西南大学英语词汇学作业及答案

、learningCelticScottishAngliana（）darkroomwetdaysmalltalk”/Iks/,“out”、asuggestedspokeproposedraised（）queennicevulgarpictureaburyhisheadintheearthburyhisheadinthesandburyhisheadinthewaterburyhisheadinthegardenchewthebulletLateModernEnglishPeriodborrowingprocessesofGreekelementEarlyModernEnglishPeriod、Iturninturnupturnonturnout、ffadedstaletiredstuffy、archenemymainenemymajorenemyprimaryenemy、refusedignoredneglected.denied、manuscriptmarshalbreadcunningpromiseprofession、makeof、kickedapailkickedthebucketkickedabucketkickedthepail、missingleakinglosingdropping、A.√B.×、oA.√B.×、A.√B.×A.√B.×A.√B.×、A.√B.×A.√B.×、A.√B.×、aA.√B.×、A.√B.×、A.√B.×、A.√B.×、rA.√B.×A.√B.×A.√B.×、aA.√B.×A.√B.×、aaaaA.√B.×、A.√B.×、aA.√B.×、参考答案：Meliorationreferstotheprocesswherebywordswithhumbleoriginsaregraduallyusedinpositive,oratleastneutralcontexts.Fore、参考答案：AsemanticloanisawordorexpressionthathasdevelopedanewmeaningornewmeaningsduetotheinfluenceofarelatedwordinmodernmeaningfromtheNorse.、参考答案：Jargonarelanguagespeculiartoatrade,profession,orothergroup.Forexample,RAM,ROM,HardDisk,CPU,etc.arealljargons、参考答案：Morphemeistheminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunctionthatcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.-ly,dog,hand,etc.、参考答案：Arootisthemorphemeinawordfunctioningasthecoreofthemeaning.Forexample,in“disliked”,“like”isthepartleftwithitsp、参考答案：Polysemyreferstosemanticphenomenonwhereasinglewordorphrasehasseveralmeanings.Forexample,“show”means“exhibiti、参考答案：Subjectificationreferstotheprocessbywhichthemeaningofagivenwordchangesfromrelativelyobjectivetoincreasinglubjectiveknight”.Presently,“very”ismainlyasubjectiveadverbwithpersonalevaluation.WhenIsay“Itisveryhot”,thedegreeof“hotness”、参考答案：Clippingsareformsabbreviatedfromlargerwordsbutshareacommonfunctionwithwordstheyareclippedfrom.Forexample,“ad、aa参考答案：Compoundsrefertowordsformedbycompoundingorcombiningtwoormorestems.Freephraseissimilarto“expression”.Itersfreephrasesareessentiallydifferentandcanbedistinguishedbyphoneticfeatures,semanticfeaturesandgrammaticalfeatures.1)Phoneticdifference:StressincompoundstendstofallontheinitialelementwhilethatoffreephrasesisapttofallonthefinalelemCompounds'greenhouseFreephrasesgreen'house'blackboardblack'board'WhiteHousewhite'houseThisruleofdistinctionisnotalwaysreliable.e.g.scholar'activist,Mansion'Avenue,May'Flowers,silk'tie.2)Semanticdifferences:Acompoundisasemanticgestalt/gəˈʃtɑ:lt/thatexpressesasingleideajustlikeaword.e.g.greenhouse:abuildingwithglasswallsandroofforthecultivationandexhibitionofplantsundercontrolledconditionsoftempThemeaningsoftheconstituentsincompoundsformaninseparablesemanticwhole.Thechangeofanyelementwillresultinthelosthecombinationofthemeaningsoftheirconstituents,flowerpot,washingmachine,scarletfever,etc.3)Grammaticaldifference:Acompoundissupposedtoperformasinglegrammaticalroleinasentencelikeanoun,averboranadjeacceptableinphrasesaveryblackboardandaverywhitehouse.、参考答案：Therearealtogetherfivemechanismsofmeaningchanges.1)Melioration,alsoknownasameliorationorelevationofmeaning,istheprocesswherebywordswithhumbleoriginsaregraduallye.g.knight:Anglo-Saxonorigin,“aboy”,butthroughmilitaryandfeudalassociations,acquiredthemeaningoftitleofrank.2)pejorationordegradationistheprocessbywhichthemeaningofwordsbecomenegativeorlessfavorable.Previouslymentionedpejoration.Thesewordshavebeenconsideredsooffensivethattheyarehardlyusedindailyspeeches.3)Generalizationofmeaning,alsocalledextension,wideningorbroadening,referstotheextensionofthewordrange,orthewidenine.g.noviceOriginallymeant“apersonadmittedtoaprobationarymembershipinareligiouscommunity”,buttodayitrefersgenerallyto“abegi4)Specialization,alsoknownasnarrowingorrestriction,theoppositeofgeneralization,istheprocesswherebyawordofwidemeanrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysonlyaspecialconceptinpresent-dayEnglish.Thewordgirl,forexample,wasusedtorefertoanyyoungpersoninMiddleEnglishbutisrestrictedtoyoungfemalesfromtheEarly“farmyardhen”withitsoldmeaningof“bird”onlyretainsinafewexpressionslikethefowlsoftheairandwildfowl.5)Subjectificationistheprocessbywhichthemeaningofagivenwordchangesfromrelativelyobjectivetoincreasinglysubjective.e.g.very,originally,Frenchwordvraimeaning“true”or“real”;theveryknight:trueknightNowadaysifwesaythat“Lexicologyisveryinteresting”,weusethewordveryinamuchmoresubjectivesensebecausesomeonee