Therearestilldifferencesofthematicstructuresbetweenthesetwosentences,withthefirstoneabout"Ahurricane"andthesecondoneabout"eightpeople".What"smore,insentenceA,theverb"kill"emphasizesadirectrelationshipbetweenthehurricaneandtheeightpeople,thatis,itisthehurricanethatcausedthepeopletodie.Whereas,insentenceB,ameaninglikeaboveisnotentailed.)解析：5.Describewithtreediagramsthetransformationsinvolvedinformingthequestion"DoesJohnlikethebook?"（南开大学2007研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：)解析：6.What,inyourview,makesatextatext,ratherthanaseriesofunconnectedutterances?Whataretheimplicationsofyouranswerforsecondlanguageteaching?(北外2006研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：Thefactortodistinguishconnectedtextswhichmakesensefromthosewhichdonotisusuallydescribedascoherence.Coherenceistraditionallydescribedastherelationshipsthatlinktheideasinatexttocreatemeaningforthereaders,apartfromcohesivedevices.Itshouldbenoticedthatcohesionbyitselfwouldnotbesufficienttoenableustomakesenseofwhatreadorhear;itisquiteeasytocreateahighlycohesivetextwhichhasalotofconnectionsbetweenthesentences,butwhichremainsdifficulttointerpret.Andcoherence,astheinvisiblenetofatext,performsafunctionof"connectedness"whichmakesthetextinterpretabletopeople.Regardingtheimportanceofcoherencetoawholetext,itseemsnecessaryforateacherofSFLtohelpstudentsdevelopcoherenceinwriting.Researchhasfoundthatintheirwriting,ESL/EFLstudentsfocusalmostexclusivelyonthewordandsentencelevelsratherthanthelevelofthewholediscourse,thatis,textualcoherence.Apedagogicalfocusoncoherencecanshiftstudents"attentionfromsentence-levelgrammartodiscoursefeaturessuchastextualstructuringandpropositionalunity,whicharecrucialtocreatingmeaningintexts.Indeed,helpingstudentsimprovethecoherenceoftheirwritingoughttobeasignificantaspectofL2writinginstruction.Tohelpstudentsfocusoncoherenceinwriting,itisessentialthatteachershaveathoroughunderstandingofwhatmakesatextcoherent.Asisshowninthecompositiontextbooks,itseemscommontoregardcoherencesimplyasconnectednessbetweensentences,useofexplicitcohesivedevicesattheparagraphlevel,anduseofconnectivedevicessuchaspronouns,repetitivestructures,andtransitionalmarkers.However,coherenceshouldnotbenarrowedintermsofsentence-levelconnectednessandparagraphunityratherthandiscourseunity.Thus,tohelpstudentscreatecoherenceintheirwriting,itisnecessaryforteacherstopaymoreattentioninthebroadersenseofcoherence.)解析：TheEnglishsentencesgivenbelowareungrammatical.Youarerequiredtogivethesyntacticexplanationtotheungrammaticalityineachofthesentences.（南开大学2011研)（分数：6.00）(1).*Jackputhisball.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(正确答案：*Jackputhisball.Becauseoftheword"put",thesentencelacksacomplement,whichshouldbeaPP.Therefore,itshouldbe"Jackputhisballunderthechair.")解析：(2).*IwonderMichaelwalkedthedog.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(正确答案：(2)*IwonderMichaelwalkedthedog.Thesentenceisungrammatical,forwhatfollowstheword"wonder"shouldbeaclause.Thecorrectformis"IwonderifMichaelwalkedthedog.")解析：(3).*Frankthinkshimselfisasuperstar.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(正确答案：*Frankthinkshimselfisasuperstar.InEnglish,thepatternoftheword"think"isthatthinkplusesaclauseoracomplement.Sothecorrectformshouldbe"Frankthinkshimselfasasuperstar."or"Frankthinksheisasuperstar.")解析：7.Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenaphraseandaclause?（中山大学2011研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：Phraseandclausearebothgrammaticalunitscontainedinthesetoflayersinthegrammarofalanguage,asfollowing:morpheme,word,phrase,clause,clausecomplex.Theyareattachedtothesentences.Forexample,thetallestgirl(nominalphrase),Havingfinishedtheirtask,theycametohelpus.(clause)Phraseisasingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject-predicatestructuretypicalofclauses.Traditionally,itisseenaspartofastructuralhierarchy,positionedbetweenclauseandword.Whileclauseisaconstituentwithitsownsubjectandpredicate,anditisincludedinalargersentence.First,aphrasemustbeagroupofwordswhichformaconstituent.Second,aphraseisloweronthegrammaticalhierarchythanclauses.Moreprecisely,simpleclausesmay(andusuallydo)containphrases,butsimplephrasesdonot(ingeneral)containclauses.)解析：解析：（考查短语与从句的异同，要分别分析其定义并举例。)8.Explaintheseventypesofmeaninganduseexamplestoillustrateyourideas.（人大2007研；南开大学2004研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：TheseventypesofmeaningwerefirstpostulatedbyG.Leech.Theyarerespectivelyillustratedasfollows:(1)Conceptualmeaning,whichreferstological,cognitive,ordenotativecontent.Thistypeofmeaningis"denotative"inthatitisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.(2)Connotativemeaning,whatiscommunicatedbyvirtueofwhatlanguagerefersto.Itreferstosomeadditional,especiallyemotive,meaning.(3)Socialmeaning,referringtowhatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuse.(4)Affectivemeaning,whichreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker/writer.(5)Reflectedmeaning,whichreferstowhatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithanothersenseofthesameexpression.(6)Collocativemeaning,whatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherword.Thefivetypesofmeaningsfrom(2)to(6)arecollectivelyknownasassociativemeaninginthesensethatanelementaryassociationisttheoryofmentalconnectionsisenoughtoexplaintheiruse.(7)Thematicmeaning,whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.Itismoreperipheralsinceitisonlydeterminedbytheorderofthewordsinasentenceandthedifferentprominencetheyeachreceive.)解析：9.Discusssense,denotationandreference,usingChineseexamplestoillustrateyourpoints.(北外2008研)

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正确答案：(正确答案：Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticexpression.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.Forexample,theword"$U"inChineseisgiventhedefinitionof"哺乳动物，种类很多，听觉嗅觉都很敏锐，善于看守门户，有的可以训练成军犬、警犬".Thisdoesnotrefertoanyparticulardogthatexistsintherealworld,butappliestoanyanimalthatmeetsthefeaturesdescribedinthedefinition.Sothisisthesenseoftheworddog.Referencemeanswhatalinguisticexpressionreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Ifwesay"这只狗真可爱",wemustbetalkingaboutacertaindogexistinginthesituation;theword"狗"herereferstoadogknowntoboththespeakerandthehearer.Thisisthereferenceoftheword"狗"inthisparticularsituation.Denotationreferstotherelationshipbetweenanexpressionanditsextension.Thetermextensionofanexpressionisthesetofthingswhichcouldbepossiblybethereferentofthatexpression.Sotheextensionoftheword"狗"is"所有种类的狗".Thus,therelationshipbetweentheword"狗"and"所有种类的狗"isdenotation,thatis,theword"狗"denotes"所有种类的狗".Furthermore,thedifferencesbetweenthethreetermsarediscussedasfollows.Senseandreferencearetwodifferentbutrelatedaspectsofmeaning.Twoexpressionsmayrefertothesamereferentbuthavedifferentsenses.Forexample,insentences"1949年10月1日，毛泽东在天安门城楼上宣布：今天，中华人民共和国成立了!”and“1949年10月1日，那位伟大的领袖在天安门城楼上宣布：今天，中华人民共和国成立了!”，expressions"毛泽东"and"那位伟大的领袖"refertothesameperson(havethesamereferent)butwithdifferentsenses.Thereisalsoanotherdifferencebetweensenseandreference.Tosomeextent,allwordshavesenses,butnoteverywordhasareferent.Somewordslike"和","但是","假如","的"donotrefertoanything.Therefore,themeaningifanexpressionwillarisebothfromitssenseanditsreference.Bothreferenceanddenotationrefertotherelationshipbetweenalinguisticexpressionandtheworld,buttherearealsodifferences.Denotationreferstotherelationshipbetweenalinguisticexpressionandasetofpossiblereferentsofthatexpressionintheworld;whilereferenceisusedfortherelationshipbetweenalinguisticexpressionandaparticularentityintheworld.Forexample,inthesentence"一只云鹊飞进了房间",theexpression"一只云鹊"referstothelarkinthatparticularsituation,whiledenotestothewholeclass"鸟".Anotherdifferenceisthatdenotationisastablerelationshipinalanguagewhichisnotdependentonanyoneuseofaword.Reference,ontheotherhandisamomentbymomentrelationship:whatentitysomebodyreferstobyusingtheword"云雀"dependsonthesituation.)解析：10.Wordsareindifferentsenserelationswitheachother.Whatsenserelationisillustratedineachofthepairsofwordsbelow?Addonemoreexampletoeachpair.(北航2008研)(a)casual-informal(b)intelligent-stupid(c)steal-steel(d)animal-dog

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正确答案：(正确答案：Thesenserelationof(a)issynonymy.Thetwowords"casual"and"informal"havesimilarmeaning.Onemoreexampleofsynonym;"buy"and"purchase".(b)isapairofantonym.Thetwowordshaveoppositemeaning.Therearethreemainsubtypeforantonymy,namelygradableantonymy,complementaryantonymyandconverseantony-my.(b)isthefirsttype.Anotherexampleforantonymy;"good"and"bad"."Steal"and"steel"areapairofhomonym,whichhavethesamepronunciationbutdifferentmeanings.Onemoreexamplefor"homonym";"no"and"know"."Animal"and"dog"haveasenserelationofhyponymy,inwhich"animal"isasuperordi-natewhile"dog"ahyponym.Onemoreexample;"bird"and"lark".)解析：11.Foreachofthefollowingpairsofwords,statetheprincipalreasonwhytheymaynotbeconsideredtobesynonyms:（浙江大学2005研)a.manboyb.toiletlooc.determinedstubbornd.pavementsidewalke.slimskinnyf.moverun

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正确答案：(正确答案：a.Thereasonfornotregardingmanandboyassynonymscouldbeseenfromthesemanticcomponentstheyincluderespectively.Man:+HUMAN,+MALE,+ADULT;whileboy:+HUMAN,+MALE,-ADULT.Sincetheydonothavethesamesemanticcomponents,theyarenotconsideredassynonyms.b.Theprincipalreasonfornotregardingtoiletandlooassynonymscouldbeattributedtothedifferentstyleswheretheyareused.Toiletisamorestandardexpression,whilelooisaslang,whichismoreinformal,comparedtotoilet.c.Thetwowordsdeterminedandstubbornarequitedifferentintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning.Thewordstubbornisusuallyusedbythespeakertoexpressanegativeattitude,whiletheotherwordisnot.d.Pavementandsidewalkaredialectallydifferent.PavementismoreoftenusedbyBritishpeople,whileinAmerica,peoplewillbemorelikelytousesidewalk.e.Althoughbothslimandskinnycouldrefertothethinnessofaperson,theyaredifferentinthatskinnyemphasizesmoreontheexcessivethinness,whileslimhasnoconnotationoftheexces-siveness.f.Thesetwowords,moveandrun,aresemanticallydifferent:runmeanstomoveswiftly,socomparativelyspeaking,moveismoregeneral.)解析：12.Putthefollowingwordsinahierarchicalorder(youcanuseatreediagramifneedbe)andtrytodefineatleasttwoofthem:(北师大2003研)crocodile,mammal,reptile,rabbit,primate,animal

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正确答案：(正确答案：animal:Amulti-cellularorganismofthekingdomAnimalia,differingfromplantsincertaintypicalcharacteristicssuchascapacityforlocomotion,non-photosyntheticmetabolism,pronouncedresponsetostimuli,restrictedgrowth,andfixedbodilystructure.reptile:Anyofvariouscold-blooded,usuallyegg-layingvertebratesoftheclassReptilia,suchasasnake,lizard,crocodile,turtle,ordinosaur,havinganexternalcoveringofscalesorhornyplatesandbreathingbymeansoflungs.)解析：Studythefollowingexchangeandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.(南京大学2006研)"Takesomemoretea."theMarchHaresaidtoAlice,veryearnestly.I"vehadnothingyet,Alicerepliedinanoffendedtone,"soIcan"ttakemore."（分数：4.00）(1).WhywasAliceoffended?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(正确答案：Alicewasoffendedbecauseshefeltthatsheseemedtobeaccusedofsomethingshehadn"tdone.TheMarchHare"sremarkcouldbeinterpretedinawaythathepresupposedAlicehadalreadyhadsometea,whichwasnottrue.)解析：(2).WhatistheproblemwiththeMarchHare"sremark?Whatisthelinguisticissueinvolvedhere?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(正确答案：TheMarchHareignoredthepossiblepresuppositiverelationsamongsentences.PresuppositionistherelationbetweenpropositionsbywhichApresupposesBif,forAtohaveatroth-value,Bmustbetrue.Inhisutterance,theword"more"functionsasthepresuppositiontriggers.Itpresupposesthatthereisalreadysomethingexisting.Inthisspecificutterance,itpresupposes"Youhavealreadyhadsometea",whichisnottrueaccordingtothereality.)解析：13.Considerthefollowingstatements.WhendowesayStatementAentailsStatementB?WhendowesayStatementApresupposesStatementB?DoesStatementAnecessarilyentailStatementC?Why?DoStatementsAandDbothpresupposeStatementB?Why?(南京大学2008研)A.Jack"sbrotherhasgonebankrupt.B.Jackhasabrother.C.Jack"ssiblinghasgonebankrupt.D.Jack"sbrotherhasnotgonebankrupt.

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正确答案：(正确答案：Atruth-basedapproachisagoodwaytocharacterizethesemanticrelationsofentailmentandpresupposition.Inatruth-baseddefinitionofentailment,asentencepentailsasentenceqwhenthetruthofthefirst(p)guaranteesthetruthofthesecond(q),andthefalsityofthesecondguaranteesthefalsityofthefirst.Thus,whenweexamineStatementAandStatementBhere,supposetheresultislikethis:ifAistrue,Bisalsotrue;ifBisfalse,Aisalsofalse,thenwecansayAentailsB.However,theresultistheopposite.Thetrueresultwefindis:ifA(Jack"sbrotherhasgonebankrupt.)istrue,B(Jackhasabrother.)istrue;ifB(Jackhasabrother.)isfalse,A(Jack"sbrotherhasgonebankrupt.)fails,thatis,ifJackhasnobrother,howcanA(Jack"sbrotherhasgonebankrupt.)bejudged?Isitfalse?Isitingreyarea,neithertruenorfalse?IfAisfalse,thenAentailsB;butifwecannotjudge,wecannotsayAentailsB.Ifweviewpresuppositionasatruthrelation,then:ifpistrue,qisalsotrue;ifpisfalse,qisstilltrue;ifqistrue,pcouldbeeithertrueorfalse;ifqisfalse,notruthvaluecanbesaidaboutp.Adoptingthisapproach,wefindtherelationbetweenStatementAandStatementBhereis:ifA(Jack"sbrotherhasgonebankrupt.)istrue,B(Jackhasabrother.)istrue;ifA(Jack"sbrotherhasgonebankrupt.)isfalse,B(Jackhasabrother.)isstilltrue;ifB(Jackhasabrother.)istrue,A(Jack"sbrotherhasgonebankrupt.)canbeeithertrueorfalse;ifB(Jackhasabrother.)isfalse,wecannotsayanythingtrueorfalseaboutA(Jack"sbrotherhasgonebankrupt.).Therefore,fromtheaboveanalysis,theconclusionwegethereisApresupposesB.No,StatementAnotnecessarilyentailsStatementBhere,becausetheword"sibling"doesnotnecessarilyhaveallthesemanticcomponentsof"brother".Entailmentisconcernedwiththemeaningofthesenten