21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册Unit48791

Unit4TurningFailureintosuccess1.vote(sb.)tohave(aparticulartitle);elect2.投票选举(或制定、决定、赞成、支持、通过)vi.(for,against,on)expressone'schoiceofficiallyatameetingorinanelectionn.选举；投票；选票Examples:ShewasvotedBestDirectorattheShanghaiFilmFestival.Awomanwasshouting“VoteforKennedy!VoteKennedy!”Wecalledameetinginordertotakeavoteontheissue.2.Promotionadvancementinrankorposition2)attempttomakeaproductoraneventpopularorsuccessful,esp.byadvertisingExamples:ThepromotionofAnnetovicepresidentwasexpected.Thepromotionofthenewproductcostthousandsofdollars.3.Nervousbreakdownanunnaturalconditionofdeepworrying,anxiety,weepingortirednessTohaveanervousbreakdownistobecomementallyill,usuallyasaresultofworkingtoohardorofdifficultemotionalproblems,andbetemporarilyunabletodealwithordinarythingssuchasworkingorlookingafteryourfamily.Examples:Hewasforcedtogiveuphisjobaftersufferinganervousbreakdown.Afterherdivorce,Laurahadanervousbreakdownandwasoffworkforthreemonths.4.Panicn.afeelingorstateofsuddenuncontrollableandquicklyspreadingfearExamples:Hegotintoapanicaboutexaminations.Thethoughtofflyingalonefilledmewithpanic.Thereisastronglikelihoodofpanicifafirestartsinthebuilding.5.Rejectionn.theactofrejectingorbeingrejectedExamples:Johnwasangeredbyhisclassmates'rejectionofhisproposal.I'vehadsomanyrejectionsthatI'vestoppedofferingtohelpher.6.Reactionn.responseorchangecausedbytheactionofanotherExamples:MyreactiontoBob'sinsultwastoleavetheroom.Reactionstotheproposalsofarhavebeenfavorable.Achemicalreactionistwoormoresubstancesreactingwithandchangingeachother.Example:Theexplosionwascausedbyachemicalreaction.7.placeemphasison

Givesth.specialforceorattentiontoshowthatitisparticularlyimportantExamples:InJapanesesociety,alotofemphasisislaidonacademicsuccess.Thisdictionaryplacesaspecialemphasisongrammar.8.Inthelongrun--afterenoughtime;intheendExamples:Itpaystobuygoodsofhighqualityinthelongrun.Computerscan,inthelongrun,bemademoresecurethananybank.9.Beneficiala.producingfavorableeffectsorusefulresultsExamples:Sunshineandrainarebeneficialtothecropsinthefield.ThisnewdrugisbeneficialforsufferersfromAIDS.10.Dealwith1).ajobdealingwithpeople--ajobthatinvolveshandlinghumanrelations2).dealwithsth.--handleorattendtosth.(usu.sth.thatneedsattentionorconcern)Examples:Haven'tyoudealtwiththatletteryet?TheFinanceOfficerdealswithallthefinancesoftheuniversity.11.Beproneto1.(to)habituallylikelytodosth.(usu.undesirable)Examples:Heispronetolosetemperwhenothersdisagreewithhim.Angelaisratherpronetoexaggeration.2.Tobepronetoalsomeanstobelikelytobecomeillortogetaparticularillness.Examples:You'remorepronetoillnesseswhenyou'retired.Mysisterispronetoflu.12.Orientationn.ausu.generalandlastingdirectionofthought,interestorview--Peoplegenerallytendtolookatthingsashavingonlytwovalues,ortwosides:anythingthatisnotgoodmustbebad,thatisnottruebefalse--thistwo-valuedlogiciscalled“thetwo-valuedorientation”byHayakawa.17.aworldof=alotofThere'saworldofdifferencebetweentheoldChinesesocietyandthenewone.Thatexperiencegavehimaworldofgood.18.complexa.1.difficulttounderstand,explain,ordealwith;notclearorsimple2.(词或句子)复合的,复杂的n.asystemconsistingofalargenumberofcloselyrelatedparts综合体；复合体；群落Examples:Thestudentthoughtthealgebraicformulawascomplex.acomplexproblem/issue/matter

acomplexsentence/wordanofficecomplex（综合办公楼）ashoppingcomplex（综合商场）19.precludevt.(fml.)(from)makeimpossible;preventPrecludeisoftenusedofasituationorconditionorsomeanticipatorymeasuresthatpreventthepossibilityofathing'soccurringorofaperson'sdoingsomething.Examples:Hemakeseverythingsoclearthatallmisunderstandingisprecluded.Thefactthatyourapplicationwasnotsuccessfulthistimedoesnotprecludethepossibilityofyouapplyingagainnexttime.20.practically.(infml.)verynearly;almost2.inapracticalwayExamples:ThereisatelevisioninpracticallyeveryAmericanhome.It'spracticallyimpossibletogethomeinlessthananhour.Theoretically,it'sagoodideatolivewithoutacar,butpracticallyspeaking,itwouldbedifficulttomanagewithoutone.21.prestigen.generalrespectoradmirationfeltinmen'smindforsb.orsth.byreasonofhaving,orbeingconnectedwith,rank,provedhighqualityExamples:amanofhighprestigeManypeopleareattractedbytheprestigeofworkingforatopcompany.22.markedheras“Olympicmaterial”--distinguishedherasapotentialOlympicathletemarkas:beadistinguishingfeatureof...asExamples:Thesequalitiesmarkthefilmasexceptionallygood.HardworkhasmarkedAsianAmericansasamodelminority.material--n.someonewhoisgoodenoughforaparticularjoborposition23.peak1.vi.reachthehighestvalue,level,point,etc.2.n.(山)峰；顶峰；尖顶Examples:Themountainpeaksat15,000feet.Thetennisplayerpeakedwhenshewas21.Asthesoundreacheditspeak,awindowbroke.24.downhilla.&.(becoming)worseorlesssuccessful2.(going)towardsthebottomofahillExamples:Investorswerepanicked（恐慌）bythedownhillslideofthestockmarket.

Everythingwentdownhillfortheteamwhenthestarathleteretired.Theballrolleddownhillandlandedinapuddle25.damagen.harm;lossvt.causedamagetoExamples:Thefiredidalotofdamagetothefactory.Theaccidentcausedthechildalotofemotionalandphysicaldamage.Someonedamagedmybookbyspillingmilkonit.Thepoliticalscandaldamagedalotofreputations.26.distinguishvt.1.(~oneself)behaveorperformnoticeablywell2.recognizeExamples:Hedistinguishedhimselfinthedebate.McEnroefirstdistinguishedhimselfbywinningajuniortournamentatWimbledon.TodistinguishAfromBortodistinguishbetweenAandBistonoticeorunderstandthedifferencebetweentwothings.Examples:She'scolor-blindandcan'tdistinguishbetweenredandgreeneasily.IsometimeshavedifficultydistinguishingSpanishfromPortuguese.27.atthecostofExamples:Hesavedthechildrenfromthefireatthecostofhisownlife.Thedrivermanagednottohitthechild,butonlyatthecostofinjuringhimself.28.beobsessedwithvt.(usu.pass.)completelyfillthemindof(sb.)sothatnoattentionisgiventoothermattersIfyouareobsessedwithsomethingorsomethingobsessesyou,youhaveanunreasonablystronginterestinitandcan'tstopthinkingaboutitordoingit.Examples:Whyarepeoplesoobsessedwithmoney?Billisobsessedwithkeepinghishouseclean.Theideaoffindingherrealmotherseemedtoobsessher.29.branchout(into)addtotherangeofone‘sinterestsoractivitiesExamples:FirstJimcollectedstamps;thenhebranchedoutandcollectedcoins,too.Manybusinessesareunwillingtobranchoutintonewandunfamiliarareas.Thebookstorehasdecidedtobranchoutintosellingrecordsandtapes.30.shieldvt.(from)protectorhidefromharmordanger保护；庇护n.盾，盾牌Examples:

Theheavycoatshieldedmefromthecold.Theknight'sswordstruckthesoldier'sshield.31.devicen.1.amethodofachievingsth.2.anobjectthathasbeeninventedforaparticularpurposeExamples:Thatrathercoolmannerofhersisjustadevicetoavoidhavingtotalktopeople.Daveboughtaspecialdevicetopeelpotatoes.32.impulsen.1.asuddendesiretodosth.(一时的)冲动2.冲力；脉冲；神经冲动Examples:Susanhadasuddenimpulsetosmokeacigarette.AnelectricalimpulseshockedMarywhenshetouchedtheelectricfence.Ifyoudosomethingonimpulse,youdoitbecauseyoufeelanimpulse.Examples:Ididn'tneedamobilephone.Ijustboughtitonimpulse.Somepeoplejustcan'thelpactingonimpulse.32.enquirev.askforinformationInquireisAmerican,whileenquireisBritish.Oneenquiresofsomebodyaboutsomeinformation.Ifyouenquireaftersomeone,youaskforinformationaboutthem,especiallyabouttheirhealth.Ifyouenquireintosomething,youtrytodiscoverthefactsaboutit.Examples:ShallIenquireaboutthepriceoftickets?“Sowhathappensnow?”Sheenquiredofnobodyinparticular.Robertenquiredafterhisfather.Whentheauthorityenquiredintohisbackground,theyfoundthathehadacriminalrecord.Heenquiredthetimefromapasser-by.33.counton1.expect;dependonExamples:Wearecountingonyoutowakeusupintime.Ireallyneedabreak,soI'mcountingongettingawayforafewdaysnextweek.2.Ifyoucancountonsomeone,youcanalwaysrelyonthemtohelporsupportyou.Examples:Ifyoueverneedanyhelp,youknowyoucanalwayscountonme.YoucanalwayscountonMichaelinacrisis.34.affordVt.abletobuy2.beabletodo,spend,give,bear,etc.,withoutseriouslossordamageExamples:Ithinkwecanaffordanewwashingmachine.

Hecanhardlyaffordanotherfailureinanyofhisexams.(=Itwillcausehimproblemsifhefails.)“Oh,no.Ican'taffordtolosemypassport.”(=IwillbeintroubleifIloseit.)35.notnearly--farfrom;muchlessthanExamples:Thereisnotnearlyenough(=Thereismuchtoolittle)forallthesepeople!Theydon'thavenearlysomanyfoodstochoosefromaswedo.36.prompt1.vt.causeorurge;encourageorhelpsb.tocontinue2.a.donewithoutanydelay;notlate迅速的；及时的Examples:Michael'scriticismofLisapromptedmetodefendher.Thesightoftheshipspromptedthoughtsofhisdistanthome.Hewroteapromptanswertomyletter.37.turndownrefuse(arequestorofferorthepersonthatmakesit);rejectExamples:Sheturnedhimdown;shewouldn'tmarryhim.Paulinehasturneddownoffersfromseverallawfirms.38.takestockof--considerasituationcarefullysoastotakeadecisionTotakestockofsomethingistothinkcarefullyaboutthesituationyouarein,andaboutthewayithasdevelopedsofar,inordertodecidewhattodonext.Examples:It'stimetotakestockofyourlifeanddecidewhereyouwanttogo.Attheageof25,Ibegantotakestockofmycareersofar.39.therapy1.n.thetreatmentof