英语语法-主谓一致

第一讲主谓一致“一致”(Concord或Agreement)是指句子成分之间词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主要有主语与动词的一致，主语与补语的一致，限定词与名词中心词的一致，人称代词与并列和非并列先行词的一致，名词与名词或代词的一致。“主谓一致”是指主语和谓语动词之间在人称和数的方面的一致关系,这又叫做“主一一动一致”(Subject——verbConcord)。主谓一致三原则主语和随后的动词(词组),即谓语动词之间的一致关系常为三种不同的原则所支配，即语法一致原则(GrammarConcord)，意义一致原则(NotionalConcord)和就近原则(PrincipleofProximity)。语法一致指作主语的名词中心词是复数，动词就用复数形式；如果名词中心词是单数名词或不可数名词，动词就用单数形式。例如：Bothboyshavetheirownmerits.Inmyheartarepeaceandgoodwill.Theelevatorworksverywell.Mucheffortiswasted.1.2意义/概念一直指主语和动词的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单、复数形式，而是取决于主语的单、复数意义。有时主语在语法形式上并非复数，但有复数意义，随后的动词就用复数；主语在语法形式上是复数，而在意义上可视为单数，随后的动词用单数。例如：Thejuryhasaskedmoretime.Thejuryareunabletoagree.Fiftyminutesisn'tenoughtimetofinishthistest.“Seniorcitizens”meanspeopleoversixty.1.3就近原则指谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语的单、复数形式，而不是与充当主语的名词短语中心词相一致。例如：Notjustthestudentsbuteventheirteacherisenjoyingthefilm.NeitherJulianorIamgoing.Onlyoneoutoffivewerepresent.*Nooneexcepthisownsupportersagreewithhim.但是在实际应用中，语法一致原则与其他两个原则经常发生矛盾，这时语法一致是

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应遵循的根本原则。下面从几个容易引起疑难问题的方面来进一步阐述主谓一致关系。并列主语和谓语动词的一致2.1and连接的并列主语与谓语动词的一致a.由and或both…and连接的并列结构作主语，指两个或两个以上的人或物，谓语动词用复数。例如：Thefoodand(the)textileindustrydependmainlyonagricultureforrawmaterial.Tomeantodosomethingandtoactuallydosomethingaretwodifferentthings.Rain,hailandwindhavecausedanestimated$22,000damagetocropsandlivestock.Warandpeacearealternativesbetweenwhichmanmustconstantlychoose.作主语的并列结构表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数。这时并列主语前常只有一个冠词或限定词，或者没有冠词或限定词。例如：Thehammerandsicklewasflyingfromtheflagpole.Theironandsteelindustryplaysanimportantpartinournationaleconomy.Mycolleagueandfriendisneardeath'sdoor.TheBatandBallsellsgoodbeer.Warandpeaceisaconstanttheme.Hamandeggisagoodbreakfast.Fishandchips(adishoffood)isverypopularinNorway.Whiskyandsoda(adrink)ismyfavouritedrink.Peachesandcreamisdelicious.Totryandfailisbetterthannottryatall.有一些由and连接的并列主语，其单、复数意义不很明确，只能根据上下文判定。例如：Afriendandhelperwas/werestandingnearby.Thesecretaryandaccountantofthecompanywas/werepresent.Hisagedservantandthesubsequenteditorofhiscollectedpaperswas/werewithhimathisdeathbed.有的并列主语(常为抽象名词)前只有一个或者没有冠词或限定词，虽然表示单一概念，但既可接单数动词，又可接复数动词。例如：Hercalmnessandconfidenceis/areastonishing.Timeandtidewaits/waitfornoman.Lawandorderhas/havebeenestablished.Thesafetyandhappinessofthewholedepends/dependoneachindividual'seffort.有时并列主语中省略了重复的并列名词、修饰语，或者只有一个冠词，但它们word专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载不能表示结合成一体的概念，只能被视为不同事物或个体，只能接复数动词。例如：Good(taste)andbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.Amanand(a)womanaretalkinginthelivingroom.Whiteandbrownsugarareacceptableforthisrecipe.Theshort-term(loan)andthelong-termloanarehandledverydifferentlybythebank.Theshort-termand(the)long-termloan…AmericanandDutchbeeraremuchlighterthanBritishbeer.Theredand(the)whiterosearebeautiful.(Aredroseandawhiterose…)BeerfromAmericaandHollandismuchlighterthanBritishbeer.Theredandwhiteroseisbeautiful.(Arosewithredandwhitecolour...)在there,here和where结构中：正式语体，不管并列主语中的名词是单数还是复数，谓语动词都用复数形式；非正式语体，如果并列主语中的第一个主语是单数，谓语动词就用单数形式。例如：Insidethereare/isadesk,atableandtwochairs.Therewere/wasbothcourageanddignityinhermanner.(Thereismoregraceandlesscarelessness.)Hereare/isJohnandMary.但当主语前带有限定词oneortwo时，谓语动词只能用复数形式。例如：Thereareoneortwosubjectsonwhichyouareboundtohavebutoneopinion.如果并列主语中的第二个主语前有not，谓语动词的单、复数形式应和not前的主语相一致。例如：Theteacher,andnotthestudentsdesignstheexaminationquestions.Itisyou,notIwhoareafraidtopursuethissubjectfurther.并列名词词组前有each,every,manya,no,morethanone等限定词时，随后的动词常用单数。例如：Everyboyand(every)girlinthisclassisentitledtoacopy.Everyman,woman,andchildinthiscommunityisnowawareoftheterribleconsequencesofthehabitofsmoking.Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherselfinneed.Nomanandnowomanhaseverbrokensucharecord.并列wh-分句作主语，一般用复数动词；一个含有并列谓语的wh-分句作主语，接单数动词。例如：Whathesaysandwhathedoesaretwodifferentthings.word专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载WhatIsayandwhatIthinkaremyownaffair.Whathesaysandthinksisnobusinessofyours.WhatIsayanddoismyownaffair.WhatIsayorwhatIthinkisnobusinessofyours.j.当“oneand+分数/百分数''这种结构作主语时，只能接复数谓语动词。因为复数的概念不是至少两个，而是一个以上。例如：HewentawayonJune,15,andoneandahalfmonthshavepassed,andit'sJuly30.Oneandahalfyearshavepassedsincewelastmet.（oneandahalf+复数名词作主语，接复数动词）*HewentawayonJune15,andnowamonthandahalfhaspassed,andit'sJuly30.Ayearandahalfhaspassedsincewelastmet.（a+单数名词+andahalf作主语，接单数动词）and以外的并列连词连接的并列主语与谓语动词的一致由or,either...or,nor,neither...nor,not...but,notonly...but（also）连接的并列主语，其谓语动词通常采用就近原则。例如：Johnorhisbrothersaretoblame.Wereyouorheonduty?Youorheisondutytoday.AmIoryouresponsible?Eitheryourbrakesoryoureyesightisatfault.Notanyflowersnorevenabladeofgrassistobeseenthere.Neithertheplayersnorthecoachwasoverconfident.NotAngelabutherparentswanttolosefatbuttheyjustcan'tcontroltheirappetite.Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchanged.但是在非正式语体中，either.or,neither.nor连接的并列主语，即使均为单数主语，所接动词可用复数形式。例如：EitheryouorIam/aregoing.Neitherhenorhiswifehas/haveseensuchafilm.NeitherJeannorJamesfinishes/finishtheworkproperly.当主语后面跟有with,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,inadditionto,asmuchas,except,but,ratherthan,nolessthan引导的词组时，该词组被视为从属结构。随后的谓语动词形式通常采用语法一致的原则，即依主语本身的单、复数形式而定。例如：Theheadmasterwiththerestofthestaffwashavingaheateddiscussion.Thepresident,togetherwithhisadvisors,ispreparingastatementonthecrisis.Thefather,aswellashissons,isgoingtoenroll.word专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载Thebarn,inadditiontothehouse,wasburned.Someoftheworkersasmuchasthemanagerwereresponsiblefortheloss.Man,nolessthanthelowerformsoflife,istheproductoftheevolutionaryprocess.Nooneexcepttwogirlswaslatefordinner.Hisbrotherratherthanhisparentsistoblame.以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致有一些以-s结尾的名词，它们当中有的作单数意义，有的作复数意义，有的既可接单数动词又可接复数动词，其意义基本相同或不同。3.1以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称以-s结尾的疾病名称，如arthritis（关节炎），bronchitis（支气管炎），mumps（腮腺炎）,diabetes（糖尿病），measles等，通常接单数动词；但也有一些疾病名称后既可接单数动词，也可接复数动词。例如：Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.Generally，measlesoccursinchildren.Measlesaresometimescausedbytapeworm.以-s结尾的游戏名称通常接单数动词；但也有个别这样的名称接复数动词。例如：Dartsisessentiallyafreeandeasygame.Marblesisoneoftheoldestgamesandwasnotconfinedtochildren.Cardsarenotallowedhere.*当darts,marbles等用于做这些游戏所用的“镖”或“弹子”等意义时，随后的动词用复数形式。例如：Threedartsarethrownateachturn.Marblesvaryinkindandquality.3.2以-ics结尾的学科名称以-ics结尾的学科名称，如athletics，economics，linguistics，mathematics，mechanics，physics，politics，statistics等，通常作单数意义，接单数动词；但若这类名词表示学科以外的其他意义，便可作复数用。例如：Mathematicsisthestudyofnumbers.Athleticsisarequiredcourseofstudentsofallgrades.Mymathematicsis/arerathershaky.Athleticshavebeengreatlypromotedatthiscollege.Theeconomicsoftheprojectarestillbeingconsidered.Statisticsshowthatthenumberofhousewiveswhoworkpart-timehasincreasedinword专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载thelastfewyearsintheU.S.3.3以—s结尾的地理名称以-s结尾的表示国名、组织等政治实体的地理名称，通常作单数；以-s结尾的表示山脉、群岛、海峡、瀑布等地理名称，通常用作复数。例如：TheUnitedStatesisacountryofpeoplewithvariedorigins.InJanuary1976,theNetherlandswashitbyitsworststormsince1953.TheWestIndies,apartfromtheBahamas,arecommonlydividedintotwoparts.TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallife.TheNiagaraFallsareperhapsthemostfamouswaterfallsintheworld.但“奥运会”无论含不含games都接复数动词。TheOlympicGamesareaninternationalsportscompetition.TheOlympicswerestartedagaininthenineteenthcentury.3.4其他以-s结尾的名词一些由两部分组成的物体名称通常是以-s结尾，如glasses,pincers,scissors,shorts,suspenders,trousers等。这类名词通常用作复数；如果这类名词前有单位词，如apairof,twopairsof,则由单位词的单、复数形式决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。例如：Joe'snewtrousersareblackandwhite.Onepairofscissorsisn'tenough.由-s结尾的名词，如archives,arms,clothes,contents,fireworks,goods,morals,remains,stairs,suburbs,thanks,wages，通常用作复数。例如：Thearchivesofthissocietyarekeptinthebasement.Thecontentsofthisbookaremostfascinating.Highwagesoftenresultinhighprices.Histhanksweremostprofuse.但也有不少这类名词，用作单、复数均可，如whereabouts,dramatics等。例如:Hiswhereaboutswere/wasknownonlytohisparents.Thedramaticsoftheperformancewere/wasmarvelous.凡是由-ing结尾的名词，如clippings,diggings,earnings,filings,lodgings,savings,surroundings,sweepings等，通常用作复数；但tidings（消息）既可用作复数，也可用作单数。例如:Theclippingsofthehedgesareusuallyburnt.Thesweepingsofthegodownhavebeendisposedof.Goodtidingshavecheeredthemup.word专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载Thetidingshascomealittletoolate.d.还有一些以—s结尾的单、复数同形的名词，如barracks,headquarters,manners,means,series,species,works,随后动词的单、复数形式取决于这些名词在句中是用作单数意义还是复数意义。例如：Abarrackswasstormedbytheenemytroops.Twobarracksinthesuburbshavebeensurrounded.Aseriesofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelabuse.Therearetwoseriesofreaders:oneforbeginnersandoneforadvancedstudents.Anewspeciesofbutterflyhasbeenfound.Altogether,about120speciesofseasnailareknown.*但有少数这类名词，用作单数或复数所表示意义不同。例如：Hisremains（遗体）lieinthechurchyard.Themartyr'sremains（遗体/遗物）wereburiedatthefootofthehill.Hereistheremains（遗址/遗迹）ofatemple.Theremains（剩余物）ofthemealwere/wasfedtothedogs.集体名词的主谓一致集体名词（CollectiveNoun）,如committee,government,group,police,team等，在意义上是复数，而在语法形式上是单数。以这类名词作主语的主谓致问题往往是对“语法一致”或“意义一致”两种原则的选择。这种选择通常遵循以下原则：通常用作复数的集体名词有些集体名词，如cattle,militia（民兵），people,police,poultry（家禽）,vermin（害虫）等,通常作复数，随后的动词用复数。例如：Domesticcattleprovideuswithmilk,beefandhides.Suchverminasratsarehardtogetridof.TheChinesepeopleareagreatpeople.通常作不可数名词的集体名词又有一些集体名词，如equipment,furniture,machinery,merchandise,通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。例如：Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.apieceofequipment/furniture*militaryequipments既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词还有一些集体名词，如audience,class,committee,crew,family,government,group,

word专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载public等，既可用作单数，也可用作复数。随后的动词用单数还是用复数，取决于这些集体名词在具体上下文中的确切意义。如将该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体，则动词用单数；如将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上，动词用复数。例如：Theanti-crimecommitteeistomakeitsreporttomorrow.Thecommitteearedividedinopinionaboutthisproblem.Thecrewislarge.Thecrewarepaidtodoalltheworkontheship.Afterlunch,thisbrilliantlydressedgroupofpersonsgoesdowntothegamblingroom.Thatgroupofsoldiershavethebestratingsofindividualperformance.4.4aboardof等+复数名词结构如果主语是由aboardof/acommitteeof/apanelof+复数名词构成，随后的动词常用单数。例如：Acommitteeoffivemenandthreewomenistoconsiderthematter.Apanelofdistinguishedpeoplehasbeenchosentojudgethiscompetition.Itismeetingtomorrow.Theboardofdirectorsisresponsibleforthemanagementofthefirm.以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语当主语为表示确定数量的名词词组时，主谓一致问题应该遵循以下原则：如果作主语的数量概念被看作一个整体，动词用单数；如果该数量概念被看作组成该数量的一个个的个体则动词用复数。例如：Hethoughtthat65dollarswasnottoomuchtoask.Fivehoursisneededtocompletetheoutline.ThreemileswastoolongadistanceforFreedmantorun.Thereweresixsilverdollarsineachofthestockings.如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数/百分数+of-”词组构成，其动词形式依of-词组中名词形式而定。of-词组中名词是复数，谓语动词就用复数；of-词组中名词是单数或不可数名词，谓语动词就用单数。例如：Over60%ofthecitywasdestroyedinthewar.Nearlytwothirdsofthedoctorsarewomen.Onefourthofthestuffisgoingtowaste.主语是表示两数相加或相乘的词组，动词可用单数，也可用复数；如果主语是表示两数相减或相除的词组，动词用单数。例如：Sevenplus/andfivemakes/maketwelve.word专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载Threeplussixequals/equalnine.Fivetimeseightare/isforty.Twicetwelvemakes/maketwenty-four.*Foursevensaretwenty-eight.Fortyminusfifteenleaves/istwenty-five.Fourfromsixleavestwo.Fortydividedbyeightequals/isfive.d.如果主语由“onein/oneoutof+复数名词”构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数（语法一致原则）；在非正式语体中，动词也可按“就近原则”，用复数。例如：Oneintenstudentshas/havefailedtheexam.Oneoutoftwentybuildingswas/weredamaged.以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语当主语为表示非确定数量的名词词组时，主谓一致问题应该遵循以下原则：如果主语是allof,someof,nounof,halfof,mostof...等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依of-词组中的名词形式而定。例如：Allofthecargowaslost.Allofthecrewweresaved.Someofthemoneyhasbeenstolen.Someofthebookswerelost.Halfofthebuildingwasdamagedintheexplosion.Halfofthestudentsaregirls.如果主语是由“lotsof,heapsof,loadsof,plentyof+名词”构成，表示“许多”等概念时，随后动词的单、复数形式也依of-词组中名词形式而定。例如：Lotsoffoodisgoingtowaste.Lotsofpeoplearewaitingoutside.Loadsofmilkhasbeendistributedamongthechildren.Loadsofappleshavebeenpicked.如果主语是由“aportionof,aseriesof,apileof+名词”构成，不管of-词组中的名词形式是单数还是复数，随后的动词通常用单数。例如：Asubstantialportionofthereportsismissing.Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.Apileoflogswassetbesidethegate.wordword专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载如果主语是由“akindof,asortof,atypeof,thiskindof,thissortof,thistypeof+名词”构成，随后的动词用单数。例如：Thiskindofmanannoysme.Thattypeofmenisdangerous.Thissortofapplesishighlypriced.但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定词是these/those/two/three,同时of-词组中的名词又是复数，则动词用复数。例如：Thesekindofmenannoyme.Thosesortofmachinesareuptodate.如果主语是由“manya,morethanone+单数可数名词”构成，其意义虽属复数,但随后的谓语动词要遵循“语法一致”的原则，用单数。例如：Manyamanhasdonehisduty.Morethanonegamehaslost.如果主语是由“anaverageof,amajorityof+复数名词”构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念,随后的动词用复数。例如：Anaverageof25personsapplyeachmonth.Amajorityofthetown'syoungermenaremovingtothecity.但如果这类主语的中心词是“average,majority”，则动词用单数。例如：Anaverageof25applicantsamonthisnotunusual.Amajorityofthreevotestoonewasrecorded.其他方面的主谓一致问题6.1以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致由what,who,when,where,why,whether,which,how等疑问代词/副词引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词通常用单数；两个由and连接的或多个并列名词性分句作主语，动词用复数。例如：Whatcausedtheaccidentisacompletemystery.Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforitremainamysterytous.在以what-分句作主语的SVC结构中，如果主句主语补语是复数名词，主句谓语动词可用复数；如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义，如what-分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也应用复数。例如：Whatweneedmostis/arebooks.(Booksarewhatweneedmost.)Whatwasrealtohimwerethedetailsofhislife.Whatareoftenregardedaspoisonousfungiaresometimesedible.以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致以非限定分句(即不定式分句和-ing分句)作主语，随后的动词通常用单数；但是以两个由and连接的或多个并列非限定分句作主语，如果指的是两件或多件事，动词用复数；如果指的是一件事，动词用单数。例如：Toclimbmountainsrequirescourage.Increasingtheirwageshasraisedthecrew'smorale.ReadingShakespeareandsolvingaquadraticequationareentirelydifferentassignments.Drinkingcow'smilkandgettingplentyofexercisewereresponsibleforhisgoodhealth.Tomakelifeworthlivingandtoraisethestandardofcomfortsoundswell.Startingandstoppingtheflowofcurrentinawiremanythousandtimesasecondisalmostimpossible.关系分句中的主谓一致关系分句(RelativeClause)中谓语动词的单、复数形式通常依关系代词(RelativePronoun)的先行项(Antecedent)的形式而定。在“Oneof+复数名词+关系分句”的结构中，关系分句的谓语动词通常依照“语法一致”原则，用复数形式；如果在这类结构之前有定冠词the或theonly等限定词或强调词时，关系分句的谓语动词只能用单数。例如：Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.Heisoneofthosepeoplewhoareafraidtoact.(=Ofthosepeoplewhoareafraidtoact,heisone.)Heisoneofthosepeoplewhoisafraidtoact.(=Ofthosepeople,heisonewhoisafraidtoact.)Kevenistheonlyoneoftheplayerswhohaslearnedalltherules.Joeistheoneoftheboyswhoisontime.但是如果在这类结构之前有形容词最高级作修饰语时，关系分句的谓语动词只能用复数。例如：Thenewestoneoftheautomobilesthatareinworkingorderwasboughtnotlongago.Th