中学英语课件Lesson 3 At War with the Planet

Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet工业城市里高耸的烟囱，空气污染

高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet22021/12/2河道里堆满了人们的生活垃圾，水污染高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet32021/12/2美丽的“西湖水”

高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet42021/12/2取水口因黄河的水污染停止取水。华夏的母亲河？

高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet52021/12/22009年8月25日，印度博帕尔的一名小女孩蹲在雨中。雨水渗透含有碳化物的地表，进入地下水系，当地3万多名群众遭受着地下水污染的威胁。

高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet62021/12/2杀戮不曾停止

高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet72021/12/2

2010年3月25日，云南。当地居民在“污水池”中取水。干旱+水污染=？高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet82021/12/22010年8月7日，甘肃舟曲特大泥石流高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet92021/12/2北京，人们堵在路上。高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet102021/12/2I.BackgroundInformation高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet112021/12/2AuthorBarryCommoner(1917-)(bornMay28,1917)isanAmericanbiologist,collegeprofessor,andeco-socialist.HewasalsoeditorofScienceIllustrated(科学画报)magazine.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet122021/12/2CommonerwasborninBrooklyn.Hereceivedhisbachelor’sdegreeinzoology

fromColumbiaUniversity(1937)andhismaster’sanddoctoraldegreesfromHarvardUniversity(1938,1941).AfterservingintheUSNavyduringWWII,hemovedtoSt.LouiswherebecameaprofessorofplantphysiologyatWashingtonUniversity.Hetaughttherefor34yearsandduringthisperiod,in1966,hefoundedtheCenterfortheBiologyofNaturalSystemstostudy“thescienceofthetotalenvironment”.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet132021/12/2Inthelate1950s,Commonerbecamewell-knownforhisoppositiontonucleartesting.Hewentontowriteseveralbooksaboutthenegativeecologicaleffectsofabove-groundnucleartesting.His1971bookTheClosingCircle

suggestedaleft-wing,eco-socialistresponsetothelimitstogrowththesis,postulatingthatcapitalisttechnologieswerechieflyresponsibleforenvironmentaldegradation(恶化),asopposedtopopulationpressures.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet142021/12/2Hebelievedthattechnological,andaboveallsocialdevelopmentwouldleadtoanaturaldecreaseinbothpopulationgrowthandenvironmentaldamage.CommonercriticizedRonaldReaganandGeorgeBushforregulatingpollutionandnotpreventingit.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet152021/12/2HisWorkingsScienceandSurvival.1966.TheClosingCircle:Nature,Man,andTechnology.1971.ThePovertyofPower:EnergyandtheEconomicCrisis.1976.ThePoliticsofEnergy.1979.MakingPeaceWiththePlanet.1990.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet162021/12/2CulturalnotesThreeMileIsland(1979)

三里岛事件高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet172021/12/2TheaccidentattheThreeMileIslandUnit2(TMI-2)nuclearpowerplantnearMiddletown,Pennsylvania,onMarch28,1979,wasthemostseriousinU.S.commercialnuclearpowerplantoperatinghistory,eventhoughitledtonodeathsorinjuriestoplantworkersormembersofthenearbycommunity.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet182021/12/2Butitbroughtaboutsweepingchangesinvolvingemergencyresponseplanning,reactoroperatortraining,humanfactorsengineering,radiationprotection,andmanyotherareasofnuclearpowerplantoperations.ItalsocausedtheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissiontotightenandheightenitsregulatoryoversight(疏忽).高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet192021/12/21979年3月28日凌晨4时，美国宾夕法尼亚州的三里岛核电站第二组反应堆的操作室里，红灯闪亮，汽笛报警，涡轮机停转，堆心压力和温度骤然升高。2小时后，大量放射性物质溢出。6天以后，堆心温度才开始下降，蒸气泡消失--引起氢爆炸的威胁免除了。100吨铀燃料虽然没有熔化，但有60％的铀棒受到损坏，反应堆最终陷于瘫痪。事故发生后，全美震惊，核电站附近约20万居民撤出这一地区。在过去的30年间，三里岛事件成为不再进行新核能建筑开发的理由，全部核能的开发速度也大大放缓。

高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet202021/12/2TheChernobylDisaster(1986)乌克兰切尔诺贝利核电站事故史上最严重的核反应事故发生地。1986年4月26日，乌克兰切尔诺贝利核反应堆爆炸，核反应炉熔毁，大量辐射能排放到大气中，导致原子尘污染。污染还扩散到了西部国家，从当时的苏联到接近欧洲，数以万计的儿童被诊断为甲状腺癌，核反应爆炸区近20英里范围至今仍被封锁。4号反应堆被人们用巨大的石棺密封起来，这是个漫长的核退散过程。高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet212021/12/2OnApril25-26th,1986,theWorld’sworstnuclearpoweraccidentoccurredatChernobylintheformerUSSR(nowUkraine).TheChernobylnuclearpowerplantlocated80milesnorthofKievhad4reactors(核反应堆)andwhiletestingreactornumber4numeroussafetyproceduresweredisregarded.At1:23amthechainreactioninthereactorbecameoutofcontrolcreatingexplosionsandafireballwhichblewoffthereactor’sheavysteelandconcretelid.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet222021/12/2TheChernobylaccidentkilledmorethan30peopleimmediately,andasaresultofthehighradiationlevelsinthesurrounding20-mileradius(半径),13500peoplehadtobeevacuated(撤离，疏散).高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet232021/12/2800年：专家称消除切尔诺贝利核泄事故漏后遗症需800年；9.3万人：20年前的切尔诺贝利核电站事故造成致癌死亡人数约为9.3万人左右；27万人：27万人因切尔诺贝利核泄漏事故患上癌症，其中致死9.3万人；34万人：核泄漏事故发生后，前苏联立即疏散了11万多人，随后数年，又从污染严重地区搬迁了23万人，前后共疏散34万余人；……高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet242021/12/21984年12月2日深夜，联合碳化物公司(UnionCarbide)位于印度博帕尔的杀虫剂制造厂发生事故，45吨有毒化学成分从设备中泄露出来。数小时内上千人因此丧命。在接下来的数月时间里，又有1.5万人中毒身亡，近50万人不同程度受影响。受影响的人当中大多数人失明、器官坏死或是有其他身体故障。受污染区域中出生的婴儿，大多数也存在不同程度的问题和生理缺陷。1989年联合碳化物公司赔偿5亿美元给受害者们，这笔赔偿金都不够受害人10年的治疗费用。博帕尔仍是全球工业泄露灾难的重症区。WhathappenedinBhopal(印度博帕尔)?高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet252021/12/2OnthenightofDec.2ndand3rd,1984,aUnionCarbideplantinBhopal,India,beganleaking27tonsofthedeadlygas.Noneofthesixsafetysystemsdesignedtocontainsuchaleakwereoperational,allowingthegastospreadthroughoutthecityofBhopal.Halfamillionpeoplewereexposedto(暴露于，接触到)thegasand20,000havediedtodateasaresultoftheirexposure.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet262021/12/2Morethan120,000peoplestillsufferfromailmentscausedbytheaccidentandthesubsequentpollutionattheplantsite.Theseailmentsincludeblindness,extremedifficultyinbreathing,andgynecological(妇科的)disorders.ThesitehasneverbeenproperlycleanedupanditcontinuestopoisontheresidentsofBhopal.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet272021/12/2II.AbouttheEssay高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet282021/12/2MakingPeaceWiththePlanetisa1990bookbyBarryCommoner.Commonerarguesthat,despitebillionsofdollarsspenttosavetheenvironment,Americaisstillinadeepenvironmentalcrisis.Thebookarguesthatenvironmentalpollutioncanbepreventedonlythroughfundamentalredesignofthewayweproducegoods.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet292021/12/2FourLawsofEcology

1.EverythingisConnectedtoEverythingElse.Thereisoneecosphereforalllivingorganismsandwhataffectsone,affectsall.2.EverythingMustGoSomewhere.Thereisno“waste”innatureandthereisno“away”towhichthingscanbethrown.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet302021/12/23.NatureKnowsBest.Humankindhasfashionedtechnologytoimproveuponnature,butsuchchangeinanaturalsystemis,saysCommoner,“likelytobedetrimentaltothatsystem.”4.ThereIsNoSuchThingasaFreeLunch.Exploitationofnaturewillinevitablyinvolvetheconversionofresourcesfromusefultouselessforms.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet312021/12/2OutlinePart1(para.1):introduction--themewhythetwoworldsareatwar1stlawoftheecosphere---man-madeobjectandsurroundingtheclosedcyclicalprocessofecosphere&thelinearprocessoftechnospherePart2(para.2-5):Part3(para.6-9):Part4(para.10-11):高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet322021/12/2Part5(para.12-14):theconsistentandharmoniousnatureofecosphere&therapidchangeandvariationoftechnospheretheconsequencesoffailureoftheecosphereandthetechno-spherethedangerforustotakesidesPart6(para.15-16):Part7(para.17-21):Part8(para.22-23):theconcludingpart高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet332021/12/2III.DetailedStudyoftheEssay高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet342021/12/21.…evendroughts,floods,andheatwavesmaybecomeunwittingactsofman.(Para.2)

Whatpeopledomayunintentionallycausedroughts,floodsandheatwaves.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet352021/12/22.LiketheCreation,theportendingglobaleventsarecosmic...(Para.3)

LiketheCreationoftheuniverse,eventsthathappeninthisworldmayhavevasteffects,especiallyontherelationshipbetweentheplanetEarthandthesun.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet362021/12/23.Sorcerer’sApprentice(Para.3)

It

istheEnglishnameofapoembyGoethe(歌德),writtenin1797.Thepoemisaballadinfourteenstanzas.Thepoembeginsasanoldsorcererdepartshisworkshop,leavinghisapprenticewithchorestoperform.Tiredoffetchingwaterbypail,theapprenticeenchants(对…施魔法)abroomtodotheworkforhim--usingmagicheisnotyetfullytrainedin.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet372021/12/2Thefloorissoonawashwithwater,andtheapprenticerealizesthathecannotstopthebroombecausehedoesnotknowhow.Hesplitsitintwowithanaxe,buteachofthepiecesbecomesanewbroomandtakesupapailandcontinuesfetchingwater,nowattwicethespeed.Whenallseemslost,theoldsorcererreturns,quicklybreaksthespellandsavestheday.Thepoemfinisheswiththeoldsorcerer’sstatementthatpowerfulspiritsshouldonlybecalledbythemasterhimself.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet382021/12/24.Butthisimage,nowthrustbeforeusin…ismisleading.(Para.4)

TheEarthweseeinphotos,posters,andads,whichappearssobeautiful,isnotthetruereflectionoftheworldwelivein;suchimagelullsusintocomplacency.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet392021/12/25.Thetechnospherehasbecome…governtheecosphere.(Para.5)

Humanactivitieshavetakenplaceoversuchlargeareasandwithsuchintensitythattheyhavealreadycauseddisastrouseffectsonecology.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet402021/12/26.Indeed,intheevolutionarysense,…itfittedproperlyintothepreexistingsystem.(Para.6)

Thefishcouldplayitsrolebecauseitbecameanecessarylinkwiththeprocessesprecedingitandtheprocessesfollowingitintheecologicalsystem.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet412021/12/27.Acar,forexample,imposesitself…beingdefinedbyit...(Para.7)

Acardoesnotrespondtoitsenvironmentbutinsistsonitsownneedsbeingmet...高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet422021/12/28.Yieldrose,butnotinproportiontotherateoffertilizerapplication…(Para.9)

Thefarmersappliedmoreandmorechemicalfertilizer,butproductiondidnotincreaseatthesamerate.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet432021/12/29.…theirwasteisflushedintothesewersystem…atatreatmentplant…(Para.11)

People,afterdigestion,excretethewastewhichisflushedintothesewersystem.Thesewagegetstoatreatmentplantwhichmodifiesit,butitisstillwasteafterbeingprocessed.Thewastedoesnotreenterthelifecyclebutdisturbsthenaturalprocesseswhereveritisdumped.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet442021/12/210.Lefttotheirowndevices,ecosystemsareconservative…(Para.12)

Iftheecosystemsarenotupsetbyoutsideintrusion,theywillremainthesamewithverylittlechange.tobefreetodoasonewishes高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet452021/12/211.Incontrasttotheecosphere,…changeandvariation.(Para.13)

Thecharacteristicsoftheobjectsandmaterialsinthetechnospherearerapidchangeandgreatvariety.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet462021/12/212.ModelTFord(Para.13)

Inthe1920s.HenryFordadaptedtheassemblylineandtheconveyorbelttocarproductionandturnedoutcarsofastandardizedmodel,thefamousModelTFord.高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet472021/12/2By1925hewasproducingacarevery10secondsandtheModelTcouldbeboughtforonly$290.HenryFordgavetheAmericanpeoplethefirstmass-producedcar.

HenryFord与ModelT

高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet482021/12/213.Nylon,forexample,unlike…,isnotbiodegradable---thatis,thereisno…thatcanbreakitdown.(Para.13)

翻:例如尼龙，它不会像纤维素那样的天然聚合物一样可以进行生物分解---也就是说，在现存的有机生物中还没有发现哪种酶可以分解尼龙。高英Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet492021/12/214.Regardedonlyasafailure…thatdestroytheplant.(Para.15)

IfyouregardthedisasteratChernobylasatechnicalmatter,thenthedisastercanbeseen