语言学概念必考知识点

Competence（语言能力）:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performance（语言运用）:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Arbitrariness（符号特性）:thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthething.Productivity（creativity）:Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.Duality:Thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:meaningfulunits（e.g.wordsinwrittenlanguage）andmeaninglesssegments（e.g.sounds,lettersinspokenlanguage）.Displacement:Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.Sixbasicfunctionsoflanguage:Emotive:theaddresserexpressedhisattitudetothetopicofsituationofcommunication.Conative（意动功能）:theaddresseraimstoinfluencetheaddressee’scourseofactionorwaysofthinking.Referential（所指功能）:theaddresserconveysamassageorinformation.Poetic（诗/美学功能）:theaddresseruseslanguageforthesolepurposeofdisplayingthebeautyoflanguageitself.Phaticcommunion（寒暄/交互功能）:theaddressertriestoestablishormaintaingoodinterpersonalrelationshipswiththeaddressee.Metalinguistic（元语言功能）:theaddresseruseslanguagetomakeclearthemeaningoflanguageitself.Unit2Broadtranscription（宽式转写）:Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription.Narrowtranscription（严式转写）:Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.Botharephonetictranscriptions（语音转写）soweputbothformsinsquarebrackets[].Phone:Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Phoneme:Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;Itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue;Itisanabstractunit;Allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Assimilationrule:assimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelykeownasintonation.Unit3Allomorphs:thevariantformsofamorphemearecalleditsallomorphs.Morphemes:Itisthesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction.Unit4Majorlexicalcategories:Majorlexicalcategoriesareoftenassumedtobetheheads（中心语/中心成分）aroundwhichphrasesarebuilt:n.,v.,adj.andprep.Minorlexicalcategories:Minorlexicalcategoriesincludedeterminer（Det限定词）,degreewords（Deg程度词）,qualifier（Qual修饰语）andsoon.Inversion:atransfomationknownasinversionmovestheauxiliaryfromtheInflpositiontoapositiontotheleftofthesubject.TheXPrule:XPf（specifier）X（conplement）Doinsertion——InsertinterrogativedointoanemptyInflposition.WhMovement:movethewhphrasetothebeginningofthesentence.Sense:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform;Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;Itisabstractandde-contextualized;Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.Reference:referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Predication（述谓结构）:Predicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Apredicationconsistsofargument（s）（变元）andpredicate（谓词）.Argument:Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelementsinasentence.Predicate:Apredicateissomethingsaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.Unit6Context:Contextabasicconceptinthestudyofpragmatics.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,suchasculturalbackground,situation（time,place,manner,etc.）,therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,etc Sentencemeaning:Itisabstractandcontext-independent;it’stheliteralmeaningofasentence.Utterancemeaning:Itisconcreteandcontext-dependent;It’stheintendedmeaningofaspeaker;Itistheproductofsentencemeaningandcontext.Therefore,itisricherthanthemeaningofthesentence.Locutionaryact（言内行为）:Locutionaryactistheactofsayingwords,phrases,clauses...;itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Illocutionaryact（言外行为）:Illocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Perlocutionaryact（言后行为）:Perlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.Unit8Speechvariety:referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.Sociolect:referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.Register:thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.Creole（克里奥尔语）:whenapidgin（洋泾浜语）hasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquiredbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguage,itissaidtohavebecomeacreole.其他概念：Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Phonetics:Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescrip