高考英语一轮复习小题强化练习专题18阅读理解之猜测词义题讲解与练习（含解析）

专题18阅读理解之猜测词义题讲解与练习Part1整体感知猜测词义题旨在考查学生根据上下文推测生词、短语或句意的能力，突出考查对语境的分析和把握能力。近几年猜测词义题难度略有增加，需要在较为复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。猜测词义类题目常见的设问方式如下：Theword“…”refersto/probablymeans_______.Theunderlinedword“…”couldbestbereplacedby______.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“…”standsfor?Bysaying“…”wemean______.“…”asusedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas_____.Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“…”?Part2方法指导利用指代关系来猜测代词词义代词词义的猜测即找出人称代词、指示代词所指代的内容。对于代词所指代的内容的判断，首先我们要连读前后段落，了解前后两段文章的内容，然后判断画线代词的类型。接下来仔细阅读前句，一般来说代词的词义推测主要是看前面句子所出现的名词及相当于名词的表达。典题例证（2017.全国卷II阅读B节选）Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou’refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback-hewithhisNewman’sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.PaulandIdidn’tseeeachotherallthatregularly,butsharingthatbroughtustogether.Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?A.Theirbelief.B.Theircareforchildren.C.Theirsuccess.D.Theirsupportforeachother.解析根据“Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou’refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback”可知，下文的内容是对thebelief的解释，that引导同位语从句，解释说明thebelief的具体内容。下文提到了我们并不经常见面，但是分享这个信念把我们带到了一起。故答案为A.利用定义来猜测词义在许多情况下，作者预计到某个词一般读者不熟悉，则会在文章中给出该词的定义或解释。这种解释可能是一种重复说明或定义。通过阅读定义和解释部分，学生便可理解该词的基本含义、线索词有that，whichis等。典题例证（2015.北京高考阅读C节选）Transparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthroughawindow.解析通过本句中的定义“thesamewaylightpassesthroughawindow”可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。利用定语或同位语来猜测词义通常引出该词同位语的词语有or，thatis，inotherwords等，还有的同位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词后学生可较易找到同画线词意义相同或相近的词。典题例证（2018全国卷II阅读B节选）Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.26.Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A.Adessert. B.Adrink.C.Acontainer. D.Amachine.解析本段对juicer的功能做了描述，从其中的“youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert…”这些字眼可以看出juicer是一种机器，是一种将冷冻的香蕉、浆果等制成果汁的机器，此外，最后一句中的“theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.”明确指出画线词指的是一种机器（榨汁机），因此选D.利用文章同义词或近义词在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。典题例证（2018.全国卷III阅读D节选）Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydoweoftenassumethatmoreismorewhenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings?ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless.32.Whatdothewords“moreismore”inparagraph1probablymean? A.Themore,thebetter. B.Enoughisenough. C.Moremoney,moreworries. D.Earnmoreandspendmore.解析根据第一句“Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.”和画线短语后的“whenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings”可知这里的moreismore与前面的floodedwith同义，成年人喜欢物品像洪水一样覆盖生活中，即大量的，越多越好。故选择A。利用文章中的举例猜测词义在阅读理解中学生可以根据文章所举的例子，从具体到一般，猜出该生词的意思。举例常用到的信号词有：suchas，such…as，forexample，forinstance，like，including，especially等。典题例证（2016.全国卷III阅读D节选）Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.解析根据画线词的举例“likeangeroranxiety”可推知，画线部分的意思应该是“消极的”。利用对比或比较的词语来猜测的词义当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时往往会运用对比的手法，即会用到对比的词语，例如反义词，也可以暗示出生词的含义。注意这些词语和内容则能帮助判断所需内容。能体现对比关系的词汇主要有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead，ontheotherhand，onthecontrary,incontrastwith等。标点符号中的分号也可以表示对比。典题例证Ifyou‘retiredofwanderingaroundthegumwastingtimeandbecomingbored,youcanattendanupbeatgroupfitnessclassthat’llkeepyourworkoutontrack.73.Theunderlinedword“upbeat”inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans“_____”.A.cheerful B.average C.serious D.temporary解析根据语境可知，upbeat应与上文中的tiredof意义相反，故答案为A.Part3阅读理解仿真组合练AAfewyearsago,myhusbandCharlieandIhadmaritalproblems.Growingfamilyresponsibilitiesandfinancialworriestookatollonusandwebeganarguingfrequently,oftenlateintothenight.However,neitherofuscouldtakethestepthatwouldendoureleven-yearmarriageandbringheartbreaktoourthreeyoungchildren.Deepdownweknewwestilllovedeachother,sowedeterminedtoworkitout.Throughcountlessdiscussions,webegantoclosethegulf.Themorehonestwewere,thecloserwebecame.WhenIfeltwewerereachingsolidground,Iaskedmyhusbandtogivemean“eternity(永恒)ring”.ItwasnotsomuchtheringIwanted;itwasthereassurance(保证)Ithoughtitwouldbring.Wewentshoppingonabeautifulsummerday.Wewalkedhandinhandalongarowofjeweler’sshops.FinallyIfoundaringIliked.Whilewaitingforittobeadjusted,thejewelertookmylefthandandglancedatmyengagementring.“MayIcleanitforyou?”heasked.“Itreallydoesn’tsparklelikeitusedto.”CharliesaidasIslippedtheringoffmyfinger.Afewminuteslaterthejewelerwasback.Theringshonelikenew!Onthedrivehome,Ididn’ttakemyeyesoffit.Iforgotallabouttheeternityring.Ijustcouldn’tbelievehowthisoldringsuddenlysparkledthewayithadthedayCharliegaveittome.Ihadtakenitforgrantedthesepastyears,butwithalittlepolishitcouldstillmakemyheartbeatfast.Andthat’sthewayitiswithamarriage.Youhavetoworkatkeepingitpolishedandnew,orelsethegrime(污垢)ofthepassingyearswillhidethejoy.Iputmyhandontheseatbetweenusandspreadmyfingers.Charliecoveredmyhandwithhis.IfeltIwasluckytobeabletoseethesparkleinsomethinggoldwhenIthoughtIneededsomethingnew.1.Whydidtheauthorandherhusbanddecidetosolvetheproblems?A.Theywereafamouscouple. B.Theydidn’twanttodivorce.C.Theproblemswerenotserious. D.Theyhadexperienceindoingso.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedpartinparagraph3probablymean?A.freeoftrouble B.arrivingatasquareC.wealthyandgenerous D.ingoodrelationship3.Whydidtheauthorforgetallabouttheeternityringontheirwaybackhome?A.Herhusbandkeptitforher. B.Theydidn’tactuallypayforit.C.Theoldring’slightattractedherattention. D.Thecoupleweretalkingallthewaymerrily.4.Whatdoestheauthormainlywanttoexpressinthelastparagraph?A.Wetendtoprefernewobjectstooldones.B.Oneshouldremainthankfulforwhathehasgot.C.Marriageshouldbeconstantlypolished.D.Weshouldtrytorediscoverthetruevalueofoldobjects.BKongZhenlan,a71-year-oldwomanfromChina’sShanxiProvince,hasdevotedthelastfourdecadesofherlifetoadoptingorphans（孤儿）,makingsurethattheyhadfoodonthetableandgotaccesstoeducation.EventhoughshecouldonlyaffordtosupportherselfonamodestincomeKongZhenlancouldn’tbeartowalkbytheorphanageinJixianCountyeverydayandseesomanychildrenstrugglinginpoverty.Oneday,shestoppedbyandpickedoneoftheorphansinherarms.That’swhensheknewshehadtodosomethingtomaketheirlifebetter.Themodestwomanstartedadoptingtheseabandonedchildrenandnurturingthemasherown.Overthelast47years,shehasadopted45orphans,someofwhomgrewuptobecomedoctorsandlawyers.Kong’soldestadoptedchildis45-years-old,whileheryoungestis9-months-old.Today,heradultchildrendonatesomeoftheirmonthlysalariestohelpbringuptheiryoungersiblings（兄弟姐妹）,butinthebeginning,thewomanhadtomakeduewithwhatshehad.Anditwasn’tmuch.Shewouldspendallhermoneymakingsurethechildrenhadmilktodrink,andiftherewasnoneleftforher,shewouldlookforleftoversinlocalgarbagecans.ThemodestwomanrecentlytoldPearVideothatoverthelast40yearsshehasonlybeengetting2hoursofsleeppernight.Shegoestosleepataroundmidnight,afterputtingthechildrentosleepandfinishingupherchores（家务）,andgetsuparound2amtocheckifthey’reallstillcoveredwithblankets.Shehasgottenusedtoitandsaidthatashortsleepwasasmallpricetopayformakingsurethechildrengrowuphealthyandhappy.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“nurturing”inparagraph2probablymean？A.Examining. B.Observing.C.Raising. D.Preferring.6.HowdoKongZhenlan’sadultchildrenhelpher？A.Supportherfinancially. B.Raisemoneyeverymonth.C.Sellmilkinthemidnight. D.Pickupleftoverswhenfree.7.WhatmakesKongZhenlansparenoefforttoraisetheorphans？A.Herdesiretogetridofloneliness. B.Hereagernesstogetfameandwealth.C.Herwishtofindabetterjobinthisway. D.Herhopeforthechildrentohaveahappylife.8.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesKongZhenlan？A.Easy-going. B.Kind.C.Creative. D.Reasonable.CInstagram（图片分享社交应用程序）isabouttotakeitsbiggeststeptowardremovinglikesfromitsplatform.Aftermonthsoftestinganoptiontohidelikesinselectinternationalmarkets,Instagram,whichisownedbyFacebook（FB）,hasalreadybeentestinghidinglikesinsevenothercountries,includingCanada,IrelandandAustralia.Foryears,likeshavebeencentraltohowcelebrities,brands,politiciansandeverydayusersexperienceInstagramandFacebook.It'sawayofmeasuringpopularityandsuccess.Butinrecentmonths,Instagramhasbeenrethinkinghowlikescontributetomakingitsplatformmoretoxic.Nowit'sconsideringachange.Thetotalnumberoflikesonposts—whichappearasheartsontheapp——willdisappearfromInstagram'smainfeed,profilepagesandpermalink（永久链接）pages.Theowneroftheaccountcanstillseetheirownlikes,buttheirfollowerswon'tknowthecount.CNNBusinesspreviouslyspokewithusersincountrieswiththetest.Themajorityfeltthismovewouldimprovewell-beingontheapp.Instagramisthemostdetrimental（不利的，有害的）socialnetworkingappforyoungpeople'smentalhealth,suchasnegativelyimpactingbodyimage,accordingtoonestudy.Butotherusersandpsychologistssaidhidinglikeswon'tfixeverything.Thetestdoesn'taddresssomeofthekeywaysthatactivityonInstagramcanimpactthewell-beingofusers,includingbullying,feelingleftoutandthinkingotherpeople'slivesarebetterthantheirown.ReneeEngeln,apsychologyprofessoratNorthwesternUniversity,voicedhisopinionthatthebiggestimpactofInstagramisthecontentandtheexposuretothisconstantstreamofperfectedimagesiswhatseemstohurtpsychologically.Plus,userscanstillseetheirownlikes——andfeelbadlyiftheirpostsdon'tperformwell.9.HowdousersexperienceInstagraminthispassage?A.Bygivinglikes. B.Byhidinglikes.C.Byselectingplatforms. D.Byshowingofftalents.10.Theunderlinedword“toxic”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“”.A.profitableB.poisonousC.popular D.positive11.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Instagramhasaffectedyoungsters'mentalhealth.B.Theaccountownerswon'tknowthecounto£likes.CInstagramtestedhidinglikesinsevencountriesfirst.D.ThemajoritythinkInstagramhasbeenawell-beingapp.12.Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.InstagramMisusesLikesB.MorePeopleAreAgainstLikesC.LikesCauseMentalProblemsD.LikeswillBeHiddenonInstagramDIfhumanseversettleonMars,theywillneedwater.Thereisjustoneproblemthereseemstobeonlyhugesheetsofice.Luckily,weknowhowtodrill(钻孔）iceforwater.SuchmethodsarealreadyusedinAntarctica,andresearchersnowthinktheycouldgetthemtoworkontheRedPlanet,too.TheatmosphereofMarsistoodrytomakeextractingwatervapourfromitpossible.Soiceseemsthebestbet.Buttheobviousicesheetsareintheunlivablepolaricecapsandwouldbedifficulttoreachfordrilling.However,in2018,attheedgeofthecliffs,NASA'sMarsReconnaissanceOrbiterspottedrelativelyaccessiblewatericethatisprobablyatleast130metresthickandcoveredinjustafewmetresofrockanddust.Thesemaybethebestplacetogetthewaterneededforfutureexplorationoftheplanet.ThedrillingtechniquesneededhavealreadybeendevelopedforcoldareasonEarthwhereweneedtomeltburiediceforwater.Intheearly1960stheUSArmyusedatypeofsubsurfacereservoir(水库)calledRodWell,inarmycampsinGreenland.Themethodworksbydrillingthroughthegroundintotheice,meltingtheicetocreateapool,andthenpumpingwaterup.Bysupplyingheatcontinuously,theycreateareservoirandasteadywatersupply.IthasbeenusedinremoteareassuchastheAmundsen-ScottSouthPoleStationStephenHoffmanattheAerospaceCorporationinTexasandhiscolleaguessimulated(模拟)howaRodWellwoulddoonMars.Theyfoundthatwiththepowerof9kilowatts(千瓦)tomeltice,itcouldintheoryproduceabout380litresofwatereachdayandmaintainareservoirofconstantsizeatthebottomofaborehole(钻孔).ThatisclosetotheaveragedailywateruseeachpersonintheUS,butabout10timeswhateachastronautontheInternationalSpaceStationusesdaily.13.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword"extracting"inthefirstparagraph?A.obtaining B.protectingC.Preventing D.choosing14.WhydoestheauthormentiontheRodWellinParagraph3?A.ToexplainhowwatericeisdrilledonMars.B.Totellaboutthehistoryofwatericedrillingtechniques.C.ToprovetheimportanceofwatericedrillingtechniquesD.ToshowtechniquesfordrillingwaterwellsinMartianiceexist.15.Onaverage,howmuchwaterdoesanastronautontheInternationalSpaceStationusedaily?A.10litres B.38litresC.160litres D.380litres16.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.PreparingtosettleontheRedPlanetoneday.B.FindingwaterontheRedPlanetforsurvival.C.UsingsomewaystocreatealivableenvironmentonMars.D.DrillingwaterwellsinMartianicetosurviveonMars.A【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.C【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和丈夫曾经有过婚烟问题，但双方均未想要离婚，而是努力解决双方之间的问题。当作者提出和丈夫一起去买永恒戒指的时候，由戒指除垢感悟到平凡的婚烟也应该像戒指一样经常除垢，让它重新生机勃勃。【1题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“Deepdownweknewwestilllovedeachother,sowedeterminedtoworkitout.”，作者和丈夫仍然相互爱对方，都不想结束他们的婚烟，不想使孩子们伤心，所以他们决定要解决他们之间的问题。故B项正确。【2题详解】词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句“Throughcountlessdiscussions,webegantoclosethegulf.Themorehonestwewere,thecloserwebecame.”可知，作者和丈夫解决了他们之间的问题，关系越来越融治。再根据画线部分所在句子中的“Iaskedmyhusbandtogivemean“eternity(永恒)ring””可推知，作者感觉她和丈夫的关系已经很好了，他们已经和好如初了。故D项正确。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Onthedrivehome,Ididn’ttakemyeyesoffit.”可知，作者在回家的路上眼睛一直盯着那枚结婚戒指，因为它经过擦拭后重新放出了光芒，犹如丈夫刚给她的那天一样。早已忘记他们是要去买“永恒戒指”。故C项正确。【4题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段前两句“Andthat’sthewayitiswithamarriage.Youhavetoworkatkeepingitpolishedandnew,orelsethegrime(污垢)ofthepassingyearswillhidethejoy.”可知，作者认为对待婚姻也应该像对待那枚戒指一样，经常除垢，经常发现婚姻生活中的闪光点，使婚姻保持新鲜。故C项正确。【点睛】本文小题2考查了词义猜测题，由第二段最后一句可知“作者和丈夫解决了他们之间的问题。他们的关系已经恢复了”，可知该短语意为“ingoodrelationship”。本题主要运用上下文语境猜测参与。通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。B【答案】5.C6.A7.D8.B【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位71岁的老人孔振兰几十年如一日地收养孤儿。尽管她自己只有很少的钱,但是她还是尽力让那些孤儿过上健康快乐的生活。【5题详解】词义猜测题。根据第二段中Themodestwomanstartedadoptingtheseabandonedchildrenandnurturingthemasherown.Overthelast47years,shehasadopted45orphans,someofwhomgrewuptobecomedoctorsandlawyers.这位谦逊的妇女开始收养这些被遗弃的孩子，并把他们当作自己的孩子抚养。在过去的47年里，她收养了45名孤儿，其中一些人后来成为了医生和律师。由此可知，孔振兰老人收养那些被遗弃的孩子并把他们抚养长大。故划线词的词义与“Raising”的意思一致。故选C。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中Today,heradultchildrendonatesomeoftheirmonthlysalariestohelpbringuptheiryoungersiblings（兄弟姐妹）如今，她的成年子女将每月工资的一部分捐给抚养弟弟妹妹。由此可知,孔振兰的长大的孩子们在经济上支持她。故选A。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段Shehasgottenusedtoitandsaidthatashortsleepwasasmallpricetopayformakingsurethechildrengrowuphealthyandhappy.她已经习惯了，她说，为了确保孩子们健康快乐地成长，短暂的睡眠是一个小小的代价。由此,让孩子们健康快乐地生活是孔振兰不辞辛苦养育这些孤儿的动力。故选D。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段中KongZhenlan,a71-year-oldwomanfromChina’sShanxiProvince,hasdevotedthelastfourdecadesofherlifetoadoptingorphans（孤儿）,makingsurethattheyhadfoodonthetableandgotaccesstoeducation.71岁的孔振兰(音译)来自中国山西省，她把自己过去40年的时间都用来收养孤儿，确保他们有饭吃，有受教育的机会。由此可知，孔振兰老人能四十年如一日地抚养孤儿说明她是一个善良的人。故选B。C【答案】9.A10.B11.A12.D【解析】本文为说明文。Instagram即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上移除“点赞”。因为“点赞”让平台变得更“有毒”的，几个月来Instagram一直尝试在一些国际市场隐藏“点赞”功能。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Foryears,likeshavebeencentraltohowcelebrities,brands,politiciansandeverydayusersexperienceInstagramandFacebook.”多年来，“点赞”一直是名人、品牌、政客和普通用户体验Instagram和Facebook的核心。由此可知，体验Instagram是通过点赞的形式，故选A，【10题详解】猜测词义题。根据划线词的上文“Foryears,likeshavebeencentraltohowcelebrities,brands,politiciansandeverydayusersexperienceInstagramandFacebook.It'sawayofmeasuringpopularityandsuccess.”多年来，点赞一直是名人、品牌、政客和日常用户体验Instagram和Facebook的核心重点。点赞是衡量受欢迎程度和成功的一种方法。接着用转折连词but引出下文“Butinrecentmonths,Instagramhasbeenrethinkinghowlikescontributetomakingitsplatformmoretoxic.”可知，最近几个月，Instagram一直在反思“点赞”是如何让自己的平台变得更“toxic”。But表示与前文相反的意思。可知，前文叙述“点赞”是一种有用方法，那“toxic”是与之相反的，不好的。再结合“Instagramisabouttotakeitsbiggeststeptowardremovinglikesfromitsplatform..”Instagram即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上去除点赞。可推断出，去除点赞可能是因为它的不好的一面。分析选项A.profitable有利可图的；B.poisonous有毒的；C.popular受欢迎的；D.positive积极的。可知A、C和D都是好的一面，只有B项是不好的。由此推断出“toxic”是有毒的。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Themajorityfeltthismovewouldimprovewell-beingontheapp.Instagramisthemostdetrimental（不利的，有害的）socialnetworkingappforyoungpeople'smentalhealth,suchasnegativelyimpactingbodyimage,accordingtoonestudy.”大多数认为此举将提高app的健康。一项研究显示，Instagram是对年轻人心理健康最有害的社交网络应用，比如对身体形象产生负面影响。由此可推断出Instagram影响了青少年的心理健康。故选A。【12题详解】主旨大意题。本文第一段叙述了Instagram即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上移除“点赞”。几个月来Instagram一直在尝试在一些国际市场隐藏“点赞”功能。因为“点赞”平台变得更“有毒”的。接着下文具体分析了“点赞”造成的不好的影响，从而正要隐藏“点赞”。文章分析“点赞”带来的不好的影响，所以要在Instagram隐藏“点赞”功能。因此D项是最最佳题目。故选D。【点睛】在阅读中我们经常会考查猜测词义题。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方式，这要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文（各种已知信息）并结合具体的语境推测、判断某些词或短语的词义。例如第2小题词意猜测题。根据划线词的上文“Foryears,likeshavebeencentraltohowcelebrities,brands,politiciansandeverydayusersexperienceInstagramandFacebook.It'sawayofmeasuringpopularityandsuccess.”多年来，点赞一直是名人、品牌、政客和日常用户体验Instagram和Facebook的核心重点。点赞是衡量受欢迎程度和成功的一种方法。接着用转折连词but引出下文“Butinrecentmonths,Instagramhasbeenrethinkinghowlikescontributetomakingitsplatformmoretoxic.”可知，最近几个月，Instagram一直在反思“点赞”是如何让自己的平台变得更“t