2018年高考英语江苏专用考前三个月文档专题三阅读理解第一步五类题型精准剖析版含答案

专题二阅读理解【考情分析丨2015—2017高考江苏卷阅读理解题材、考查类型及数量统计表\项目\内容y年份\\题材考查类型及数量细节理解类推理判断类主旨大.、rz.意类词义猜测类2017A广告说明（文章介绍了一本关于历史的书籍。）1(56)1(57)//B科普知识（文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领。）1(59)1(60)/1(58)C科普知识（文章主要讲的是信息时代信息数据的垄断现象。）2(61,62)2(63,64)//D生态环保（文早关注的是人们熟悉的话题气候变暖。）3(66,68,70)2(67,69)/1(65)2016A广告说明（多伦多公立教育局邀请中学生选修一两门在线课程。文章介绍了在线课程的基本情况、优势及选课要求。）2(56,57)///B科普知识（文章主要介绍的是通过实验对比2(58,59)/1(60)/

了黑猩猩与人类在相互帮助的本能方面的巨大不同。黑猩猩除了在某些方面偶尔合作夕卜，在其他方面都是各顾各的，非常自私；而人类却从小就知道帮助他人，善于与他人合作，这是人类所独有的天性。）C科普知识（文章主要介绍了厄尔尼诺现象名字的由来、影响、危害等相关情况。作者希望人们对厄尔尼诺现象的发生做好充分的准备，以减少损失。）2(61,62)2(63,64)/D人物故事（文章主要讲述的是牙买加一位短跑名将Shelly-AnnFraser-Pryce从平凡走向卓越，从卓越迈向伟大的历程。）3(65,66,67)1(69)1(70)1(68)2015A广告说明（文章主要列举了去新西兰旅游应该注意的事项。）1(57)1(56)//B科普知识（文章讲述了电子垃圾的产生、危害以及相关的解决措施1(59)1(58)1(60)/

等。）C说理议论（文章论述了为什么很多人从事志愿活动，以及是什么让他们将从事志愿活动的兴趣保持下去的。）2(61,63)1(62)1(64)/D说理议论（作者先解释何为自由，古希腊人已经给自由下好了定义，将自由和责任捆绑在一起；然后笔锋一转，说到后来雅典人扭曲了自由的定义，开始逃避责任；最后说到，虽然雅典人没有了自由，但是世界从未失去自由。）1(67)3(66,69,70)/2(65,68)合计211545滿分方略第一歩五类题型精准剖斩1•细节琏解题 2.m判断鼬3主旨大意题 心词义踽测融 乩文童结构题（一）定位关键信息，拨云见日巧解细节理解题［设问特点】考查事件、地点、人物和物品的具体细节；•问题一般比较直白；•答案常是原文的一句话或一个词，但可能变换了说法;.有时以true,false或untrue,except等提问；

•错误答案往往明显与原文内容不符。【常考问题】•WhichofthefollowingisNOTincluded/mentionedinthepassage?•WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?TOC\o"1-5"\h\z3•Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT .•TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT .•Inthepassage,theauthorstatesthat .•Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.)•..?•Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage.•Whichofthefollowingmaps/diagramsgivestherightpositionof...?［解题技巧】•速读题干抓“关键”，“跳读”文章锁信息，找准信息源是关键，即含有信息的那一段或那一句。•正误判断题：题干原文静心觅。在解答时要带着原题回到原文中， 看它们之间的吻合性。这类题目头绪繁杂，在解题时一定要避免急躁心理。•数字计算题：“加减乘除”巧破解。弄清询问数据与原文数据的因果关系，必要时进行加减乘除或单位换算。•Paraphrase是常用手法，即把原文的说法换一种说法。.错误答案可能部分是正确的，但以偏概全；也可能根据常识正确但却与原文内容不符。［典例】（2017江苏，A片段）CHRONOLOGICAisaninformativeandentertainingtourintohistory,beautifullyillustratedandfullofunbelievablefacts.WhileCHRONOLOGICAtellsthestoriesoffamouspeopleinhistorysuchasThomasEdisonandAlexandertheGreat,thisbookalsogivesanaccountofthelivesoflesser-knownindividualsincludingtheexplorerMungoParkandsculptorGutzonBorglum.56•WhatisCHRONOLOGICAaccordingtothetext?A•Abiography. B.Atravelguide.C•C•Ahistorybook.答案CD•Ascieneefiction.解析细节理解题。根据本段中的 “CHRONOLOGICAisaninformativeandentertainingtourintohistory...thisbookalsogivesanaccountofthelivesoflesser-knownindividuals”可知，CHRONOLOGICA是一本历史书。（二）理顺上下文语境，字斟句酌攻克推理判断题［设问特点】.考查暗含的信息，文章没有直说。这类试题的题干中常含 infer（推断）,learnabout（知道）,suggest（暗示）,imply（暗示）,conclude（推断）,indicate（暗示）等词语；.在原文中一定能找到暗示；.设问含义深刻，不像细节理解题那么直白；.正确选项既符合逻辑，又与全文主旨一致；5.错误选项的特点是过于直白，歪曲事实或夸大其词。［常考问题】TOC\o"1-5"\h\zWecaninferfromthepassagethat .Thepassage/authorimplies/suggeststhat .Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat .Fromthepassagewecantell .Thewritersuggestsinthebeginningthat .Whatprobablyhappenedintheend?Theauthor'sattitudeto/towards...isthat .8.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?［解题技巧】根据事实细节，合理推断信息。在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，进行判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。做到判断有据，推论有理，忠于原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。.解题时应注意以下两点：（1） 直接陈述文章内容的选项不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项；（2） 推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知，因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由。.推理判断的主要方法：抓住关键词，结合全文，归纳演绎。归纳是具体到抽象，个别到一般；演绎是一般到个别，抽象到具体。•要依据原文推理判断，牢记是在原文中考查作者的想法，而不是考生本人的想法，原文是唯一的判断依据。［典例】（2016四川，B片段）Ourownexperieneeworkingtogetheronhealth，development，andenergythelasttwentyyearshasbeenoneofthemostrewardingpartsofourlives.Ithaschangedwhoweareandcontinuestofuelouroptimismabouthowmuchthelivesofthepoorestpeoplewillimproveintheyearsahead.27.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Theauthorbelievesthelivesofthepoorestwillgetbetter.B.Muchmoreprogresswillbemadeinthenearfuture.Theworkonhealthisthemostvaluableexperienee.People'seffortshavebeenmateriallyrewarded.答案A解析推理判断题。根据本段最后提到的 “Ithaschangedwhoweareandcontinuestofuelouroptimismabouthowmuchthelivesofthepoorestpeoplewillimproveintheyearsahead.”可知作者对最穷困的人的生活会好转表示乐观。故选 A。（三）探寻主线或主题，高瞻远瞩锁定主旨大意题［设问特点】1.考查标题归纳、全文主旨或段落大意；.正确选项概括范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确；.错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或是偏离主题，主观臆断；.常以mainidea,bestidea,subject,mainlydiscuss等词提问。［常考问题】TOC\o"1-5"\h\zThebesttitleforthispassageis .Thepassage（orthefirstparagraph）ismainlyabout .Whatisthemainidea/topic/subjectofthepassage?Thepassagechieflydiscusses/dealswith ..Thepassagemainlytellsusthat .Themainideaofthefirst/second/third...paragraphprobablyis ［解题技巧】1.如原文有标题，则标题常反映主旨大意。.如问段落大意，应注意首句和尾句。.主旨信息常在forexample之前，allinall之后。.若段首为疑问句，则回答即主题。5•作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。.表示总结或结论的话常有 therefore,thus,inshort,conelude,conclusion等。［典例】（2016江苏，B）Chimps（黑猩猩）willcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct（本能）tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren,whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon'tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreatereffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighborinthenextcage,hewillpullatrandom—hejustdoesn'tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturallycooperative.Fromtheearliestages,theydesiretohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichaelTomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinetsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotraintheirchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligeneedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive（认知的）skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomasello,thehumanchildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtestsbutwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld.Thecoreofwhatchildren'smindshaveandchimps'don'tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa“we”，agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.60.Thepassageismainlyabout .A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildrenB.waystotrainchildren'ssharedintentionalitycooperationasadistinctivehumannaturethedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren答案C解析主旨大意题。通读全文可知，通过实验，发现黑猩猩没有相互帮助的本能， 非常自私,而人类却从小就知道帮助他人， 善于与他人合作，这是人类独有的天性。故C项为最佳答案。（四）洞察逻辑关系，顺藤摸瓜明辨词义猜测题［设问特点】1.从原文中找单词、短语或句子设问；.只有在具体的上下文中才可判断准确；.所考单词有的是生词，有的是熟词新义；.正确选项的特征是放在原文不仅单句合理，全文也合理；错误选项或是字面意思，或是故意胡说；.考查某些指示代词的具体指代。［常考问题】Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase“...”inParagraph...mean?Whichofthefollowingisnearest/closestinmeaningto "...”？TOC\o"1-5"\h\zTheword/phrase“...”couldbebestreplacedby“ ”..Theunderlinedword/phrase“...”probablyrefersto“ ”..Accordingtothepassage,theword“...”isknownas“ ”..Theunderlinedword/phrase“...”inParagraph...means“ ”.［解题技巧】1.利用构词法猜词英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。•利用语境及逻辑关系猜词利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特别留心某些词语，女口or,thatis,inotherwords,including,although,but,evenif,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,otherthan,ratherthan,morethan,insteadof等。•利用同义解释猜词同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用 or,thatis(tosay),inotherwords,namely等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。•利用常识及生活经验猜词考生要运用非语言知识提示来提高分析能力， 力图理解阅读中的生词，以明确把握作者的意图。［典例】（2017江苏，B片段）Beforebirth,babiescantellthediffereneebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother'svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教）,birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）•New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom'scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme!”call.58.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“ ”.A.betheworst B.bethebestC.bejustasbad D.bejustasgood答案B解析词义猜测题。画线部分前面的语境说，婴儿在出生之前就能分辨很大的声响与人的嗓音（tellthediffereneebetweenloudsoundsandvoices）;画线部分后面的语境说，有些鸟妈妈在鸟儿被孵化出来之前，就可能教它们啼叫 （teachtheiryoungtosing）。通过对比画线部分的前后我们发现，这里说的是与人类相比， 鸟妈妈在胎教方面表现得最好 （bethebest），因此选B。（五）理清全文构架，画龙点睛勾勒文章结构题［设问特点】•问题主要考查对文章结构的把握能力；•考查对文章组织形式的判断；•考查对文章基本结构的理解。【常考问题丨•Howisthetextorganized?TOC\o"1-5"\h\z•Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby .•Thetextismainlydevelopedintheorderof .•Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage/thedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?•Thefirstparagraphservesasa（n） .•Whatwouldtheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagraphthatfollows?［解题技巧】［典例】（2016北京，D）•发挥整体感悟能力，做结构题也要了解全文的主题。.判断文章体裁类型，是议论文、记叙文还是说明文。•记叙文通常以时间、地点或故事情节发展 （开端、发展、高潮、结局）等为序进行写作。.议论文总体上可以分为四类： 第一类："提出论点t分论点一t分论点二t分论点三”t结论”；第二类：“引入段T导出论点T分点论述T结论”；第三类：“提出问题T分析问题T解决问题”；第四类：“提出反面观点T批驳反面观点T提出正面观点”。•说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作。•了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构（总T分；总T分T总；分T总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一正一反）。WhyCollegeIsNotHomeThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy（ 自主性）andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescenee,duringwhichmanyoftoday'sstudentsarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol；guidaneeandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.lnthepasttwodecades,however,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility,universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibility,collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves “tryingon”newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbothintellectually（在思维方面）andpersonally.Whileweshouldprovide“safespaces'withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning.Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity（ 群体）differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.lfstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcomp