英语语言学市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件

语言学知识点1/146I语言学导论II语言学主要分支学科III语言学流派和理论2/146I语言学导论

1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言定义特征）2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(语言学研究中几对主要概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(语言学研究范围)3/1461.designfeatureoflanguage（语言定义特征)

definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication

4/1461.designfeatureoflanguage

语言定义特征

1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)5/1461）Arbitrariness(任意性):定义：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.举例：书,book,livre喜欢，like，aimer6/1462）Duality（二层性）:定义：thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.举例：

Sounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>sentences>texts/discourses7/1463）Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:定义：Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeanings

becauseofitsduality举例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/----carporpark举例2：England,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.8/1464）Displacement（替换性）:定义：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.9/1465）CulturalTransmission（文化传递性）:定义：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.反例：印度狼孩10/1463.Designfeature定义特征1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)

怎样记忆:五性，创意遗传11/1464.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics(语言学研究中几对主要概念)1)descriptive&prescriptive2)synchronic&diachronic3)langue&parole4)competence&performance12/1461)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（要求性）Descriptive:describinghowthingsare.prescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobe13/146ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics举例：Don'tsayX.Peopledon'tsayX.Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.14/1462).Synchronic（共时性）vs.Diachronic（历时性）synchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.diachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.15/146举例：研究1800年英语发音Synchronicstudies(共时性研究)研究1800-1900法语语法改变Diachronicstudies(历时研究)16/1462.世界语言分类17/1462.世界语言分类18/14619/146ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics3).langue（语言）&parole（言语）Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）,fatherofmodernlinguisticslangue:abstractlinguisticsystemparole:actualrealizationoflangue20/146ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics举例：汉语系统langue每个中国人在不一样详细场景中说出详细话语parole21/146ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics4)Competence（语言能力）andperformance（语言利用）theorist:Chomsky(乔姆斯基)competence:user'sknowledgeofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.22/1465.ScopeofLinguistics(语言学研究范围)1）按研究内容来分2）按研究导向来分23/146语言学分类-按研究内容分24/146语言学分类-按研究内容分25/14626/146语言学分类-按研究导向分27/146语言学分类-按研究内容分28/146语言学分类-按研究内容分29/146考点:1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)定义和区分2.语音学主要概念:清音和浊音3.音系学主要概念:音子，音位,超音段特征

30/146Phoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.区分:meaning(是否研究和表示意义相关语音）31/146举例:too和tea中/t/发too中/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部语音学要研究这种/t/发音不一样之处,音系学不研究32/146Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.33/146语音学分类articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):speaker’sproductionacousticphonetics（声学语音学）:transmission’smediumauditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):receiver’sreception34/146怎样记忆phonetics和phonolgy区分:联想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsphonetics语言学，-ics科学性更强

geology,sociology,astrologyphonology音系学，-ology人文性更强35/146HowspeechsoundsaremadeSpeechorgans36/14637/146Positionofthevocalfolds(声带):voicing(浊音)andvoiceless(清音)38/146Voiceless(清音)：vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstruction清音举例：[p,s,t]Voicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibrates浊音:[b,z,d]39/146Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.Asthereisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels,thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines.40/146音系学定义：studyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.音系学主要概念:phone音子，phoneme音位(音系研究基本单位)supra-segmentalfeatures超音段特征41/146Phone(音子)：aphoneticunit;thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphones举例:too和tea中/t/发too中/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too和tea中/t/两个不一样音子42/146Phoneme(音位):phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.举例：tea和sea,/t/和/s/是两个不一样音位morpheme43/146Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme44/146Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位)45/146Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme46/146Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme47/146Suprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征)Suprasegmentalfeatures:phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsare:48/146Supra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征)：stress（重音）举例:perfect(adj)和perfect(v)tone(声调)/pitch(音高):定义:soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds.举例:mā妈,má麻,mă马，mà骂比较：英语单词，如me49/146intonation（语气）：pitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation.

举例:50/146Morphology形态学1.学科定义2.语素定义和分类3.词分类（classificationofwords）51/146形态学研究基本单位

1.morpheme(语素）.Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage，anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning.举例：ballfootballballs52/14653/146TypesofMorphemesFreemorphemesvs.Boundmorphemes（自由语素和黏着语素）:

Freemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorphemes:thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.54/146TypesofBoundMorpheme

Inflectionalmorpheme(屈折语素)=inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀)：changethegrammaticalmeaning(number,aspect,case,tense)Derivationalmorpheme（派生语素）=inflectionalaffix(派生词缀）:changethelexicalmeaning55/146dis+like+sderivationalfreeinflectionalmorpheme56/146light+en+edfreederivationalinflectionalmorpheme57/146Derivationalmorpheme(改变词义):改变词义：dis-,un-,multi-,micro-改变词性：en-,-full,-mentInflectionalmorpheme（改变语法含义）:改变名称性，数，格：-ess,-s,改变动词时,态，体:-ing,-ed,改变形容词级：-er,-est58/146词分类-按构词法分59/146怎样区分配生词（derivationalword）和合成词(compoundword):拆开后看各个组成语素能否都单独成词，假如能够，就是合成词，假如不能就是派生词。Businessman:business+manPlayboy:play+boyMouthful:mouth+fulLighten:light+en60/146词分类-按词义分61/146词分类-按开放性分62/146词分类-按在句子主要性分63/146

分类方法

按构词法分简单词:dislike,light派生词:

dislike,lighten合成词:

cat-like,light-weight按词义分语法词:冠,介，代，连词词汇词:名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠,介，代，连词按在句中主要性分主要词类:名，动，形，副,介次要词类：冠，代，连词64/146Syntax句法考点1.定义2.句法范围3.句子类型65/1461.Syntax定义：:studiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formation66/146Category(范围):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchassentence,anounphraseoraverb(起相同作用一类语言单位)Syntacticalcategory(句法范围):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinsentence-formation.（在句子组成中起相同作用一类语言单位）67/146Syntacticalcategory(句法范围)Word-----------lexicalcategoryPhrase---------phrasalcategoryClause---------clausalcategorySentence68/146LexicalCategory词法范围

=PartsofSpeech词类69/146

分类方法

按构词法分简单词:dislike,light派生词:

dislike,lighten合成词:

cat-like,light-weight按词义分语法词:冠,介，代，连词词汇词:名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠,介，代，连词按在句中主要性分主要词类/范围:名，动，形，副,介次要词类/范围：冠，代，连词70/146phrasespecifierheadcomplementacarfivemetersaway

71/146SentenceTypes(句子类型) simple

Sentence complex non-simple compound72/146724.句子分类：Simplesentence简单句Coordinatesentence并列句Complexsentence复杂句73/146simplesentence

简单句定义：alsocalledindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.

74/146练习：

JimandMikeplayfootballeveryafternoon.(simplesentence)Marygoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.(coordinatesentence)75/146coordinatesentence并列句:containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(并列连词)suchasand,or,butetc.Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma.例句:ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.

Lilywenttoplayfootball,butMariawentshopping.76/146Youhavetodoitonewayortheother.SimplesentenceTheworkerswerecheerful,oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful.Coordinatesentence77/146complexsentence定义：Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredependentclausesbyoneormoresubordinators(隶属连词)suchasif,when,because,althoug.78/146Asheisgrowingold,heseldomgoesout.Heis

growingold,whereashebecomeshealthier.怎样区分并列和复杂句---看连词表示关系

并列，选择和转折关系---并列句时间，条件，原因和让步关系---复杂句

79/146Semantics考点：1.定义：studyofmeaning2.两种基本意义：reference指称和sense涵义3.五种词语语义关系80/146LudwigWittgenstein:‘Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage’.Meaningisstudiedbymakingdetailedanalysesofthewaywordsandsentencesareusedinspecificcontexts.Reference（指称）:howlanguagereferstotherealphysicalworld(语言指代外部物质世界)Sense（涵义）:inherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandthemeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.(语言形式内在意义)81/146conceptsymbolizes

referstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object)82/146

83/146Synonymy

同义Synonymy

同义:samenessorsimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.

84/146同义分类举例dialecticalsynonym地域同义词：举例:fallandautumn,flatandapartmentstylisticsynonym格调同义词：举例:copandpolice,kidandoffspringcollocationalsynonym搭配同义词：举例:accuseof,chargewith,rebukeforSemanticallydifferentsynonym语义稍有不一样同义词:举例:surpriseandastound,blameandrebuke85/146Antonymy

反义Antonymy

反义:oppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.Antonymy反义关系分类：gradableantonymy等级反义complementaryantonymy互补反义converseantonymy反向反义86/146Gradableantonymy等级反义young--------middle-aged---------------oldbig--------middle-sized---------------smallgood-------------average-----------------bad87/146Complementaryantonymy互补反义alive:deadmale:femalepresent:absentinnocent:guiltyodd:evenpass:failboy:girlhit:miss88/146Converseantonymy反向反义

buy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wifeteacher:studentabove:belowbefore:afterhost:guestemployer:employee89/146Hyponymy上下义关系Hyponymy上下义:referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Superordinate/hypernym上义词:themoregeneraltermHyponym下义词:themorespecificterm90/146举例:hypernym上义词:animal

Hyponym下义词:bird,fish,tiger,cat怎样记忆:hyper---向上hype炒作hypo---向下hypothesis假设91/146

Animal

birdfishinsectanimal

humananimal

tigerlionelephant...92/146Polysemy一词多义Polysemy:thesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning.Suchawordiscalledpolysemicword.举例:Fish:1.鱼2.鱼肉3.水生动物4.打鱼5.寻找93/146Homonymy同音/同形异义词:wordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Identicalinsound:homophones同音词Identicalinspelling:homograph同形词Identicalinboth:completehomonyms同音同形词94/146homophones同音词：举例:knightandnight,pieceandpeacehomograph同形词举例:tear(v)andtear(n),lead(v)andlead(n)completehomonyms同音同形词:fast(adj)andfast(n)95/146怎样区分同音同形和一词多义现象:beauty,fish,ball,scalebeauty:漂亮；美女fish:鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；打鱼；寻找ball:球；舞会scale:规模；鱼鳞

看其多个意义之间是否相关联，假如有就是一词多义，没有就是同音同形词96/146Pragmatics语用学

考点:定义和与语义学区分：studyofmeaningincontextorinuse言语行为理论（两位理论家和三种行为）会话标准97/1462.SpeechActTheoryJohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)MainIdea:thingscanbedonewithwords98/146Constatives(叙事句)vs.performatives（施为句）Constatives（叙事句）:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.

99/146Performatives（施为句）:

utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:

name,bet,etc.100/146ThreeSpeechActs(三种言语行为)Alocutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringwords,phrase,sentences.Itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

Anillocutionaryact（言外行为）:anactofexpressionspeaker’sintention;itisanactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryact（言后行为）:theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.101/146三种话语行为-举例老师对学生说:Youhaveleftthedooropen.Locutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringthewordsof“you”,“have”,“left”,“the”,“door”,“open”Illocutinaryact(言外行为):theactofexpressingtheteacher’sintentionofaskingthestudenttoclosethedoor.Perlocutionaryact(言后行为):theeffectoftheutterance:studentgoestoclosethedoor102/146IllocutionaryActTheory美国哲学家JohnSearle(约翰-塞尔，1932-)在Austin理论基础上把言外行为深入分为5类：陈说（assertives），指示(directives)，承诺(commissives)，表示(expressives)，宣告（declaratives）103/146103ConversationalImplicature（会话含义理论）Theorist：英国语言学家HerbertPaulGrice(格莱斯，1913-1988)MainIdea:Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.104/146TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，合作标准)

MaximofQuality（数量准则）MaximofQuantity（质量准则）MaximofRelation（关系准则）MaximofManner（方式准则）105/146TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，合作标准)

MaximofQuality（数量准则）Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;MaximofQuantity（质量准则）MaximofRelation（关系准则）MaximofManner（方式准则）106/146MaximofQuality（数量准则）MaximofQuantity（质量准则）：Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.MaximofRelation（关系准则）MaximofManner（方式准则）107/146MaximofQuality（数量准则）MaximofQuantity（质量准则）MaximofRelation（关系准则）：Berelative.MaximofManner（方式准则）108/146MaximofQuality（数量准则）MaximofQuantity（质量准则）MaximofRelation（关系准则）MaximofManner(方式准则)：Beperspicuous.Avoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief.Beorderly.109/146Macro-Linguistics

宏观语言学110/146Sociolinguistics社会语言学1.定义2.语言变体languagevariety3.双语111/146Sociolinguistics社会语言学1定义：Thesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Speech语言变体双语112/146Sociolinguistics社会语言学定义Speechvariety/languagevariety语言变体:refertoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.双语113/146114/146115/146116/146Pidgin(洋泾浜语/皮钦语)：aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeaksdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.上海洋泾浜

117/146上海话中洋泾浜英语“蹩脚”（BILGE，船底污水，引申为肮脏、下三滥、劣质）“瘪三”（BEGSIR，乞丐先生，用来形容叫花子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最广泛骂人用语之一。“赤佬”是英语“CHEAT”（坑骗）和汉字“佬”混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行洋泾浜俚语（隐语）。118/146Frompidginto

creoles(克里奥语):Pidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageasaresultofintermarriage,itisspokenathomeandlearnedbychildrenasamothertongue.举例.French-basedHaitianCreole,EnglishbasedjamaicaCreole119/146119Sociolinguistics社会语言学定义语言变体双语120/146Bilingualism(双语现象)Diglossia(高低双语现象)Multilingualism（多语现象）121/146Bilingualism(双语现象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers.举例：Canada(FrenchandEnglish),Wales(WelshandEnglish)Diglossia(高低双语现象)Multilingualism（多语现象）122/146Bilingualism(双语现象)Diglossia(高低双语现象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.举例：Switzerland:HighGermanasthestandard(public,official)SwissGermanasthevernacular(informal,daily)Multilingualism（多语现象）123/146Bilingualism(双语现象)Diglossia(高低双语现象)Multilingualism（多语现象）:alinguisticsituationinwhichmorethantwolanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers.举例：Singapore(English,Chinese,Malay)

124/146Bilingualism(双语现象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakersDiglossia(高低双语现象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplayMultilingualism（多语现象）:alinguisticsituationmorethantwovarietiesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers125/146人类语言学AnthropologicalLinguistics定义:studyoftherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage假说：Sapir-WhorfHypothesis(萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说)：structureofthelanguagepeopleuseinfluencesthewaytheythinkandbehave(简言之,语言影响人思想行为)126/146Sapir-WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.

Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Linguisticrelativity:differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.127/146127English:horseshoeFrench:feracheval

——ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen——hoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.128/146128心理语言学Psycholinguistics:thestudyofthementalprocessoflanguagecomprehensionandproduction.计算机语言学ComputationalLinguistics:studyoftheuseofcomputerstoproce