光伏发电系统储能蓄电池太阳电池组件及方阵

光伏发电系统储能蓄电池太阳电池组件及方阵1.太阳电池的基本原理和光伏发电的主要优势Themainadvantageofbasicprincipleandphotovoltaicpowergeneration1solarcells.1.1太阳电池的基本原理Thebasicprincipleofthe1.1solarcells太阳能光伏发电是太阳能利用的一种重要形式，是采用太阳电池将光能转换为电能的发电方式，而且随着技术不断进步，光伏发电有可能成为最具发展前景的发电技术之一。太阳电池的基本原理为半导体的光伏效应。当太阳光(或其它光)照射到太阳电池上时，电池吸收光能，产生“光生电子一空穴”对。在电池内电场作用下，光生电子和空穴被分离，从而在电池两端积累起异号电荷，即产生电压。Solarphotovoltaicpowergenerationisanimportantformofsolarenergyutilization,istheuseofsolarenergyisconvertedintoelectricityenergy,andasthetechnologycontinuestoprogress,photovoltaicpowergenerationhasthepotentialtobecomeoneofthemostpromisingpowergenerationtechnology.Thebasicprincipleofsolarcellphotovoltaiceffectofsemiconductors.Whenthesunlight(orotherlight)exposuretosolarcells,batteriesabsorblightenergy,produce"photogeneratedelectron-hole"on.Theactionoftheelectricfieldinsidethebattery,thephotogeneratedelectronsandholesareseparated,resultinginthetwoendsofthecelltoaccumulatetheheterocharge,generatesavoltage.1.2光伏发电的主要优势Themainadvantageof1.2photovoltaicpowergeneration发电原理具有先进性：即直接从光子转换到电子，没有中间过程(如热能一机械能、机械能一电磁能转换等)和机械运动，发电形式极为简捷。(1)thegenerationprincipleisadvanced:directlyfromthephotonconversiontoelectronic,nointermediateprocess(suchasheatenergy,mechanicalenergy,mechanicalenergyandelectromagneticenergyconversion)andmechanicalmotion,powergenerationisverysimple.太阳能资源的无限和分布特性：太阳能辐射取之不尽，用之不竭，可再生并洁净环保；阳光普照大地，无处不在，无需运输，不受霸权控制。(2)theinfinitecharacteristicsanddistributionofsolarresources:solarradiationinexhaustible,beinexhaustible,renewableandclean;thesunshinestheearth,everywhere,notransport,nohegemoniccontrol.光伏发电与环境关系：光伏发电没有机械旋转部件，无噪声；没有燃烧过程，不排放温室气体和其它废气、废水，环境友好，真正的绿色发电。(3)therelationshipofphotovoltaicpowergenerationandtheenvironment:photovoltaicpowergenerationwithoutnoise;mechanicalrotatingparts,nocombustionprocess,notemissionsofgreenhousegasesandotherwastegas,wastewater,environmentallyfriendly,greenpowerreal.建造、拆卸和维护特性：模块化结构，规模大小随意，易于建造安装、拆卸迁移，而且易于随时扩大发电容量。可实现无人值守，维护成本低。(4)construction,disassemblyandmaintenancecharacteristics:modularstructure,sizeatwill,easyconstructioninstallation,disassemblymigration,andeasytokeeptheexpansionofpowergenerationcapacity.Canachieveunattendedoperation,lowmaintenancecost.2.光伏发电系统组成及各部分功能2photovoltaicpowergenerationsystemandthefunctionofeachpartofthe光伏发电系统是采用太阳电池将太阳辐射能直按转换成电能的完整的发电系统。一般来说，它由太阳电池方阵、控制器、蓄电池组、直流--交流逆变器等部分组成。Photovoltaicpowergenerationsystemistheuseofsolarcellsolarradiationwillbedirectlyconvertedintoelectricalenergyofthecompletepowersystem.Generallyspeaking,itconsistsofsolarcellarray,controller,batteries,DC-ACinvertercomponents.2.1太阳电池组件及方阵2.1solarcellmoduleandarray太阳电池是光伏发电系统的核心。太阳电池单体是光电转换的最小单元，尺寸一般为4〜200cm2不等。太阳电池单体的工作电压约为0.5V,工作电流约为20〜25mA,—般不能单独作为电源使用。将太阳电池单体进行串并联且封装后，就成为太阳电池组件，其功率一般为几瓦至几十瓦，是可以单独作为电源使用的最小单元。太阳电池组件再经过串并联并安装在支架上，就构成了太阳电池方阵，可以满足负载所要求的输出功率。Solarcellisthecoreofphotovoltaicpowergenerationsystem.Thesolarcellisthesmallestunitofphotoelectricconversion,sizeisgenerally4〜200cm2.Theworkingvoltageofthebatterymonomerisabout0.5V,theoperatingcurrentisabout20〜25mA,generallynotasaseparatepowersupply.Thesolarbatterymonomerforseries-parallelandpackaging,willbesolarcellmodule,thepowerofseveralwattstotensofwatts,iscanbeusedasaminimumunitofpoweruse.Solarcellmodulethroughtheserialandparallelandarrangedonthebracket,formthesolarcellarray,cansatisfytheloadtherequiredoutputpower.2.2储能蓄电池The2.2energystoragebattery蓄电池是光伏电站的贮能装置，它将太阳电池方阵从太阳辐射能转换来的直流电转换为化学能贮存起来，以供应用。在独立运行的光伏发电系统中，必须配备储能蓄电池，以储存和调节电能。当日照充足而产生的电能过剩时，蓄电池将多余的电能储存起来；反之，当系统发电量不足或负荷用电量大时，蓄电池向负载补充电能，并保持供电电压的稳定。ThebatteryisPVenergystoragedevice,thesolarcellarrayofsolarradiationfromthesuntoDCconversionpowerconversionintochemicalenergystored,forapplication.Instand-alonePVsystem,mustbeequippedwithanenergystoragebattery,thestorageandregulationofelectricity.Whenthesunshineandtheelectricenergygeneratedwhentheexcess,thebatterywillberedundantelectricenergyisstored;conversely,whenthepowershortageortheloadpowerconsumption,batterytosupplypowertotheload,andkeepthesupplyvoltagestability.蓄电池是通过充电将电能转换为化学能贮存起来，使用时再将化学能转换为电能释放出来的化学电源装置。它是用两个分离的电极浸在电解质中而成。由还原物质构成的电极为负极，由氧化态物质构成的电极为正极。当外电路接通两极时，氧化还原反应就在电极上进行，电极上的活性物质就分别被氧化还原了，从而释放出电能，这一过程称为放电过程。放电之后，若有反方向电流流入电池时，就可以使两极活性物质回复到原来的化学状态，这一过程称为充电过程。光伏电站中与太阳电池方阵配用的蓄电池组通常是在半浮充电状态下长期工作，考虑到连续阴雨天气，蓄电池的设计容量一般是电负荷日耗电量的5~10倍。目前我国光伏发电系统配置的蓄电池多数为铅酸蓄电池。Thebatteryischargedbyconvertingelectricalenergyintochemicalenergystored,whenusedtoconvertchemicalenergyintoelectricalenergyreleaseofchemicalpowersourcedevice.Itisusedinelectrodetwoseparatedimmersedinanelectrolyteand.Electrodeiscomposedofreducingsubstancesasnegativeelectrode,electrodecomposedofmaterialforanodeoxidationstate.Whenthecircuitisswitchedonthepoles,redoxreactionontheelectrodeactivematerial,electrodeisrespectivelybyoxidation,thusreleasingenergy,aprocesscalleddischargeprocess.Afterdischarge,ifthereversecurrentflowintothebattery,cancausetheactivematerialbacktothechemicalstateoftheoriginal,thisprocessiscalledthechargingprocess.ThebatteryismatchedwithasolarcellarrayofPVpowerstationisusuallyinahalffloatingchargeundertheconditionofconsideringthelong-term,continuousovercastandrainyweather,thedesigncapacityofthebatteryisgenerally5~10timestheloadonpowerconsumption.Atpresent,China'sphotovoltaicbatterysystemconfigurationforthemajorityoflead-acidbattery.2.3充放电控制器The2.3chargeanddischargecontroller蓄电池，尤其是铅酸蓄电池，要求在充电和放电过程中加以控制，频繁的过充电和过放电都会影响蓄电池的使用寿命。过充电会使蓄电池大量出气（电解水），造成水份散失和活性物质的脱落；过放电则容易加速栅板的腐蚀和不可逆硫酸化。为了保护蓄电池不受过充电和过放电的损害，则必须要有一套控制系统来防止蓄电池的过充电和过放电，称为充放电控制器。控制器通过检测蓄电池的电压或荷电状态判断蓄电池是否已经达到过充点或过放点，并根据检测结果发出继续充、放电或终止充、放电的指令。Battery,especiallylead-acidbattery,requirementstocontrolthecharginganddischargingprocess,frequentoverchargeandoverdischargewillaffecttheservicelifeofthebattery.Afterchargingthebatterywilllargeamountofgas(water),waterlosscausedbysheddingandactivesubstances;overdischargeeasilyacceleratedcorrosiongridplateandirreversiblesulfating.Inordertoprotectthebatterychargeanddischargedoesnothavethedamage,musthaveasetofcontrolsystemtopreventthebatteryoverchargeandoverdischarge,knownasthechargeanddischargecontroller.Thecontrollerthroughthevoltagedetectionofbatteryorbatterystateofchargetojudgewhetherhasreachedoverchargeoroverdischargepoint,andaccordingtothetestresultsissuedinstructions,dischargeorterminationchargetocharge,discharge.随着光伏发电系统容量的不断增加，用户对系统运行状态及运行方式的合理性的要求越来越高，系统的安全性也更加突出和重要。因此，近年来设计者又赋予控制器更多的保护和监测功能。此外，控制器在控制原理和元器件方面也有了很大发展和提高，目前先进的系统控制器已经使用了微处理器，实现了软件编程和智能控制。Withtheincreasingcapacityofphotovoltaicpowergenerationsystem,usersaremorereasonabledemandsontherunningstateofthesystemandoperationmodeishigh,thesafetyofthesystemisalsomoreprominentandimportant.Therefore,inrecentyearsthedesignergivesthecontrollermoreprotectionandmonitoringfunction.Inaddition,thecontrollerinthecontrolprincipleandcomponentshavealsobeengreatdevelopmentandimprovement,systemcontrolleratpresentadvancedhavetheuseofthemicroprocessor,thesoftwareprogrammingandintelligentcontrol.2.4直流一交流逆变器DCACinverter众所周知，整流器的功能是将50Hz的交流电整流成为直流电。而逆变器与整流器恰好相反，它的功能是将直流电转换为交流电。这种对应于整流的逆过程称为“逆变”。太阳电池在阳光照射下产生直流电，然而以直流电形式供电的系统有很大的局限性。例如，荧光灯、电视机、电冰箱、电风扇等均不能直接用直流电源供电，绝大多数动力机械也是如此。此外，当供电系统需要升高电压或降低电压时，交流系统只需加一个变压器即可，而在直流系统中升降压技术与装置则要复杂得多。因此，除特殊用户外，在光伏发电系统中都需要配备逆变器。逆变器还具备自动调压或手动调压功能，可改善光伏发电系统的供电质量。另外，光伏发电系统若要实现并网运行，则输出必须为交流。因此，逆变器已成为光伏发电系统中不可缺少的重要设备。Aseveryoneknows,therectifieristhefunctionoftheACintoDCrectifier50Hz.Theinverterandrectifieronthecontrary,itisthefunctionofthedirectcurrentintoalternatingcurrent.Thecorrespondinginverseprocesscalled"inverterrectifier".SolarcellsproduceDCinthesunlight,butinthesystemofdirectcurrentelectricpowerhavegreatlimitations.Forexample,fluorescentlamp,televisionsets,refrigerators,electricfansandsocannotdirectlyuseDCpowersupply,asarethevastmajorityofpowermachinery.Inaddition,whenthepowersupplysystemneedtoincreaseordecreasethevoltagewhenthevoltage,ACsystemonlyneedstoaddatransformercanbe,andintheDCsystemliftingpressureanddevicetechnologyismorecomplex.Therefore,inadditiontothespecialuseoutdoors,inthephotovoltaicpowergenerationsystemneedtobeequippedwithinverter.Theinverteralsohasautomaticregulatingfunctionofpressureormanualvoltageregulation,thepowersupplycanimprovethequalityofphotovoltaicpowergenerationsystem.Inaddition,photovoltaicpowergenerationsystemtotherealizationofparalleloperation,theoutputmustbeAC.Therefore,theinverterhasbecomeanindispensableandimportantequipmentinphotovoltaicpowergenerationsystem.在光伏系统中，要求逆变器有较高的逆变效率和可靠性，对直流输入电压有较宽的适应范围。Inaphotovoltaicsystem,inverterhashighinverterefficiencyandreliability,areapplicabletoawiderangeofDCinputvoltage.逆变器的输出波形有方波、阶梯波、正弦波等类型。在中、大容量的光伏发电系统中，逆变器的输出应为失真度较小的正弦波。这是由于在中、大容量系统中，若采用方波供电，则输出将含有较多谐波分量，高次谐波将产生附加损耗，许多光伏发电系统的负载为通信或仪表设备，这些设备对供电品质有较高的要求。另外，当中、大容量的光伏发电系统并网运行时，为避免对公共电网的电力污染，也要求逆变器输出失真度满足要求的正弦波。Asquarewave,ladderwave,sinewavetypeinverteroutputwaveforms.Inthephotovoltaicpowergenerationsystem,largecapacity,theoutputoftheinverterisasmallerdistortionsinewave.Thisisdue,inlargecapacityinthesystem,ifthesquarewavepowersupply,theoutputwillcontainmoreharmonics,harmonicswillgenerateadditionalloss,manyphotovoltaicpowersystemloadforthecommunicationequipmentorinstrument,thesedeviceshavehigherrequirementsonpowerquality.Inaddition,grid-connectedphotovoltaicpowergenerationsystem,largecapacity,inordertoavoidthepollutiontothepublicpowergrid,alsoaskedtheinverteroutputtomeettherequirementsofthesinewavedistortion.3.光伏发电系统的应用Applicationof3photovoltaicpowergenerationsystem中国是光伏产业大国，中国光伏企业生产的太阳电池占据全球市场份额50%以上。但国产太阳电池约98%出口，销彳主国内市场仅占很小一部分。国内光伏系统的应用还处在初步阶段，目前主要有通信和工业应用、农村和边远地区应用、太阳能商品、光伏建筑一体化、大型荒漠光伏电站等。今后，按照可再生能源发展规划，将逐步扩大光伏发电系统装机容量。Chinaisabigcountryinthephotovoltaicindustry,solarphotovoltaicproductionenterprisesinChinaaccountedformorethan50%oftheglobalmarketshare.Butthedomesticsolarcellabout98%ofexports,thedomesticmarketaccountedforonlyasmallpartof.Applicationofthedomesticphotovoltaicsystemisstillattheinitialstage,therearecommunicationandindustrialapplications,theapplicationofsolarenergyinruralandremoteareas,goods,buildingintegratedphotovoltaicphotovoltaicpowerstation,alargedesert.Inthefuture,accordingtorenewableenergydevelopmentplan,willgraduallyexpandtheinstalledcapacityofphotovoltaicpowergenerationsystem.3.1通信和工业应用3.1communicationsandindustrialapplications主要有微波中继站、光缆通信系统、卫星通信和卫星电视接收系统、农村程控电话系统、部队通信系统、铁路和公路信号系统、灯塔和航标灯电源、气象和地震台站、水文观测系统、水闸阴极保护和石油管道阴极保护等。Therearemicrowaverelaystation,opticalfibercommunicationsystem,satellitecommunicationandsatelliteTVreceivingsystem,ruraltelephonesystem,militarycommunicationsystem,highwayandrailwaysignalsystem,thelighthouseandthenavigationmarklamppowersupply,meteorologicalandseismicstations,hydrologicalobservationsystem,thecathodicprotectionofoilandgaspipelinescathodicprotection.3.2农村和边远地区应用Applicationof3.2ruralandremoteareas主要有独立光伏电站(村庄供电系统)、小型风光互补发电系统、太阳能照明灯、太阳能水泵、农村社团(学校、医院、饭店、商店、卡拉OK厅等)。Therearestand-alonePVpowerstation(villagepowersupplysystem),smallwind-solarhybridpowersupplysystem,solarlights,solarwaterpump,ruralsociety(schools,hospitals,hotels,shops,CaraOKhall).3.3太阳能商品solarproducts主要有太阳能路灯、太阳能庭院灯、太阳能草坪灯、太阳能喷泉、太阳能城市景观、太阳能信号标识、太阳能广告灯箱、太阳能电动汽车、太阳能游艇、太阳能钟、太阳能帽、太阳能手表、太阳能玩具等。Majorsolarlights,solargardenlights,solarlawnlamp,solarenergy,solarenergy,solarenergyfountaincitylandscapesignalidentification,solaradvertisinglightboxes,solarelectriccars,solarenergy,solarenergy,solarcapyachtclock,solarwatch,solartoys.3.4光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)buildingintegratedphotovoltaic(BIPV)BIPV艮口Building?Integrated?Photovoltaic指的是光伏建筑一体化。BIPV模式这种新能源利用方式，能将太阳能光伏发电与建筑相结合，利用了建筑屋顶的闲置空间，组装太阳能光伏发电模块，满足或者补充电力需求。科技成果显示，这种BIPV模式日后将与建筑物幕墙相结合，以获得更多的阳光和电力，但目前KBIPV主要以楼顶为主，应用技术较为成熟°BIPV在建设初期成本较高，随着我国财政对BIPV项目的大力支持，我国将大幅扩大BIPV技术的应用。BIPVBuilding?Integrated?Photovoltaic,referstothebuildingintegratedphotovoltaic.UseofnewenergyBIPVmodeofthiskindofsolarphotovoltaicpowergeneration,canbecombinedwiththeconstruction,useofthebuildingroofofidlespace,assemblyofsolarphotovoltaicpowergenerationmodule,satisfiedorsupplementarypowerdemand.Scientificandtechnologicalachievements,thisBIPVmodelwillbecombinedwiththebuildingcurtainwall,inordertogetmoresunshineandpower,butthecurrentBIPVtotheroof,applicationtechnologyisamaturetechnology.BIPVattheinitialstageoftheconstructioncostishigher,asChina'sfinancialsupportfortheBIPVproject,applicationofourcountrywillsignificantlyexpandBIPVtechnology.光伏建筑一体化的优势是：Buildingintegratedphotovoltaicadvantage:（1） 清洁能源，节能并减少环境污染；（1）cleanenergy,energyefficiencyandreduceenvironmentalpollution;（2） —旦市政发生特殊情况（如地震灾难时）太阳能光伏发电能够满足本建筑的需求，不会因为市政电网中断而断电。(2)oncethemunicipalspecialcircumstances(suchasearthquakedisaster),solarphotovoltaicpowergenerationtomeettheconstructionneeds,notbecausethemunicipalpowergridandpowerinterruption.3.5大型荒漠光伏电站large-scaledesertsolarpowerstation气象资料显示，中国太阳能资源丰富，主要集中在西北地区太阳能资源极丰富带的地区包括西藏大部、新疆南部以及青海、甘肃和内蒙古的西部。这些地区的年太阳照量超过1750kWh/(m2.a)，W且月际最大与最小可利用日数的比值较小，年变化较稳定，是太阳能资源利用条件最佳的地区。这些地区大部分为荒漠，很适合利用起来建设大型荒漠光伏电站。大型荒漠光伏电站建设已经启动，如青海省格尔木200MW大型荒漠光伏电站已经并网投运。Meteorologicaldatashowed,China'sabundantsolarenergyresources,mainlyintheNorthwestregion.SolarenergyresourcesareveryrichzoneareacomprisesalargepartofTibet,southernXinjiangandWesternQinghai,GansuandInnerMongolia.Theser