1997年考研英语试题与答案解析

1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].Choosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronthe ANSWERSHEEtyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(10points)ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld'slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople41家intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday'sworkforaday'spay.Onedayatatime. 大42家industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive 大43家reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.大44家itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This“大45家”workforceisthemostimportant 大46家inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis大47家changingtherelationship betweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive大48家avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens大49家byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsandsenseof大50家thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.[A]swarm[B]stride[C]separate[D]slip[A]For[B]Because[C]As[D]Since[A]from[B]in[C]on[D]by[A]Eventhough[B]Nowthat[C]Ifonly[D]Providedthat[A]durable[B]disposable[C]available[D]transferable[A]approach[B]flow[C]fashion[D]trend[A]instantly[B]reversely[C]fundamentally[D]sufficiently[A]but[B]while[C]and[D]whereas[A]imposed[B]restricted[C]illustrated[D]confined[A]excitement[B]conviction[C]enthusiasm[D]importanceSectionHI ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(40points)Text1Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersix monthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritory becamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.Almostimmediately

wordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup'son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn 'tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It 'sworldhistory.”Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia--whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart-otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath--probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill--toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera“coolingoff”periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:TerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:II'mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritual'dgo,becauseI'vewatchedpeopledieaterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.pointofview,butwh atIwasafraidofwashowIhesays.inthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,hesays.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountriesphysiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasiachangingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelaw[D]ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw 'spassageWhentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeansobserversaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasiasimilarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountriesobserversarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoestheeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastopWhenLloydNicksondies,hewill .facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasiaexperiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatienthaveanintensefearofterriblesufferingundergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendaysTheauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof .oppositionsuspicionapprovalindifferenceText2AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn'ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails. “Iwsajusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing.”SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto “translate”culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword“friend,”theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor'slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld, .rudetaxidriversarerarelyseenintheUSsmall-mindedofficialsdeserveaseriouscommentCanadiansarenotsofriendlyastheirneighborsmostAmericansarereadytoofferhelpItcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat .cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialinterrelationshipcourteousconventionandindividualinterestareinterrelatedvariousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriendssocialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalconventionsFamiliesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers .toimprovetheirhardlifeinviewoftheirlong-distancetraveltoaddsomeflavortotheirowndailylifeoutofacharitableimpulseThetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers .tendstobesuperficialandartificialisgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedStatesisalwaysunderstoodproperlyhassomethingtodowiththebusytouristtrailsText3Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon 'trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse”tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning “mind-manifesting”)becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone 'sstateofconsciousness.“Substanceabuse”(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto “drugabuse”inthatsubstancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyused“drugabuse”isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakersalcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocainemanysubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonousTheword“pervasive”(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean .widespreadoverwhelmingpiercingfashionablePhysicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom .uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftimeexclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposesquantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofdiseasescarelessemploymentofthemforunpleasantsymptomsFromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat .stimulantsfunctionpositivelyonthemindhallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultohealthdepressantsaretheworsttypeofpsychoactivesubstancesthethreetypesofpsychoactivesubstancesarecommonlyusedingroupsText4Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontribut ingtothemoraldeclineofanation. “Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers? ”SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.“Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbornin1990.It'saself-examinationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline.AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethecompany'smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto$billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethecompany,butinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently.Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthecompany'srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992,whenTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIce-T'sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levindescribedrapasalawfulexpressionofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet.“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,”hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,“liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon'tretreatinthefaceofanythreats.”Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth'sstockholders'meeting,Levinassertedthat“musicisnotthecauseofsociety'sills”andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe “balancedstruggle”betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter.“Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthefreedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited,”saysLuce.“Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis. ”SenatorRobertDolecriticizedTimeWarnerfor .itsraisingofthecorporatestockpriceitsself-examinationofsoulitsneglectofsocialresponsibilityitsemphasisoncreativefreedomAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?LuceisaspokesmanofTimeWarner.GeraldLevinisliabletocompromise.TimeWarnerisunitedasoneinthefaceofthedebate.SteveRossisnolongeralive.Infaceoftherecentattacksonthecompany,thechairman .stucktoastrongstandtodefendfreedomofexpressionsoftenedhistoneandadoptedsomenewpolicychangedhisattitudeandyieldedtoobjectionreceivedmoresupportfromthe15-memberboardThebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe .ACompanyunderFireADebateonMoralDeclineALawfulOutletofStreetCultureAFormofCreativeFreedomText5Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas “steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding ”or“atouchonthebrakes,”makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica'sinflationratewouldaverage%in1995.Infact,itfellto%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica's,havelittleproductiveslack.America 'scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate%inAugust)hasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment--theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunately,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.Fromthepassagewelearnthat .thereisadefiniterelationshipbetweeninflationandinterestrateseconomywillalwaysfollowcertainmodelstheeconomicsituationisbetterthanexpectedeconomistshadforeseenthepresenteconomicsituationAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?MakingmonetarypoliciesiscomparabletodrivingacarAnextremelylowjoblessratewillleadtoinflationAhighunemploymentratewillresultfrominflationInterestrateshaveanimmediateeffectontheeconomyThesentence“Thisisnoflashinthepan”(Line5,Paragraph3)meansthat .thelowinflationratewilllastforsometimetheinflationratewillsoonrisetheinflationwilldisappearquicklythereisnoinflationatpresentThepassageshowsthattheauthoris thepresentsituation.criticalofpuzzledbydisappointedatamazedatSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:Readthefollowing passagecarefully andthentranslate theunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.71)Actually,itisn't,becauseitassumesthatthereisan agreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofan exchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd,forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstanee,toinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontra