指代题知识讲解课件

指代题指代题分类精读篇目推荐第一类：生物学/古生物学(17篇)OG:P40,P90Delta:P31,P37,P21/5-7,P33,P35,P42,P51/3-4,P86,P94,P128,P130/5,P131,P145/4-6,P183,P186第二类：天文学/地理学(14篇)

OG:P48,P117Delta:P18,P25,P39,P73/1-2,P74/5-6,P82,P92,P111,P158,P165,P182,P192第三类：文学/历史/哲学(16篇)OG:P80,P101Delta:P22,P24,P27,P52,P54,P56,P77,P114,P117,P132,P146/7-10,P149,P162,P196

分类精读篇目推荐第一类：生物学/古生物学(17篇)指代题知识讲解课件题型5：指代题识别（refersto）题型说明OG45分为词汇指代和代词指代两种类型0-2perset分类代词人称代词主格he,she,it,they,we人称代词宾格him,her,it,them,us反称代词Himself,herself,itself,ourselves,themselves关系代词who,which,that,whom,when,where,whose形容词性物主代词his,her,its,their,our,第三人称名词性物主代词his,hers,ours,its,theirs指示代词或形容词this,that,these,those量词one,some,afew,many其它(形容词与代名词)all,either,none,thefirst,another,afew,one,thelast,any,many,others,theformer,both,most,several,thelatter,each,neither,some,theother,little,few,allothers题型5：指代题识别（refersto）题型说明OG45分Unlikesister凤，sister芙蓉更PP，她拥有苗条的身材，标致的脸庞，和其他网络达人一样，suchasbrother春&曾，受到网友们的追捧。“她”refersto:Asister凤Bsister芙蓉Cbrother春Dbrother曾Unlikesister凤，sister芙蓉更PP，Thesimplestformsofinequalityarebasedonageandsex.Forexample,oldpeoplemayhaveahighoralowposition;womenmayberankedbelowmen.Butineverysocietythereisanotherformofinequalitythatranksfamiliesratherthanindividuals.Ifalargenumberoffamiliesaresimilartoeachotherineducation,income,andvalues,theyconstituteasocialclass.Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstostratifiedsocietiesindividualslargenumberoffamilieseducation,income,andvaluesThesimplestformsofinequali以下标志可以断句句号关系代词或副词连词找到选项后带回原文指代题向前找答案原则一般来说后半句中代词（数量代词，人称代词）位于句首，指代前半句主语一个句子中若代词位于句首，指代前句主语。以下标志可以断句Pesticidestemporarilyincreasetheproductivityofcrops,untilinsectsdevelopgeneticresistancetothem.ThewordtheminthepassagereferstopesticidescropsinsectssoilsPesticidestemporarilyincreas1.语法原则：单复数一致，人称一致（基本所有题目的选项都符合语法原则）2.前指原则：正确答案必在所考代词之前

3.句内原则：正确答案与所考代词通常在同一句内，除非代词位于句首或出现指代传递现象

4.语义原则：代入并译成中文解题四大原则1.语法原则：单复数一致，人称一致（基本所有题目的选项都符1.人称代词在考试中经常考察的人称代词是they/it；they/it出现在句首通常指前半句或前一句的主语.Animalsneednaturalperiodicsignalslikesunrisetomaintainacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours.Suchanexternalcuenotonlycoordinatesananimal'sdailyrhythmswithparticularfeaturesofthelocalsolardaybutalso—becauseitnormallydoessodayafterday-seemstokeeptheinternalclock'speriodclosetothatofEarth'srotation.ThewordItinthepassagereferstoanexternalcuesuchassunrisethedailyrhythmofananimalthelocalsolardayacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours1.人称代词Withtheadventofprojection,theviewer'srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate,asithadbeenwithearlierpeepshowdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope,whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofonstripsofcelluloid.Itsuddenlybecamepublic-anexperiencethattheviewersharedwithdozens,scores,andevenhundredsofothers.TheadventofprojectionTheviewer'srelationshipwiththeimageAsimilarmachineCelluloid投影Withtheadventofprojection,Otherstatuesweredesignedtobeplacedwithinanarchitecturalsetting,forinstance,infrontofthemonumentalentrancegatewaystotemplesknownaspylons,orinpillaredcourts,wheretheywouldbeplacedagainstorbetweenpillars:theirfrontalityworkedperfectlywithinthearchitecturalcontext.statuesgatewaystemplespillaredcourts雕塑神殿有柱子的庭院Otherstatuesweredesignedto2.平行结构Some…others;one…another;a…theone…;a…such…,notonly…butalso;Energyistherealcurrencyoftheworld.Wedependonenergytogrowourfood,tokeepusalive,andtowarmandcoolourbodiesandthebuildingswhereweliveandwork.Wealsouseittomovepeopleandotherobjectsaswellastochangematterfromonephysicalorchemicalformtoanother.Thewordanotherinthepassagereferstocurrencyenergymatterform2.平行结构Atleastonecentralqualityofmusic—rhythmicorganization—canexistapartfromtheabilityofpeopletohearit.Somecomposers,suchasScriabin,haveemphasizedtheimportantoftherhythmicaspectofmusicbytranslatingtheirworksintorhythmicseriesofcoloredforms.Others,suchasStravinsky,havestressedthesignificanceofseeingmusicperformedbyanorchestraoradancetroupe.ThewordOthersinthepassagereferstopeoplecomposersworksformsAtleastonecentralqualityo3.关系代词that,which,what…通常就近指代。注意：which前边有插入语时，处理方法为去掉插入语原则3.如果碰到关系代词，一般是就近指代（往前找他最近的名词）——喜欢加入插入成分（前后有逗号）——跳过插入，找最近的名词4.This位于句首，有可能指代前一句的部分、整句、整个上一段的中心思想3.关系代词Withtheadventofprojection,theviewer'srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate,asithadbeenwithearlierdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope,whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofonstripsofcelluloid.Withtheadventofprojection,3.指示代词This、These…Manymillionsofyearsafterfernsevolved(butlongbeforetheHawaiianIslandwerebornfromthesea),anotherkindoffloraevolvedonEarth:theseed-bearingplants.Thiswasawonderfulbiologicalinvention.ThewordThisinthepassagereferstothespreadoffernsandmossesinHawaiithecreationoftheHawaiianIslandstheevolutionoffernsthedevelopmentofplantsthatproduceseeds3.指示代词Fromearlytimespotswereusedinbothreligiousandsecularcontexts.TheimperialcourtcommissionedworkandintheYuandynasty(A.D.1279-1368)animperialceramicfactorywasestablishedatJingdezhen.Potsplayedanimportantpartinsomereligiousceremonies.Longandoftenlyricaldescriptionsofthedifferenttypesofwareexistthatassistinclassifyingpots,althoughthesesometimesconfuseanalreadylargeandcomplicatedpicture.religiousceremoniesdescriptionstypesofwarepotsPot锅Ceremony仪式Fromearlytimespotswereuse4.词汇指代用一个词、词组或指示性代词+名词性结构来指代前文内容。被指代内容可能是词语、词组甚至是整个句子或中心思想。ThecentralcharacterisEveryman,ahumancharacter,andthesubjectisdeatharrivingbeforewewantittocome—athemethatisuniversaltohumans.Thewordthemeinparagraph5referstoperformersplayinganimals,objects,orideasdeatharrivingbeforewewantittocomebeauty,knowledge,andstrengthEverymanasacentralcharacter4.词汇指代指代传递:指代词通常首先指前一句的主语，其次是宾语，当前一句的主语也是代词时，则继续向前找指代传递:指代词通常首先指前一句的主语，其次是宾语，当前一Otherfeatures,however,showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingmammals,themesonychids,andcetaceans.IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.PakicetusFishLifeocean毛利语Otherfeatures,however,show指代题排除技巧

排除同等位置的选项（AorB，fromAtoBto

C，列举）指代题排除技巧指代题排除技巧

排除同等位置的选项（AorB，fromAtoBto

C，列举）Thefinsarestiff,smooth,andnarrow,qualitiesthatalsohelpcutdrag.Whennotinuse,thefinsaretuckedintospecialgroovesordepressionssothattheylieflushwiththebodyanddonotbreakupitssmoothcontours.Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstoqualitiesfinsgroovesdepressions鱼鳞鳞状物散热片纹路节奏常规给..开槽指代题排除技巧鱼鳞鳞状物散热片纹路节奏常规给..开其他语法关系Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpendenergy.Theexpenditureofenergyisessentiallyaprocessofbudgeting,justasfinancesarebudgeted.Ifallofone’smoneyisspentonclothes,theremaybenonelefttobuyfoodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.ThewordnoneinthepassagereferstoFoodPlantEnergyAnimal其他语法关系Growth,reproduction,an指代传递现象：指代词通常指代前一句主语＞宾语＞主语修饰语，当前一句主语也是代词时,则继续向前寻找

Whilesuchinterviewscanbehighlyentertaining,theyarenotnecessarilyanaccurateindicationofpublicopinion.First,theyreflecttheopinionsofonlythosepeoplewhoappearatacertainlocation.Theword“they”referstoNorthAmericansnewsshowsinterviewsopinions指代传递现象：指代词通常指代前一句主语＞宾语＞主语修饰语，InSouthwestFranceinthe1940’s,playingchildrendiscoveredLascauxGrotto,aseriesofnarrowcavechambersthatcontainhugeprehistoricpaintingsofanimals.Manyofthesebeastsareaslargeas16feet(almost5meters).Somefolloweachotherinsolemnparades,butothersswirlabout,sidewaysandupsidedown.Theanimalsarebulls,wildhorses,reindeer,bison,andmammothsoutlinedwithcharcoalandpaintedmostlyinreds,yellow,andbrowns.Scientificanalysisrevealsthatthecolorswerederivedfromocherandotherironoxidesgroundintoafinepowder.Methodsofapplyingcolorvaried:somecolorswerebrushedorsmearedonrocksurfacesandotherswereblownorsprayed.Itispossiblethattubesmadefromanimalboneswereusedforsprayingbecausehollowbones,somestainedwithpigment,havebeenfoundnearby.ThewordothersinthepassagereferstoChambersPaintingsBeastsParadesInSouthwestFranceinthe194其他语法考察DeltaP52Q5Q6其他语法考察DeltaP52Q5Q6其他语法考察DeltaP52Q5Q6其他语法考察DeltaP52Q5Q6其他语法考察背景知识补充：

Maslow'shierarchyofneeds

Maslow'shierarchyofneedsisoftenportrayedintheshapeofapyramid,withthelargestandmostfundamentallevelsofneedsatthebottom,andtheneedforself-actualizationatthetop.

其他语法考察背景知识补充：指代题知识讲解课件题型总结指代的简单原则——后指代前，就近指代，语法原则指代内容可能是前面的名词、词组，甚至是整个句子可能会出现指代传递现象题型总结指代的简单原则——后指代前，就近指代，语法原则指代题指代题指代关系的模型指代关系的模型两个步骤：1.定位：用（）表示代词所指代的范围2.名词的选择两个步骤：指代题常考线索（6个）指代题常考线索（6个）1.one+n…theothersome+n…othersmany+n…others1.one+n…theothersome+n…ot2.which:就近指代S+V+O,whichS+V+O+，which后置定语时间地点状语插入成分同位语2.which:就近指代后置定语3.boththeformerthelatter向前寻找并列信息点最常见：AandB和平行结构3.both4.指代传递现象（多重指代）定义：代词所指代的对象不在句子中。如,they在句1中，向前，句2，还是they；再向前，句3.最多不超过3句。4.指代传递现象（多重指代）5.比较级和固定搭配比较级：moreAthanBA=BA:S+V+OB:it+V+Oit=固定搭配总结：只要发现代词处在一个结构一致的法则中，就直接遵循主宾格一致的概念。5.比较级和固定搭配6.n.1ofn.2本质：结构一致

例如：前面：n.1ofn.2

后面：n.1ofthatn.1=n.1of=ofthat=n.26.n.1ofn.2一、问题形式被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下：Theword(orphrase)Xinthepassagerefersto一、问题形式二、解题步骤1．根据解题技巧确定答案2．代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺二、解题步骤三、基本原则1．就近指代所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如；三、基本原则Largewindfarmsmightalsointerferewiththeflightpatternsofmigratorybirdsincertainareas,andtheyhavekilledlargebirdsofprey(especiallyhawks,falcons,andeagles)thatprefertohuntalongthesameridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbines.Thekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbineshaspittedenvironmentalistswhochampionwildlifeprotectionagainstenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergy.Researchersareevaluatinghowseriousthisproblemisandhopetofindwaystoeliminateorsharplyreducethisproblem.

ThephrasethisprobleminthepassagereferstoAinterferencewiththeflightpatternsofmigratingbirdsincertainareasBbuildingridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbinesCthekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbinesDmeetingthedemandsofenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergyLargewindfarmsmightalsoin本题涉及的是一个词组thisproblem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则，前一句中的主语thekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文，符合语义和逻辑，因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和thisproblem相距较远，而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通，因此为干扰选项。本题涉及的是一个词组thisproblem。寻找这一词组的2．数格一致被指代对象通常与指代词在数（如单数或复数）和格（主格或宾格）两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。2．数格一致四、主要思路1．主从复合句中的指代在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如，四、主要思路Thefinsarestiff,smooth,andnarrow,qualitiesthatalsohelpcutdrag.Whennotinuse,thefinsaretuckedintospecialgroovesordepressionssothattheylieflushwiththebodyanddonotbreakupitssmoothcontours.

Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto

qualities

fins

grooves

depressionsThefinsarestiff,smooth,an在这一例子中，从句sothatthey…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语thefins，因此第二个选项为正确答案。在这一例子中，从句sothatthey…中的代词主语th如果主从复合句中一个句子（可以是主句，也可以是从句）使用被动语态，包含被动语态的句子中的主语常指代另一句中的宾语。例如，如果主从复合句中一个句子（可以是主句，也可以是从句）使用被动icewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italsocameintohouseholduseicewasusedtorefrigeratefrSimilarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.

Thewordnoneinthepassagereferstofoodplantoranimalenergybigbody在本例中，if引导的从句使用了被动语态，代词主语none指代前面主句中的宾语energy。因此，第三个选项为正确答案。Similarly,aplantoranimalc2．并列动词中的指代如果一个句中有两个并列的动词，第二个动词的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后的名词宾语。例如，Artistsarerecognizingthedistinctionbetweenpublicandprivatespaces,andtakingthatintoaccountwhenexecutingtheirpubliccommissions.

Theword“that”inline27refersto(A)

contemporaryart(B)

opportunity(C)

audience(D)

distinction2．并列动词中的指代句中有两个并列的动词recognizing和taking(intoaccount)，其中recognizing的宾语是distinction，而taking的宾语是that。根据上述技巧，that指代distinction。因此，（D）为正确答案。句中有两个并列的动词recognizing和taking3．平行结构中的指代平行结构主要包括some/most/many/such/each…,others…;notonly…butalso…;theformer…thelatter等。在这种结构中，平行结构两个部分的两个代词经常指代同一对象：前一句中的名词主语。例如，3．平行结构中的指代InSouthwestFranceinthe1940s,playingchildrendiscoveredLascauxG