医学英语教程-生物医学：Unit 3 Pain

Unit3PainModulationandManagementPartI.Textbackground1.Introduction–PainArousalisaphysiologicalandpsychologicalstateofbeingawakeorreactivetostimuli.Itinvolvestheactivationofthereticularactivatingsysteminthebrainstem,theautonomicnervoussystemandtheendocrinesystem,leadingtoincreasedheartrateandbloodpressureandaconditionofsensoryalertness,mobilityandreadinesstorespond.Arousalisimportantinregulatingconsciousness,attention,andinformationprocessing.Itiscrucialformotivatingcertainbehaviours,suchasmobility,thepursuitofnutrition,thefight-or-flightresponseandsexualactivity.Meaningsof“Pain”acute,agonizing,awful,extreme,great,intense,severe,sharp,terrible,unbearable~剧痛；折磨人的痛；钻心的痛；无法忍受的痛burning,searing,stabbing,throbbing~灼痛；刀割般的痛；刺痛；抽痛:dull,little,slight~隐隐的疼痛；轻微的疼痛chronic,constant,persistent~长期的疼痛；持续的疼痛；难以消除的疼痛intermittent~间歇的疼痛physical~肉体上的痛苦abdominal,back,chest,leg,muscle,shoulder,stomach~腹痛；背疼；胸痛；腿疼；肌肉痛；肩膀痛；胃痛:growing,labour,period~发育期痛；分娩时的阵痛；痛经痉挛痛cramps;crampy(cramping)pain;spasmodic~搏动痛throbbing(pounding,thumping,pulsating)~转移性痛radiating~;painwithradiation牵连痛referred~电击痛lightning(fulgurant,shooting)~带状痛girdle~灼热痛burning~刺状痛lancinating;piercing;stinging;darting;stabbing~2.Theplaceboeffect(analgesiceffect)Placebo(Latinfor"Iwillplease")isasubstancegiventoapatientinsteadofmedicinethatproducesabeneficial,healthy,pleasant,ordesirableconsequenceinasubject,asadirectresultofthatsubject'sbeliefsandexpectations.ThenoceboeffectNocebo:(Latinfor"Iwillharm")ThewordwaschosenbyWalterKennedy,in1961,todenotethecounterpartofoneofthemorerecentapplicationsofthetermplacebo.Noceboisasubstanceproducingharmfuleffectsinapersonbecauseitisbelievedtobeharmful,butinrealityitisharmless.3．HenryK.BeecherHenryKnowlesBeecher(February4,1904–July25,1976)wasanimportantfigureinthehistoryofanesthesiologyandmedicine,receivingawardsandhonorsduringhiscareer.AsprofessorofanesthesiologyatHarvardMedicalSchool,Beecherpublisheda1966articlethatdrewattentionto22examplesofunethicalclinicalresearchthathadriskedpatients'lives.His1966articleonunethicalpracticesinmedicalexperimentationwithintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinewasinstrumentalintheimplementationoffederalrulesonhumanexperimentationandinformedconsent.4．Anxietyanddepressionpredisposetothenoceboeffect.Manypatientsfindevenminorinjuriesfrighteningandunbearable,andtheexpectationofpaincaninducepainevenwithoutanoxiousstimulus.5．Ketorolac抗炎镇痛药【别名】酮咯酸;酮咯酸氨丁三醇【适应症】用于一切痛症，适用于短期消除创伤和术后疼痛、肿痛、剧烈痛及各种原因引起的疼痛。片剂或注射液可用于缓解中度至剧烈的术后疼痛，包括腹部、胸部、妇科、口腔、矫形及泌尿科手术。此外，亦可缓解急性肾胶痛、胆绞痛、牙痛、创伤痛、三叉神经痛、癌症内脏痛，以及以往一切需用吗啡或哌替啶才能生效的各种疼痛症。PartII.WordStudy：I)TextvocabularyPara1nauseating['nɔ:zieitiŋ]adj.--causingorabletocausenausea(throwingup)e.g.anauseatingsmellmoderate['mɔdərət,'mɔdəreit]adj.1.beingwithinreasonableoraveragelimits;notexcessiveorextreme e.g.amoderateestimate/amoderatesuccess TheX-rayshowedmoderateenlargementoftheheart.2.notextreme amoderatepenalty 3.markedbyavoidanceofextravaganceorextremes moderateinhisdemandsarousal[ə′rauzəl]n.theactofarousing Thepurposeofartisthearousalofemotions.2.astateofheightenedphysiologicalactivity3.awakeningfromsleep4.mutualsexualfondlingpriortosexualintercoursePara2magnitude['mæɡnitju:d]n.thepropertyofrelativesizeorextent(whetherlargeorsmall) Theytriedtopredictthemagnitudeoftheexplosion/earthquake.2.anumberassignedtotheratiooftwoquantities;twoquantitiesareofthesameorderofmagnitudeifoneislessthan10timesaslargeastheother;3.relativeimportanceaproblem ofthefirstmagnitudenoxious['nɔkʃəs]adj.--injurioustophysicalormentalhealth noxiouschemicalwastes/noxiousideasinert[i'nə:t]adj.1.unabletomoveorresistmotion2.havingonlyalimitedabilitytoreactchemically;chemicallyinactive inertmatter惰性物质3.slowandapathetic Shewasfatandinert.Para3modulate['mɔdjuleit,-dʒu-]v.1.changethekeyof,inmusic modulatethemelody2.varythepitchofone'sspeech3.fixoradjustthetime,amount,degree,orrateof modulatethepitch4.adjustthepitch,tone,orvolumeof5.varythefrequency,amplitude,phase,orothercharacteristicof(electromagneticwaves)Para4implicate['implikeit]v.1.bringintointimateandincriminatingconnection Heisimplicatedintheschemetodefraudthegovernment.2.impose,involve,orimplyasanecessaryaccompanimentorresultendogenous[en'dɔdʒənəs]adj.1.oforresemblinganendogen内生的2.derivedororiginatinginternally内因性的Para6suppress[sə'pres]v.1.toputdownbyforceorauthority suppressanascentuprising2.comedownonorkeepdownbyunjustuseofone'sauthority3.controlandrefrainfromshowing;ofemotions4.keepundercontrol;keepincheck suppressasmile5.putoutofone'sconsciousnessperipheral[pə'rifərəl]adj.1.onornearanedgeorconstitutinganouterboundary;theouterarea peripheralsuburbs2.relatedtothekeyissuebutnotofcentralimportance aperipheralinterest Energyisfarfromaperipheralissueintheeconomy.n.(computerscience)electronicequipmentconnectedbycabletotheCPUofacomputer Diskdrivesandprintersareimportantperipherals.migraine['mi:ɡrein,'mai-]n.--asevererecurringvascularheadache;occursmorefrequentlyinwomenthanmen偏头痛Para7etiology[,i:ti'ɔlədʒi]n.1.thecauseofadisease2.thephilosophicalstudyofcausationofdiseasesafirstlineoftreatment=theprimarychoiceoftreatmentPara9irritation[,iri'teiʃən]n.1.thepsychologicalstateofbeingirritatedorannoyed2.asuddenoutburstofanger3.(pathology)abnormalsensitivitytostimulationofanyfoodproducedirritationofthestomach.4.theneuralorelectricalarousalofanorganormuscleorgland5.anuncomfortablefeelingofmentalpainfulnessordistresserosion[i'rəuʒən]n.--conditioninwhichthesurfaceiswornawaybytheactionofwater,wind,orchemicalsulceration[,ʌlsə'reiʃən]n.1.acircumscribedinflammatoryandoftensuppuratinglesionontheskinoraninternalmucoussurfaceresultinginnecrosisoftissue2.theprocessofulcerformation;theprocessofbecomingulceratedperforation[,pə:fə'reiʃən]n.1.alineofsmallholesfortearingataparticularplace2.aholemadeinsomething aperforationoftheeardrum3.theactofpunchingahole(especiallyarowofholesasforeaseofseparation)irreversibly[,iri'və:səbli]adv.--inanirreversiblemanner Thisoldtraditionisirreversiblydisappearing. Thepatient’sbrainhasbeeninversiblydamaged.coagulation[kəu'ægju'leiʃən]n.--theprocessofformingsemisolidlumpsinaliquid(e.g.bloodclots)…asoccurs…=inthewaythat(it)occurs…hypovolemia['haipəuvə'li:miə]n.--ablooddisorderconsistingofadecreaseinthevolumeofcirculatingbloodPara10parenteral[pə'rentərəl]adj.1.administeredbymeansotherthanthroughthealimentarytract(asbyintramuscularorintravenousinjection)不经肠道的；注射用药物的2.locatedoutsidethealimentarytract胃肠外的supplant[sə'plɑ:nt,-'plænt]v.--taketheplaceormoveintothepositionof Thecomputerhassupplantedthesliderule.Para12exacerbate[ek'sæsəbeit,iɡz-]v.1.makeworse使加剧；使恶化2.exasperateorirritate激怒fibromyalgia[,faibrəumai'ældʒi:ə]n.--paininthefibrousmuscle纤维肌痛；纤维组织肌痛Para13Beck’sDepressionInventory–贝克抑郁症调查问卷（评估表）screening['skri:niŋ]n.&adj.testingobjectsorpersonsinordertoidentifythosewithparticularcharacteristics筛选(的);审查（的）；甄别（的）theactofconcealingtheexistenceofsomethingbyobstructingtheviewofit屏蔽Para15tenderness['tendənis]n.1.atendencytoexpresswarmandaffectionatefeeling2.apainthatisfelt(aswhentheareaistouched) Thebestresultsaregenerallyobtainedbyinsertingtheneedleintothepointofmaximumtenderness.3.warmcompassionatefeelings4.apositivefeelingofliking5.afeelingofconcernforthewelfareofsomeone(especiallysomeonedefenseless)ligamentous[,ligə'mentəs]adj.韧带的myofascialpain--肌筋膜疼痛impairment[im'pɛəmənt]n.1.theoccurrenceofachangefortheworse2.asymptomofreducedqualityorstrength3.theconditionofbeingunabletoperformasaconsequenceofphysicalormentalunfitness hearingimpairment4.damagethatresultsinareductionofstrengthorqualityexquisitely[ek'skwizitli]adv.--inadelicatemanner精致地；精巧地；敏锐地atrophy['ætrəfi]n.1.adecreaseinsizeofanorgancausedbydiseaseordisuse2.anyweakeningordegeneration(especiallythroughlackofuse) v.--undergoatrophy萎缩 Musclesthatarenotusedwillatrophy.diffuse[di'fju:s]v.扩散；传播；漫射1.moveoutward2.spreadordiffusethrough3.causetobecomewidelyknown adj.弥漫的；散开的1.spreadout;notconcentratedinoneplace alargediffuseorganization2.(oflight)transmittedfromabroadlightsourceorreflected3.lackingconciseness adiffusehistoricalnovelPara16initiate[i'niʃieit]v.开始，创始；发起；使初步了解1.bringintobeing Heinitiatedanewprogram.2.taketheleadorinitiativein;participateinthedevelopmentof3.acceptyoungpeopleintosociety,usuallywithsomerite Africanmenareinitiatedwhentheyreachpuberty.4.bringupatopicfordiscussion5.preparethewayforII)UsefulPhrasesbeaccompaniedby伴有......Toxemiaofpregnancyisoftenaccompaniedbyhypertension.妊娠毒血症常伴有高血压。beassociatedwith与......有关Theinflammationofthepharynxisusuallyassociatedwitrhinitis.咽炎常与鼻炎有关。besensitiveto对......敏感Ifirritationoftheskinispresent,theindividualisprobablysensitivetothemedicine.若皮肤出现发热发红，患者就可能是对该药物过敏。accountfor由于......;占......;说明......Hastyeatingoftenaccountsfordyspepsia.进食仓促常是消化不良的原因。InBritain,bleedingfromtheuppergastrointestinaltractaccountsforapproximately25,000admissionstohospitaleachyear.英国每年由于上消化道出血而住院的人数达约两万五千人次。contributeto有助于......;促成......Circulatoryimpairmentandoveractivityalsocontributestothedevelopmentofnervousdiseases.循环损伤和活动过度也可助长神经疾