2017年12月英语六级真题答案及卷二

Part ThePowerofMutualAhostoffactsinourdailylifehaveprovedthatlackofunderstandingisacriticalfactorleadingtodisagreementamongpeople,whichmakesitdifficultforpeopletobeonfriendlytermswithothers.That’swhythephrase“mutualunderstanding”isemphasized.Justastheremarkgoes,“Seektounderstandothers,andyouwillbeunderstood.”Thesignificanceofmutualunderstandingcannotbeunderstanding.Ontheonehand,mutualunderstandingservesasaprerequisiteforlearningprogress,careersuccessandhappylife.Ifweunderstandeachotherandarewillingtoreachagreement,wecanbeempoweredtosummonmulti-forcestogreasethewheelsofeverything.Ontheotherhand,mutualunderstandingisthelubricantofhumanrelations.Forthosewhowishtobuildlastingrelationshipsandachievecivilizedintercourse,mutualunderstandingisafoolproofstrategy.Tosumup,mutualunderstandingisthebasisofourrelationshipswithothersandwewouldbesociallyidioticwithoutit.Toavoidthis,allweneedisourutmostefforttoseektounderstandothers.Section

Part W:(1-1)Youaregoingtogiveashortspeechofthanksforthespeakerthisevening,aren’tyou,Bill?W:Youdon’tsoundveryenthusiastic.It’snotthatbad,isM:No.Idon’tmind,really.ButIcanneverforgetthefirstspeechofthanksIdid.W:Why?Whathappened?M:(2)Well,Iwasinmyearlytwenties.Ijoinedthelocalhistorysociety.M:Anyway,IwentalongtoalecturebyaMissBligh.W:Oh.Dogoon.M:(3)Shewasgoingtotalkwithslidesaboutourtowninthemid-18thcentury.Shehadjustpublishedabookonthesubjectwhichwasreckonedtobequitegood.SoIwentalong.WhenIarrived,thesecretaryaskedmeifIcouldgivethespeechofthanks.Ratherstupidly,Isaidyes.W:We’vealldoneM:Anyeay,fromthatpointon,Iwasscared.WhatshouldIsay?Idecidedtomakenotesduringthelecture,andrefertointerestingpartsandthankheronbehalfofthesociety.Infact,bythetimeMissBlighstooduptotalk,Iwasfeelingmuchbetter.Butshewassonervousthatshekeptforgettingwhattosay,andshespokealmostinawhisper.Peopleatthebackkeptcallingout“Wecan’thear.”ItwasW:IcanimagineM:Atleasttheslidesweregood,thatis,untilthebulbintheprojectorblew.AnashehadtofinishhertalkwithnoW:SowhatdidyousayinyourspeechofM:Whatcanyousay?Youhavetobepolite.(4)Imentionedtheinterestingfacts,referredtotheexcellentslides,andthenfinishedbysaying“We’dallliketothankMissBlighforblowingoutherslides.”M:Ifeltterrible.Itriedtoapologize,notverysuccessfully.W:Andthespeechofthanksthisevening?M:I’llwritedownexactlywhatI’mgoingtosayandreaditQuestions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejust根据第4题各选项语义可知，此题考查男士发言的情况，应留意相关描述。Whatisthemanaskedtodothis答案为A。WhatdowelearnabouttheWhatdoesthemansayaboutMissWhatdoesthemansayaboutthefirsttimehegaveaspeechofMissBligh做讲座时十分尴尬的一个场景，虽然他试图为这句不合适的话道歉，但效果并不好。由此推断，男士做了一个十分尴尬的致谢辞。因此答案为C。 W:Anothercupoftea,W:Notingdramatic.Butthereissomethingyoushouldknowabout.M:What’sthat?W:(5)Well,ourrivalsareofferingextendedcredittermstosomeoftheretailersinthearea.M:Oh?Whichrivalisthis?Weonlyhavetwo.W:BarrattsM:Oh,them.Well,theyarehardlyaW:(6)Iknowtheyaresmallerthanus,butwecan’taffordtoignoreM:Yes,youareright,Laury.ButIdon’tlikeextendedcredit.Ittiesupcashwecouldputtobetteruseelsewhere.But,I’lllookintoitonMonday.M:Don’ttellme!Theletterfromthetaxrevenueoffice?W:Right.Howdidyouknow?M:Taratoldme.What’stheW:Well.Tomgotthisletterlateyesterdayandthenwentfrantictryingtofindcopiesoflastyear’sM:DidhefindW:No.(7)AndhewasawaybeforeIcouldgetholdoftheM:Howaboutadrivedowntotheofficenow?Andwe’llseeifeverything’sallright.There’sanotherreasonwhyIwantedachatwithyoubeforeMonday.W:Ithoughtasmuch.Well,goon,surpriseM:(8-1)HowaboutsellingthatnewmotorcycleofyoursinW:(8-2)What?Youmeanexport?Paul,Ithinkyou’vebeenawaytoolong.ThisisJayalMotors.We’veneversoldabikeM:Don’tworry,Laury.I’mnotcrazy.(8-3)I’vebeenstudyingthepossibilityandIthinkweshouldgiveitago.W:It’snotaseasyasthatthough,isit?We’dhavetoreorganizethewholecompany.M:Don’tbesilly.Idon’tintendstartingnextweek.We’llhavetoplanitproperly.Ofcourse,therewillbeafewproblems…W:Afewproblems?Icanseehundreds.Foronething,transport.Ihaveenoughtroubledeliveringbikestoshopsonlymilesaway,nevermind5,000miles!M:That’swhatforwardingagentsareQuestions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustmarketischanging、businessstrategyReconstructingthewholecompany等词可进一步推测，对话Whatdoesthewomanthinkthemanshould款。也就是说，女士认为男士应该了解对手正在做什么，因此答案为B。WhatdoesthewomanthinkofBarrattsWhatdidthewomansayabouttheletterformthetaxrevenue她还没能看看信的内容，TOM就走了。也就是说，女士还没有看到信，故答案为C。Whatisthemanthinkingof认为应该尝试一下。因此答案为D。Section (9)Areportonsleepandnutritionreleasedthismonthfoundthatpeoplewhoconsistentlywenttobedearlierthanp.m.tookinfewercaloriesandatemorehealthyfood.Incontrast,“nightowls”whogotobedbetween11p.m.and3am.tendtoconsumemorecoffee,alcohol,refinedsugarsandprocessedmeatsthanearlyrisers.Thisreportcorrespondswiththeexistingscientificliteratureonbedtimeandwellness.Therelationshipbetweengettingmoresleepandmakingbetterfoodchoicesiswell-documented.AstudypublishedlastyearinTheAmericanJournalofClinicalNutritionfoundthatpeoplewhosleepmoretendtoeatlessunhealthyfoodthantheirpeerswhodon’tgetasmuchrest.(10)Anda2015studyfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,foundthatteenswhogotobedlatearemorelikelytogainweightoverafive-yearperiod.Asagroup,“nightowl”typestendtoeatlesshealthyfoodandtakeinmorecaloriesoverallthanearlyrisers.Thelateronegoestobed,themorecaloriesonerecordsthenextday.Asyetachallengetoexplainthecause-and-effectrelationshipbetweensleepandnutrition,theremaybeathirdfactorthatimpactsbothofthem.Ortherelationshipcouldbereversed,thatis,peoplewhoeatlessfallasleepearlier.(11)Still,iflatesleeperswanttoloseafewpounds,theycangotobedearlierthantheyusuallydo,thereby,reducingtheirchancesoftakingsnacksbeforeQuestions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust词可以初步推测，短文内容与睡眠、饮食和身体健康之间的关系有关；再结合各题选项中的existingWhatdowelearnaboutthereportreleasedthis113点之间上床睡觉的“夜猫子”摄入咖啡、酒精、精制糖以及精肉比较多。因此答案为B。WhatdoesthestudyfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,findaboutteenswhogotobed详解：短文中明确指出，2015年加州大学伯克利分校做了一个研究，他们发现睡得晚的青少年有可能在未来五年内出现体重增长。因此答案为C。Whatshould“nightowls”dotoreducetheirconsumptionofunhealthy少他们在睡前吃零食的可能性。因此，早睡可以有助于“夜猫子”改善不健康的饮食结构。因此答案为D。PassageResearchershavefoundnotjustadiversityprobleminHollywoodbutactuallyaninclusion(12)WithlessthanaweekbeforeanOscarsceremonythathasalreadybeencriticizedforanall-whitelistofacting,astudyshowsthefilmindustrydoesworsethantelevision.(13)Just3.4percentoffilmdirectorswerefemale,andonly7percentoffilmshadawhosebalanceofraceethnicityreflectedthecountry’sdiversity.(14)WhenresearcherslookedatallTVshows,theyalsofoundthatwomenofcolorover40wereregardedas“largelyinvisible”andjust22percentofTVseriescreatorswerefemale.Overall,thestudyfoundhalfthefilmsandTVshowshadnoAsianspeakingcharactersandmorethanone-fifthofthemhadnoblackcharacterswithdialogue.Thefilmindustrystillfunctionsasastraight,white,boy’sclub.Whenlookingathowwomenaredepicted,thestudyfoundfemalecharacterswerefourtimesmorelikelytobeshowninsexyclothingandnearlyfourtimesaslikelytobereferredtoasphysicallyattractive.ButtheirresultsalsoindicatedfilmsandTVshowswithwomenorpeopleofcolorintheimportantjobsbehindthescenes—director,producerorwriter—tendedtohavebetterdiversitynumbers.(15)AcrossTVandfilm,theunderrepresentationofnon-whitecharactersfallsmostlyonHispanics.Amongmorethan10,000characters,proportionsofwhite,blackandAsiancharacterscameclosetoU.S.populationfigures.ButHispanicswerejust5.8percentofcharacters,despitebeingabout17percentoftheU.S.population.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejusttoomuch、prejudiced、peopleofcolorbalanced等词可以进一步推测，短文WhyhastheOscarsceremonybeen影业的情况确实要比电视业更糟糕。因此答案为A。WhatdowelearnfromtheWhoareregardedas“largelyinvisible”onTV详解：短文中提到，研究人员研究电视节目时发现，节目中“几乎见不到”40岁以上的有色人种女性。因此答案C。WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutSection Whenpurchasinglifeinsurance,therearemanyimportantfactorstoconsider.Oneshouldbuythepoliciesthatgivethemostprotectionattheleastcost,ensuretherightfamilymembers,andconsiderthefamily’sfinancialneeds.Itisimportanttobuytheinsurancefromcompaniesthatarefinanciallysoundandthatarerepresentedbyhonest,well-trainedagents.Atvariousstagesinaperson’slife,differentkindsoflifeinsuranceareneededforparticularsituations.(16)Jerryissingleandhasnodependents.Probablytheonlylifeinsuranceheneedsisenoughtocoverhisdebtsandburialexpenses.Insurancecanbepurchasedatalowerrateduringtheyoungyears,butbybuyingwhileyoung,thepremiumsarepaidinforalongerperiodoftime.Intheend,theamountpaidforpremiumsisaboutthesame.Apersonshouldn’tbuyinsuranceprotectionthatreallyisn’tnecessary.SupposethatJerrymarriesJeannette,whoisacollegegraduateandisworking.Perhapsenoughinsurancewouldbeneededtocovertheirdebtsandburialexpenses.Now,Jeannettehasquitworkandtheirfirstchildisontheway.Theyhavepurchasedahomewithasmalldownpaymentanda30-yearmortgage.Thesituationregardinglifeinsurancetakesonadifferentlook.Therearedependentswhoneedfinancialprotection.Howmuchinsuranceisneeded?(17)Asthefamilyincreasesinsize,itisessentialtoaddmoreinsuranceonthebreadwinnertoprotectthedependents.Whenthechildrenareyounganddependuponthefamilyforfinancialneeds,familieswithmodestincomeshavedifficultyprovidingenoughlifeinsurancetoprotectthemotherandthechildren.Familieswithmodestincomesshouldinsurethebreadwinnerorbreadwinnersfirst.Whenconsideringtheamountofinsuranceforthemotherwithdependentchildren,substitutechildcareisaneedthatshouldbeplannedforuntilthechildrencancareforthemselves.Thedeathofasmallchildwouldhavenoeffectupontheincomeofthefamily.Perhapsapolicytomeetfuneralexpenseswouldbesufficientfortheyoungchild,althoughmostpeopledonottakeoutinsuranceontheiryoungchildren.(18)Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavingfortheretirementyears.Everyfamilysituationisdifferent,butitisimportantthateachfamilygiveadequatethoughttoplanningitsfinancialfuture.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustBCAD的语义可推断，本题很有可能考查为谁买保18When开头，且语义中均好友可能对保险产生影响的情况，因此本题可能考查什么时候保Whatlifeinsuranceshouldasinglepersonbuy,accordingtothe因此答案为C。Whatshouldpeopledoastheirfamilyincreasesin详解：讲座中提到，Jerry的生活发生了变化，他结婚生子，并且贷款买了房子，妻子也不再工作，全家的经济负成员提供足够的保障。因此答案为D。WhenshouldonechangetheirlifebecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamilyAtheirchildrengrowupandleavehome虽然不是直Recording(19-1)“Stereotype”maysoundlikeabadword,butthere’snothingbadaboutit.Foronething,stereotypesareoftenaccurate.Whenyouaskpeopleabouttheirconceptofstereotypes,theygetitprettymuchright.Also,stereotypesareoftenpositive,particularlyofgroupsthatweourselvesbelongto.Someofthestatisticalgeneralizationsmaybepositiveassomegroupshavereputationsforbeingsmart,forbeingloyal,forbeingbrave,forallsortsofthingsthatarenotatallnegative.Andsothere’snothinginherentlywrongaboutstereotypes.(19-2)Butthereareproblemswithstereotypes.Foronething,they’rereliableinsofarasthey’rebasedonunbiasedsamples.Butalotoftheinformationwegetabouthumangroupsisthroughbiasedsourceslikehowthey’rerepresentedinthemedia.(20)Andifthesesourcesdon’tgiveyouanaccuratedepiction,yourstereotypewon’tbeaccurate.Forexample,manyJewshavebeentroubledbyShakespeare’sdepictionofShylock.IftheonlyJewyouknowisShakespeare’sShylock,it’sgoingtobeaverybadimpression.Sooneproblemwithstereotypesiswhilewearegoodatdrawingconclusionsfromthem,oftenourinformationisn’treliable.Asecondproblemisthatstereotypes,regardlessofwhetherornotthey’reaccurate,canhaveanegativeeffectonthepeoplethattheyapplyto.Andthisiswhatpsychologist,ClaudeSteele,describedasstereotypethreat.Hehasavividexampleofthis.Here’showtomakeAfrican-Americansdoworseonamathtest.Youhavethetestandyouputonthetestthattheyhavetoidentifytheirrace.TheveryactofacknowledgingthattheyareAfrican-Americanswhengivenatestignitesinthemthoughtsoftheirownstereotypewhichisnegativeregardingacademicsandthatmakesthemdoworse.Wanttoknowhowtomakeawomandoworseonamathtest?Samething,gethertowritedownhersex.Onerecentstudyfoundasortofclevertwistonthis.WhenAsian-Americanwomenaregivenatestandthey’reaskedtomarkdowntheirrace,theydobetterthantheywouldotherwisedo.They’reremindedofapositivestereotypethatbooststheirmorale.Youaskthem,ontheotherhand,tomarkdowntheirsex,theydoworsebecausethey’reremindedofanegativestereotype.That’sanexampleofhowstereotypeshaveapotentiallydamagingeffectonpeople.Questions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejust未听先知：22ApositivestereotypeAnegativestereotype可以初步推测，讲domoreharmthangood、Biased、negativeimpacthelp等词可进一Whatdoesthespeakersayabout实有些问题。因此答案为D。Whatleadstothebiasof形象才是公允的。反之，如果消息来源本身就带有偏见，那就不可能形成公允的印象。因此答案为A。Whatdoesthespeakersayisaproblemwith说，他们都会受到某些负面影响。因此答案为B。Whatdidonerecentstudyfindabout面的、积极的刺激，有助于人们取得更好的结果。因此答案为C。RecordingSometimeswhenyoutakeacommondrug,youmayhaveasideeffect.Thatis,thedrugmaycausesomeeffectotherthanitsintendedone.Whenthesesideeffectsoccur,theyarecalledadversereactions.(23)Wheneveryouhaveanadversereaction,youshouldstoptakingthedrugrightaway.Askyourpharmacistwhetherhecansuggestadrugthatwillrelievethesymptomsbutthatwillnotcausetheadversereaction.Ifanadversereactiontoadrugisserious,consultyourdoctorforadviceatonce.Drugsthataresafeinthedosagestatedonthelabelmaybeverydangerousinlargedoses.Forexample,aspirinisseldomthoughtofasdangerous,buttherearemanyreportsofaccidentalpoisoningofyoungchildrenwhotaketoomanyaspirinpillsaswellasthepossibledevelopmentofReyesyndromeinchildrenwithflu.Inadults,excessiveuseofsomepain-killingdrugsmaycauseseverekidneydamage.Somedrugsforreliefofstomachupsets,whentakeninexcess,canperhapscauseseriousdigestiveproblems.Youshouldneveruseanyover-the-counterdrugonaregular,continuedbasis,orinlargequantities,exceptonyourdoctor’sadvice.Youcouldbesufferingfromaseriousillnessthatneedsadoctor’scare.Eachdrugyoutakenotonlyactsonthebodybutmayalsoaltertheeffectofanyotherdrugyouaretaking.Sometimesthiscancausedangerousorevenfatalreactions.Forexample,aspirinincreasestheblood-thinningeffectsofdrugsgiventopatientswithheartdisease.Therefore,apatientwhohasbeentakingsuchadrugmayriskbleedingifheorsheusesaspirinforaheadache.Beforeusingseveraldrugstogetheryoushouldaskyourdoctorandfollowhisadvice.Yourpharmacistcantellyouwhethercertaindrugscansafelybetakentogether.(24)Alcoholmayincreasetheeffectofadrug—sleepingpillscombinewithalcoholtoproduceasleepyfeeling.Whentakinganydrug,youshouldaskyourdoctorwhetherdrinkingalcoholcouldbedangerousincombinationwiththeExpertsbelievethereisarelationshipbetweenadultabuseoflegitimatemedicinesandthedrugculturethathassweptourcountry.(25)Youcandoyoursharetoreducethechancesthatyourchildrenwillbecomepartofthedrugculturebytreatingallmedicineswithrespect.Alwaysletyourchildrenknowthatmedicinesanddrugsshouldnotbeusedcarelessly.Questions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejust未听先知：medicine、drugsideeffect可以初步推测，讲座内容与药品的副作用23题各选项均为动词短语，考查动作行为，结合语义可推测，本题考查如何避免出现药物副作用或者药25题各选项中均出现了children，结合语义可推测，本题考查父母应该如何保护孩子不受药物副作用的伤害。WhatdoesthespeakersayyoushoulddowhenyouhaveanadverseWhatdoesthespeakersayaboutalcoholWhatdoesthespeakercallonparentstodoattheendofthe依赖的几率。因此答案为A。PartⅢReadingSection这里将不（26）允许捕鱼和采矿。帕劳在2009年时也建立了世界上第一个鲨鱼保护区。50万平方公里进行全面保护，占其海洋（27）领域80%。这是世界上所有国家中为建立海Thenewmarinereserve“这个新建的海洋保护区”，根据常识判断，海洋保护区内一般不允许捕鱼和采矿，故答案为permit“允许”。识分析，communities“社区”与maritime“海上的，海事的”语义不搭，故答案为territory“领域，领地”。an之后，economiczone“经济区”之前，因此应填入形容词，且此形容词以元音音素开essential“至关重要的”，exclusiveindependent“独立的”。因为exclusiveindependentexclusive“专用的，独小型捕鱼公司。”根据常识可知，公司一般是商业营利性质的，故答案为commercial“商业的”。havebeenisland一起构成句子celebrities“名人”，communitiesstocks“总储备量”。此时如果选择celebritiesstocks则不符合文意。综合考虑，本题答案为communities“社区”。asrecogniseAasB的结构中,essential、而是“至关重要的”，故答案为essential“至关重要的”。音音素开头。备选项中仅有independent一词满足要求，故independent“独立的”为答案。“精彩的表演，壮观的景象”，答案为sponsor“发起人，倡议者”。solitary。本句含义为“通过信守我们过去的保护传统，给帕劳人民建立一个的未来”。通过分析可知，整篇文章对建立培养保护区都持赞扬态度，故排除solitary“单独的”，答案为secure“安全的”。 Section年轻的科学家面临的一个重大挑战就是如何在开放的同时避免科学上的损害。在与其他对开放科学持谨慎社会心理学家、开放科学中心执行董事，他指出通过使用这种标记，《心理科学》期刊的平均数据共享率从2013年至2015年间增长38%，翻了十倍。定。（45）研究生和博士后通常是依靠实验室主管的资金，如果他们的主管或者其他资深的同事反对共享的话，36.AstronomerDavidHoggdoesn'tthinkscoopingisasseriousaproblemgenerally[M]Manyadvocatesthinkthattransparentdataprocedureswithadateandtimestampwillprotectscientistsfrombeingscooped."Thisisthesweetbetweensharingandgettingcreditforit.whilediscouragingplagiarism(窃)."saysIvoGrigorov,aprojectcoordinatorattheNationalInstitute定位：由题干中的关键词DavidHogg、scooping和aproblem定位到原文画线处。AquaticResourcesResearchSecretariatinCharlottenlund,Denmark.Hoggsaysthatscoopingislessofaproblemthanmanythink."Thetwocasesfamiliarwithdidn'tinvolveopendataorcode,"hegenerallythought对应原文中的lessofaproblemthanmanythink，故答案为M。[G][G]Somefearthatthepotentialimpactofsharingistoohigh,especiallyattheearlystagesofacareer."Everybodyhasascarystoryaboutsomeonegettingscooped(被抢先),”saysNewYorkUniversityastronomerDavidHogg.Thosefearsmaybeafactorinalingeringhesitationtosharedataevenwhenpublishinginjournalsthatmandateit.37.Someresearchersarehesitanttomaketheirdatapublicforfearthatothersmightpublishsomethingsimilarbefore[D]Somefieldshaveembracedopen[D]Somefieldshaveembracedopendatamorethanothers.Researchersinpsychology,afieldrockedbyfindingsofirreproducibilityinthepastfewyears,havebeenespeciallyvocalsup-portersofthedriveformore-openscience.Afewpsychologyjournalshavecreatedincentivestoincreaseinterestinreproduciblescience—forexample,byaffixingan‘open-data’badgetoarticlesthatclearlystatewheredataareavailable.AccordingtosocialpsychologistBrianNosek,executivedirectoroftheCenterforOpenScience,theaveragedata-sharingrateforthejournalPsychologicalScience,whichusesthebadges,increasedtenfoldto38%from2013to2015.38.Somepsychologyjournalshaveofferedincentivestoencourageauthorstosharetheir定位：由题干中的关键词psychologyjournalsincentiveshaveofferedincentiveshavecreatedincentives，故答案为D。[A][A]Itisamovementbuildingsteadymomentum:acalltomakeresearchdata,softwarecodeandexperimentalmethodspubliclyavailableandtransparent.Aspiritofopennessisgainingacceptanceinthesciencecommunity,andistheonlyway,sayadvocates,toaddressa'crisis'insciencewherebytoofewfindingsaresuccessfullyreproduced.39.ThereisagrowingdemandinthesciencecommunitythatresearchdatabeopentotheFurthermore,theysay,itisthebestwayforresearcherstogathertherangeofobservationsthatarenecessarytospeedupdiscoveriesortoidentifylarge-scaletrends.Furthermore,theysay,itisthebestwayforresearcherstogathertherangeofobservationsthatarenecessarytospeedupdiscoveriesortoidentifylarge-scaletrends.定位researchdataagrowingdemandamovementbuildingsteadymomentum；beopentothepublic对应原文中的publiclyavailableandtransparent，故答案为A。40.Sharingdataoffersearly-careerresearchersthechancetobuildcertainlevelof[P]Intheend,sharingdata,softwareandmaterialswithcolleaguescanhelpanearly-careerresearchertogainrecognition--acrucialcomponentofsuccess.thingyouaresearchingforreputation"saysTitusBrown,agenomics(基因组学researcherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis."Togetgrantsandjobsyouhavetoberelevantandachievesomelevelofpublicrecognition.Anythingyoudothatadvancesyourpresence-especiallyinalargersphere,outsidetheyouknow-isanet[L]Despitecomplicationsandconcerns,theupsidesofsharingcanbesignificant.Forexample,wheninformationisuploadedtoarepository,adigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)isassigned.ScientistscanuseaDOItopublisheachstepoftheresearchlifecycle,notjustthefinalpaper.Insodoing,theycanpotentiallygetthreecitations-oneeachforthedataandsoftware.inadditiontothepaperitself.Andalthoughsomesaythatcitationsforsoftwareordatahavelittlecurrencyinacademia,theycanhaveotherbenefits.41.Datasharingenablesscientiststopublisheachstepoftheirresearchwork,thusleadingtomorecitations.[L]Despitecomplicationsandconcerns,theupsidesofsharingcanbesignificant.Forexample,wheninformationisuploadedtoarepository,adigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)isassigned.ScientistscanuseaDOItopublisheachstepoftheresearchlifecycle,notjustthefinalpaper.Insodoing,theycanpotentiallygetthreecitations-oneeachforthedataandsoftware.inadditiontothepaperitself.Andalthoughsomesaythatcitationsforsoftwareordatahavelittlecurrencyinacademia,theycanhaveotherbenefits.41.Datasharingenablesscientiststopublisheachstepoftheirresearchwork,thusleadingtomorecitations.定位publishstepcitationstheirresearchworktheresearchlifecycleL。[B]Theopen-datashiftposesaconfusingproblemforjuniorresearchers.Ontheonehand,thedrivetoshareisgatheringofficialsteam.Since2013,globalscientificbodieshavebeguntobackpoliticsthatsupportincreasedpublicaccesstoresearch.[B]Theopen-datashiftposesaconfusingproblemforjuniorresearchers.Ontheonehand,thedrivetoshareisgatheringofficialsteam.Since2013,globalscientificbodieshavebeguntobackpoliticsthatsupportincreasedpublicaccesstoresearch.Ontheotherhand,scientistsdisagreeabouthowmuchandwhentheyshouldsharedate,andtheydebatewhethersharingitismorelikelytoacceleratescienceandmakeitmorerobust,ortointroducevulnerabilitiesandproblems.Asmorejournalsandfundersadoptdata-sharingrequirements,andasagrowingnumberofenthusiastscallformoreopenness,juniorresearchersmustfindtheirplacebetweenadoptersandthosewhocontinuetoholdout,evenastheystrivetolaunchtheirowncareers.42.Scientistsholddifferentopinionsabouttheextentandtimingofdatasharing.定位：由题干中的关键词Scientists、timing和datasharing定位到原文画线处。[O]Communicationalsohelpsforthosewhoworryaboutjeopardizingacollaboration,hesays,Concernsaboutopenscienceshouldbediscussedattheoutsetofastudy.“Wheneveryoustartaprojectwithsomeone,youhavetoestablishaclearunderstandingofexpectationsforwhoownsthedata,atwhatpointtheygopublicandwhocandowhatwiththem,”hesays.43.Potentialproblemsrelatedtodatasharingshouldbemadeknowntoanddiscussedbyallparticipantsatthebeginningofajointresearchproject.[O]Communicationalsohelpsforthosewhoworryaboutjeopardizingacollaboration,hesays,Concernsaboutopenscienceshouldbediscussedattheoutsetofastudy.“Wheneveryoustartaprojectwithsomeone,youhavetoestablishaclearunderstandingofexpectationsforwhoownsthedata,atwhatpointtheygopublicandwhocandowhatwiththem,”hesays.43.Potentialproblemsrelatedtodatasharingshouldbemadeknowntoanddiscussedbyallparticipantsatthebeginningofajointresearchproject.定位Potentialproblems详解：Oatthebeginningofattheoutsetof的同义转述，故答案为O。[I][I]Researchersalsopointtothetimesinkthatisinvolvedinpreparingdataforotherstoview.Oncethedataassociatedmaterialsappearinarepository(存储库44.Sharingdataandhandlingdata-relatedissuescanbeansweringansweringquestionsandhandlingcomplaintscantakemany定位handlingtime-consuming定[F]Butmanyyoungresearchers,especiallythosewhohavenotbeenmentoredinopenscience,areuncertainaboutwhethertoshareortostayprivate.Graduatestudentsandpostdocs,whooftenareworkingontheirlabhead'sgrant,mayhavenochoiceiftheirsupervisororanothersenioropposessharing.45.[F]Butmanyyoungresearchers,especiallythosewhohavenotbeenmentoredinopenscience,areuncertainaboutwhethertoshareortostayprivate.Graduatestudentsandpostdocs,whooftenareworkingontheirlabhead'sgrant,mayhavenochoiceiftheirsupervisororanothersenioropposessharing.45.Juniorresearchersmayhavenosaywhenitcomestosharingdata.定位Juniorresearchershaveno定详解：F段提到，研究生和博士后通常是依靠实验室主管的资金，如果他们的主管或者其他资深的同事反对共享的对应原文中的havenochoice，故答案为F。Section

Passage人不能伤害人类或允许人类受到伤害；2.1条法则相抵触；3.机器人必须采questiontheexampleinthemovie定位到文章首段最后两句：Therobot'sdecisionanditscalculatedapproachraiseanimportantquestion:wouldhumansmakethesamechoice?Andwhichchoicewouldwewantourroboticcounterpartstomake?器人的程序有关，故答案为D。theauthorthinkofAsimov’sthreelawsofrobotics定位到文章第二段第一句：Isaacevaded