英美概况美国部分(修正版)

..PARTTWOTheUnitedStatesofAmerican1.Population,raceandethnicgroups人口和种族1)introduction概要thethirdmostpopulouscountryintheworld,with255.5millionpeople.anationofimmigrants.Immigrationaccountsforamajorsourceofpopulationgrowth.Therearemanyracialandethnicgroups.Between80%and90%ofimmigrationottheUnitedStatesnowisfromAsianandHispaniccounties.ThefirstimmigrantsinAmericanhistorycamefromEnglandandNetherlands.PopulationmovementsaremoninAmerica.移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。人口迁徙在美国很普遍。2)BlackpeopleandtheCivilRightsMovement①blacksandslaverythelargestoftheracialandethnicminoritiesintheU.S.,which12.1percentofthepopulation;thefirstblackswerebroughttoNorthAmericaasslavesin1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。1%；1619年最早的黑人作为奴隶被运至美国。②TheslavesystemwasformallyendedbyLincoln‘sEmancipationProclamationin1863andtheThirteenthAmendmenttotheConsititutionin1865.theCivilRightsMovementinthe1960sdemandeddesegregationandequalright.1863年林肯总统的"解放宣言"和1865年的"宪法第13修正案"使奴隶制度正式瓦解。废除种族隔离和人权平等导致了1960年的运动。2.AmericanHistory1)The―discovery‖oftheNewWorld发现新大陆①The―firstAmericans‖weretheIndians最早的美国人是印第安人②Inthelate15thcentury,ChristopherColumbus,anItaliannavigator,supportedbytheSpanishqueen,heledhismentosailacrossthevastoceanin1492andreachedsomesmallislandsinthenowwestIndies.HethoughthehadreachedAsiaanddidn‘tknowhehaddisvoveredaNewContinent.15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。AmerigaVespucciprovedthatthelandwasanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafterhim.阿美利歌。韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。2)CausesofthecolonizationoftheNewWorldOpportunitywasamagicword.①ThenewWorlddrewEnglishnobles(whodreamedofgettingmorelandandestablishinggreatnewestates.).②DrewotherpeoplewhocouldnotfindjobsinEngland.③Mostofall,itdrewthepoorandthehomelessfromthefarmlandsandvillagesofEurope.④ManysettlerscametotheEnglishcoloniesinsearchofreligiousfreedombecausetheyhadbeenpersecutedinEngland.机遇是一个神奇的词。1〕他吸引了英国的贵族〔那些梦想在荒原上创立庞大的新地产的〕2〕吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。3〕尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的人。4〕许多人为寻求自由而在这英国殖民地定居下来，因为他们在英国受到迫害。3)ThefirstEnglishcolonyintheAmericaswasfoundedatJamestown,Virginia,in1607.Between1607and1733theBritishestablished13coloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.TheywereVirginia,Maine,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,Connecticut,NewYork,RhodeIsland,Maryland,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,NewJersey,PennsylvaniaandGeorlina.美洲的第一块英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。从1607年到1733年间，英国在北美的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马塞、康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、马里兰、北卡罗来纳，南卡罗来纳、新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和佐治亚。In1620,201ofPilgrimssailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.TheyarrivedatPlymouthandbuiltthePlymouthcolony.ThePuritans〔清教徒〕,unlikethePilgrims(清教徒前辈)whowereartisansandpeasants,werewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.ThePuritansdidnotallowreligiousdissent.ThecolonistswerebuildinganewwayoflifeintheNewWorld.TherewereanumberoffeatureswhichwouldplayaroleinformingtheAmericancharacter.Theywere:representativefromofgovernment,ruleoflaw,respectofindividualrights,religioustoleranceandastrongofindividualenterprise.1620年，清教徒前辈中的201人乘坐―5月花号‖船来到新大陆，在普利茅斯建立了殖民地。清教徒和身为手艺人或农夫的清教徒前辈不同，他们富有，是受过良好教育的绅士。清教徒不允许异教存在。殖民者在新大陆建立了一种新的生活方式。以下几点为美国特色的形成起到一定作用：政府的代表形式，法制，对人权的尊重，的宽容和强大个人进取精神。3〕TheAmericanWarofIndependenceanditsconsequences.美国独立战争极其影响①thecauses:Withthedevelopmentofeconomy,thepeopleinthecolonieswantedmorepowertodeterminetheirownbusiness.ButthepolicyoftheBritishgovernmentwastobringthedevelopmentundercontrolandcollectmoretaxesfromthecolonies.原因：随着经济的开展，殖民地人民要求更多的自决权。而英国政府的政策是要把经济开展控于股掌，并向殖民地征收更多的税②theBostonTeaParty(波士顿茶叶事件):In1773,severaldozenBostonresidentsdressedasIndiansboardedtheshipsoftheBritishEastIndiapanyandthrewtheteaintotheharbor.1773年，几十名波士顿居民化装成印第安人，登上英国东印度公司的船，将茶叶倾入海中。③theFirstcontinentalCongress:InSeptember1774,theFirstContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphiawhichencouragedAmericanstorefusetobuyBritishgoods.第一届大陆会议：1774年9月，在费城召开，鼓励美国人抵抗英货。④LexingtonandConcord(列克星顿和康克特)：TheWarofIndependencebeganattherein1775.⑤TheSecondContinentalCongress(threeweeksafterthebattleatLexingtonin1775):foundedaContinentalArmyandNavyunderthemandofWashington;appointedamitteetodraftaformaldeclaration(ThomasJeffersonwasthemanwhodraftit),theDeclarationofIndependence,AndadoptedtheDeclarationofIndependenceonJuly4,1776.第二次大陆会议〔1775年的列克星顿战役三周之后〕：建立了大陆军和海军，任命华盛顿为总司令；指定了一个委员会负责起草一份正式宣言〔托马斯。杰斐逊起草〕，1776.6.4，通过了独立宣言。⑥TheDeclarationisaclearexplanationofthepoliticaltheorybehindtherevolutionandthistheorycamefromtheBritishphilosopherJohnLocke.宣言清晰地解释了指导这场革命的政治理论，这一理论源于英国哲学家约翰。洛克。⑦Theconsequences:INSeptember,1783,theTreatyofPariswassigned.BritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates;thewarwasfrom1775to1781,itshowsthat,inajustwar,aweaknationcandefeatastrongone.AmericanpeoplegainedindependenceandcapitalismdevelopedinAmerica.Italsohadgreatinternationalinfluence.意义：1783年9月，"巴黎条约"签署，英国成认美国独立；战争从1775-1781，说明，在一场正义的战争中，弱者可以战胜强者。美国人民获得了独立，资本主义得到开展。同时具有深远的国际影响。4)Establishmentofafederalformofgovernment:联邦政府的建立①TheArticlesofConfederationwasunusualinmanyways.1)itprovidedfornoking;2)whiletheArticlescreatedacentralgovernmentintheformofaCongress,theemphasiswasstillonstatepowers.3)theArticlesofConfederationwasawrittenconstitutionfortheU.S..Buttherewereseriousweaknesses,itwasdifficulttocarryonthebusinessofthegovernmentwithoutsomeonetodotheexecutive‘sjob.Congresswastoolargeabodytofunctionasgovernment.AndCongresshadnopowertoraisetaxes.AconferencewasheldinPhiladelphiainMay1787toconsiderwhatshouldbedonetomaketheArticlesofConfederationadequate.十三洲联邦宪法的不同之处在于：1〕没有采用君主立宪制；2〕确立了国会形式的中央政府，但仍以洲治为主；3〕是美国的明文宪法。但也存在严重缺陷：无人主持行政工作，政府事务很难执行。国会体制庞大，无法起到政府职能，国会无权提高税收。1787年5月于费城召开了一次大会，讨论如何改良十三洲联邦宪法。②TheGreatpromise(onJuly16,1787):gaveeachstateanequalvoteintheSenatebutmakingrepresentationintheHousereflectthesizeofeachstate’spopulation.1787.7.16出台的大折中：赋予各州在参议院中同样的选举权,而众议院中的代表人数那么根据各州的人口决定。③TheBillofRights(1791)，becamethefirsttenamendmentstotheconstitutionoftheAmericanconstitutional—theBillofRights.Bythen,itisagreed,thefoundationoftheAmericanconstitutionalsystemwaspleted.1791年通过的，成为对"宪法"最早的十项修正案—人权法案。一般认为至此美国宪法体制的建立全部完成。thefirstCongress:metinNewYorkIn1789.thefirstPresident:Washington5)ConsequencesofterritorialexpansionandthewestwardMovement领土扩和西进运动①forcedEnglandtogiveuptheOldNorthwest;迫使英格兰放弃旧西北地区②PurchasedtheLouisianafromNapoleon.(1790’s)向拿破伦购置路易斯安那州③forcedSpaintocedeFloridaandtheGulfcoast.迫使西班牙放弃弗罗里达和墨西哥海岸。④TexasaddedtotheUnion(1845).1845,德克萨斯参加联邦⑤ObtainedCaliforniaandNewMexicoFromMexicobythewarwithMexico(1846-1848)从墨西哥战争1846-4848，得到加利福尼亚和新墨西哥。⑥TheGadsdenPurchase(1853)another30,000squaremilesofMexicanlandwereaddedtotheterritoryoftheU.S.,inreturn,theU.S.paid10milliondollars.1853年的‗加滋登购地‘中，又有3万平方英里的墨西哥变成了美国领土，美国付了1千万美圆的补偿。6)TheAmericanCivilWaranditsimpactonthedevelopmentoftheU.S①TheconflictbetweentheNorthandtheSouth:Intheearly1800’s,blackslaverydisappearedinthenorthbecauseofindustrydevelopment.ButitcontinuedtoexistintheSouth.IntheSouth,farmingremainedthemostimportantwayofmakingalivingandtheplanterfarmedalargeareaofland.Slavelaborsseemedbestsuitedforproducingthesecrops.19世纪早期，由于工业的开展，黑奴在北方消失。但在南方仍然存在。在南方，农耕是最主要的谋生手段，农场主耕种了大片土地。奴隶劳动力似乎最适于这些农作物的生产。②Thepromiseof1850:theNorthandtheSouthallowedCaliforniatobeacceptedasafreestatewhileorderingthereturningofrunawayslavestothemasters.1850年通过了一个折中的方案：同意加利福尼亚为自治州，将逃跑的奴隶归还主人。③AbrahamLincoln(亚伯拉罕.林肯)：SoonafterLincolnBecametheU.S.President,theWarbrokeoutonApril12,1861.HerealizedthathecouldwinsupportfortheUnionathomeandabroadbymakingthewarajustwaragainstslavery.SoheissuedthefamousEmancipationProclamationin1863.ThusEnglandandFrancestoodbytheUnion‘sside.ManyblackslavesjoinedtheUnionArmy.亚伯拉罕.林肯:当林肯成为美国总统后，1861.4.12爆发战争，他意识到可以把战争变为反奴隶的正义战争，从而获得国外对联邦的支持。所以他公布了著名的"解放宣言"。这样英法各国站到了联邦一边，许多黑奴参加了联邦军。Lincoln’sspeech:―Thatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.‖民有，民治，民享的政府是不会从地球上消亡的。TheThirteenthAmendment,whichbannedslavery,wasaddedtotheConstitutioninDecember,1865.废除奴隶制的第十三修正案于1865年12月写入宪法。⑦RapidGrowthofCapitalismaftertheCivilWar战后资本主义的迅速开展Afterthewar,theU.S.sawgreatdevelopmentsinIndustry,agriculture,scienceandtechnology,andpopulation.①reasons:astablepoliticalenvironmentafterthewarwasover;enoughlaboursupplyafterblackslaveswerefree;newimmigrants;ScienceandinventionplayedaveryimportantroleinacceleratingAmerica’sindustrialdevelopment;thefederalgovernmentputhightaxesonforeignimports;theRichnaturalresources.原因：战后稳定的政治环境；黑奴自由，新移民都提供了足够的劳动力；科学和创造在美国的工业开展中起到重要作用；联邦政府对进口商品课以高税，丰富的自然资源。②consequences:Bothproductionandcapitalbecameincreasinglyconcentrated.生产和资本越来越集中。3.AmericanHistory(1900-1945)1)Economicgrowthintheearly20thcentury①tremendousgrowthoftheAmericaneconomy(betweentheendofthecivilwarand1900):Steamandelectricityreplacedhumanmuscle,steeltooktheplaceofiron.Machinesandoilwereused.Peopleandgoodscouldmovebyrailroads.In1900itbecamethelargestproducerofcoalandsteelintheworld.战完毕到1900年间，美国经济取得了巨大开展；蒸汽和电力取代了人力，钢取代了铁。机器和石油得到了应用，客运和货运可以通过铁路进展。煤和铁以巨大产量位居世界之首。②featuresinthegrowthoftheeconomy:1)thereemergedagrowthofindustrialandfinancialmergers.By1910,incorporationhadbeethedominanttype;2)Withthedevelopmentofindustryandtheextensionofrailroadnetwork,therewasamushroomgrowthofcitiesandurbanization;3)therewasarapiddevelopmentofnewtechnology.Theautomobileandradioalsodeveloped.Americawasonthewayofbeinganationonwheels.经济开展的特点：1〕出现了工业和金融合并开展的势头。到1910年，联合企业已成为主导形式；2〕随着工业和铁路网络的扩，城市如雨后春笋般开展起来〔都市化〕；3〕新工业技术的开展迅猛。汽车和无线电也开展起来，美国正在成为一个车轮上的国家。progressivismandsomeofthereformefforts.Progressivism,alsoknownastheProgressiveMovement,appearedinAmericaattheturnofthe20thcentury.Itdemandedgovernmentregulation(规)oftheeconomyandsocialconditions–socialarea:toimprovelivingconditionsofthepoor,tobanchildlabour,workhourlimitforwomenworkers,andindustrialaccidentinsurance.Politicalarea:toreformstateandcitygovernmentsandeconomicarea:toregulatebigbusinesses.进步运动出现在20世纪初，是一场要求政府调控经济和社会生活条件的运动—社会领域：改善城市贫民的居住条件，制止使用童工政治领域：改革市政府和州政府，经济领域：调控大型企业。①theMuckrakersandProgressiveMovement:TheMuckrakers,agroupofreform-mindedjournalists,madeinvestigationsandexposedvariousdarksidesofsociety.ProgressiveMovementwasnotanorganizedcampaignwithclearlydefinedgoals.Rather,itwasanumberofdiverseeffortsatpolitical,social,andeconomicreforms.搜集并揭露丑闻的人，是一群锐意改革的新闻记者，调查和揭露了社会的阴暗面。进步运动不是一场具有明确目标的有组织的运动，而是政治，社会以及经济改革方面一系列不同形式的努力。roleoftheU.S.inWWIAtthebeginningofthewar,WilsonsaidAmericanpolicywasneutrality,Butinfactitpursuedapolicyofpro-Ally(支持同盟国)partiality.AmericandeclaredwaronGermanyonApril6,1917.ThePeaceConference,theParisConference,beganonJanuary18,1919.TheconferencewasactuallyaconferenceofdivisionofcoloniesofGermany,Austro-HungaryandtheOttomanEmpireandthegrabbingofasmuchaspossiblefromthedefeatednations.TheresultoftheParisConferencewastheemergenceoftheVersaillesTreatySysteminEurope.战争初期，威尔逊声明美国中立，但事实上采用了亲同盟国的偏狭政策。美国于1917年4.6对德宣战。1919.1.18,巴黎和会召开，这个会议实质上是瓜分德国，奥匈帝国，奥斯曼帝国殖民地，尽可能掠夺战败国的会议。巴黎和会的结果是欧洲凡尔赛条约体系的出现4)characteristicsofthe1920sThe1920sintheU.S.hasbeendescribedbymanyhistoriansasaperiodofmaterialsuccessandspiritualfrustrationorconfusionandpurposelessness.thewarchangedtheU.S.fromadebtornationintoacreditor.Therewasfurtherurbanization,newdevelopmentoftechnologyandmassproduction.The1920sintheU.S.hasbeendescribedasaperiodofmaterialsuccessandspiritualfrustration.Morepeoplehadcars.Thegovernmentgavehelptoindustryandbusiness.Thereexistedahighlyaggressiveandintolerantnationalism.TherewastheRedScarein1919and1920.TherewastherevivaloftheKuKluxKlan(三K党反动组织复活)whichclaimedamembershipof5million.20世世纪20年代的美国被很多历史学家描绘成一个物质丰厚而精神崩溃和迷惘的年代。战争将美国从债务国变成债权国。进一步的都市化，技术和大规模生产有了新的开展。更多的人有了车。政府给予工业和商业帮助。产生了一种激进、偏狭的民族主义。一是1919-1920的‗红色恐惧；三K党的复兴，宣布已有5百万党员。5)theGreatDepression(1929-1937)andtheNewDeal大萧条和新政①noregulationorcontrolovervariouskindsofinvestmentpanies.Thebankingsystemlackedstability.stockmarketspeculation〔股票市场投机〕andoverexpansionofcredit.(借贷过度膨胀)stockmarketcrash(1929):America‘sstockmarketcrashcameonOctober24,1929,calledtheblackThursday没有对各种投资公司调节与控制。银行系统缺乏稳定性。股票市场的投机与信贷过度膨胀。股票崩盘：1929.10.24，被称为黑色星期四。②thegrossnationalproduct(GNP)shrank(收缩)from$87billionin1929to$41billionin1933.theunemployedwentup;Miseryandpersonalsufferingswerewidespread.国民生产总值从1929年的870亿降到1933年的410亿美元。失业率增加，不幸和痛苦到处可见。6)FranklinRooseveltandtheNewDeal①RooseveltbecametheU.S.presidentin1932.Hehadasuresenseofwhatseemedpracticalorpossible.Hewasagreatmunicator,abletotalktopeopleinallwalksoflife.His―firesidechats‖overtheradiowerelistenedtobymillionsofpeople.罗斯福于1932年成为美国总统，他能准确区分什么是现实的或可行的。他是一个伟大的交际者，能够和各界人事谈的来。他通过无线电播出的―炉边谈话‖拥有数百万的听众。②theNewDeal:MeasureoftheNewDealincludeestablishmentandstrengtheningofgovernmentregulationandcontrolofbanking;Federalgovernmentmanagementofreliefandsecuritysystem〔社会救济保障体系〕;recoveryofindustryandagriculture;passageoffederallabourlaws;improvementofthesituationofminoritiesandmembersofcertainreligiousgroups.Thesemeasures,wasto―saveAmericandemocracy‖.andhelpoverethemostseriouseconomiccrisisofthecapitalistsystemuptothattime.新政：建立和加强政府对银行的管理和控制；联邦政府对救济进展管理，建立社会救济保障体系；刺激工，农业的复；通过劳工法；改善少数民族和某些团体成员的状况。这些措施的目的是―拯救美国的‖，帮助美国克制了当时资本主义所经历的最严重的经济危机。7〕AmericainWWII①TheSecondWorldWarwastheresultofstrugglebetweenthegreatpowersforcontroloftheworldandmilitaryexpansionofthecountriesofNaziGermany,FascistItalyandmilitaristJapan.IsolationismbeforeWWIIandneutralityatfirst二战是由大国为争夺世界霸权，以及纳粹德国，法西斯主义的意大利和军国主义的日本进展军事扩而导致的。美国第二次世界大战前的孤立主义和初期的中立政策。②thePearlHarbourIncidentinDecember,19411941.12月的珍珠港事件③Americanwartimeobjectivesandguidingprinciplesforwartimediplomacy美国的战时目标和战时外交的指导原那么。TheobjectiveswerethetotaldestructionoftheAxispowersandtheestablishmentofaworldorderafterunconditionalvictoryinaccordwithAmericanidealsandinterest;Twoguidingprinciples:thefirstwastowinthewar,thesecondwastoestablishapostwarpoliticalstructureinaccordwithAmericaninterestandtopreventtheSovietUnionfromover-expansion.战时目标是彻底摧毁轴心国势力，并在取得无条件胜利后建立与美国理想与利益符合的世界秩序。两个指导原那么：1是取得战争胜利，2是建立一个符合美国利益的战后政治构造，并防止联过度扩。④Anglo-AmericanStrategyanddifferencesinEurope.英美在欧洲的战略和分歧AStrategyofEurope:todefeatGermanyfirst;ThesecondissuewaspolicytowardstheSovietUnion.欧洲战略：先击败德国，然后是对联的政策。Thedifferences:TheUnitedStateswaseagertotakeawayfromFranceandBritaintheirformercoloniesandletthembeeindependentstates.BritaindidnotliketheAmerica’spolicy美国渴望英、法的殖民地能摆脱英、法而成为独立国家。英不同意。⑤AmericanpolicytowardstheSovietUnion美国的对政策：1〕tokeeptheSovietUnioninthewar;2〕togettheSovietUnionintothewaragainstJapan;3〕toinfluenceSovietpolicyandtobeverywatchfulaboutSovietexpansiveintention.1〕让联继续参战，2〕使联卷入对日抗战；3〕给联外交政策一定的影响，同时十分警觉联的扩意图。⑥PotsdamConference(1945)波茨坦会议：showedthatthereweregreatdifferencesamongAmerica,BritainandtheSovietUnion.Chapter17AmericainPostwarEra(1945-1980s)二次大战后的美国1〕OriginsoftheColdWar冷战的起源①time:beganwiththeendingoftheWWII;Causes:causedbyconflictsbetweentheU.S.andtheS.U.arosebasicallyfromtheirseparateconceptsofpostwarworldorder;thedifferentpolicy:DuringtheColdWar,theU.S.governmentwouldsupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingagainstmunism.AndtheSovietUnionbeliveveditshouldrapidlybuildupitsstrengthforthefinalstruggleagainstcapitalism.时间：二战完毕后；原因：美之间的冲突基根源于他们对战后世界秩序的不同想法；不同政策：在冷战期间，美国政府支持任何一个表示反对共产主义的国家。联相信必须迅速增强自己的实力，同资本主义做最后的抗争。②GeorgeKennan(proposedthecontainmetnpolicyonFebruary22,1946)andthecontainmetnpolicy:thecontainmentpolicybecametheofficalpolicytowardstheSoveitUnionuntil1989.1946年2月22日，美国驻联大使乔治。凯南在他的电报中主对联采取遏制政策。此后遏制政策作为美国对联的官方政策。2)TheTrumanDoctrineandtheMarshallPlan杜鲁门主义和马歇尔方案。①theTrumanDoctrine:theU.Sgovernmentshouldsupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingagainstmunism.ItwasputforwardbytheU.S.PresidentTrumanin1947.杜鲁门主义：美国政府将会支持任何一个表示反对共产主义的国家。这是美国总统杜鲁门1947年提出的②TheMarshallPlan:InordertoprotectWesternEuropefrompossibleSovietexpansion,theU.S.decidedtoofferWesternEuropeancountrieseconomicaid.ItwasannouncedbySecretaryofStateGeorgeMarshallonJune5,1947.马歇尔方案：为了保护西欧不受联扩影响，美国决定给予西欧国家经济支援，这是由国务卿马歇尔于1947.EffectsofMcCarthyism(麦卡锡主义1950-1954)ofonAmericansociety：McCarthyused―biglie‖tactictopersecuteprogressivepeople.Hesaidhehadthenamesofover200munistsintheStateDepartment.Hisliescausedfull-scale,anti-munisthysteriainAmericaandfrightenedalargenumberofordinaryAmericans.麦卡锡用弥天大谎这一手段迫害进步改革人士。他声称掌握了200共产党人的。他的谎话过于极端，反对共产党人的歇斯底里导致美国民众的极度恐慌。thepostwarboomintheU.S.:Since1945theU.S.hadenteredatwenty-fiveyearseconomicboom.Thecornerstones(支柱产业)weretheautomobile,housinganddefenceindustries.Duringthisperiod,theeconomygrewatanaveragerateof3.5percentperyear.Thenation‘sGNProsefromjustover$200billionin1946tocloseto$1trillionin1970.Crucialtothepostwareconomicboomwasthebabyboom—theupsurgeinbirthsandmilitaryspending.Morethan63millionbabieswerebornbetween1946and1961intheU.S.andthisincreasedconsumption.自1945年以来，美国经济进入了长达25年的繁荣期，经济繁荣的根本为汽车，住房和国防工业。这期间，经济以平均每年3.5%增长。国民生产总值从1946的稍高于2千亿美圆增长到1970的近1万亿美元。对战后经济增长至关重要的是生育顶峰—出生顶峰和军队开支。6350万以上的婴儿在1946-1961年出生。5)U.SChinarelations(1949-1972)①TheTaiwanissueandU.S.supportofChiangKaishek:theTaiwanproblemwasbeenakeyprobleminU.S–Chinarelations.TheU.S.providedChiangwithmilitaryaid.②changeinU.SpolicytowardsChinafromNixon’svisitin1972③normalizationandremainingproblems〔关系正常化和现存问题〕：SoonaftertheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationswithChinain1979,theU.S.CongressadoptedtheTaiwanRelationsAct(关系法)whichviolatethespiritoftheagreementfortheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelations.TheNewRightandtheirprogram新右派及其纲领theNewRightconsistsoftwogroupsofpeople:thefirmbelieversprotestantreligiousteachings(新教教义)whowereconcernedwithsocialandmoralissues;andtheintellectualswhowereconcernedwithpoliticalandforeignpolicyissues.TheNewRightdemandedequaltimeinschoolfortheteachingofmancreatedbyGodasopposedtotheteachingofevolution(对相反的上帝造人说和进化论实行等学时教育).Theyopposedabortion(人工流产)and―affirmativeaction‖(在就业及入学方面优侍黑人及其他少数民族的行动。)Chapter18TheU.S.Economy美国经济1)Factorsthatcontributetothefastgrowthoftheeconomy:①thegeographicallocationoftheUnitedStatesprovidesverygoodconditionsforthecountrytogrowandbeestrong.②theUnitedStateshasbeenblessedbybeingalandrichinmineralresourcesandfertilefarmsoil,togetherwithamoderateclimate.③Americahasbeenfortunateinhavingenoughpeopletoprovidethelabournecessaryforaconstantlyexpandingeconomy.④Thequalityofavailablelabour.TheUnitedStateshasaskillfulandwillinglabourforce.经济快速增长的几个因素：1.美国的地理位置为国家的开展壮大提供了良好的条件；2.美国有幸是一块矿产资源丰富、土壤肥沃的陆地，气候温和；3.拥有足够的劳动力以满足不断开展的经济增长；4.这些劳动力的质量。美国拥有技术高和能动性好的劳动力大军。2)CharacteristicsoftheU.S.economy:characterizedbyahighdegreeofmonopoly.经济特征：以高度垄断为特点。3)theimportanceofforeigntrade:theUnitedStatessuppliesalargershareoftheimportsofallothercountriesthandoesanyothercountryintheworld.ButtheU.S.shareoftheworldtradehasdeclinedinrecentyears.①CurrentlyUSexportsareabout15%oftheworld’stotal;②theUSimportsabout13%ofallworldimports;③CanadaisthelargestsinglesourceofgoodsimportedbytheU.S.,accountingfornearly30%ofthetotal.Asiaprovidesabout18%ofAmericanimports.ThustheeconomyofthesecountriesisoftenaffectedwhentheU.S.economyisintrouble.美国进口的商品比世界任何国家都多。但最近几年比例有所下降。美国出口量占全世界出口总数的15%；2.美国的进口占13%左右；3.加拿大是最大的供给国，占总数的近30%。亚洲占18%左右。因此，一旦美国经济陷入困境，这些国家也会受到影响。4)problemsfacingtheUSeconomy:unemployment,inflation,financialdeficit,andtradedeficit.经济存在的问题：失业，通货膨胀，财政赤字和贸易赤字。Chapter19.PoliticalInstitution政治体制AworkableformofgovernmentundertheConstitution:afederalsystemofgovernmentwhichhastwolayersofrule.两极统治的联邦政府体制SeparationofpowerswithchecksandbalancesundertheConstitution:TheConstitutiondividesthegovernmentintothreebranches:thelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicial.Eachbranchhasonlypartofthepowersbutnotallthepowers.Thethreebranchesareinbalanceandtheymaycheckeachother.三权分立和制衡制度：宪法将政府划分为3个部门，立法部门、执法部门和司法部门。每个部门只有局部权利不是全部权利。三个部门权利平衡并互相限制。SafeguardsforindividuallibertyundertheConstitution:theBillofRights.ItisthetermusedforthefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution.Itguaranteesfreedomofreligion,freedomofspeech,freedomofthepress,freedomofassemblyandpetition,freedomfromunreasonablesearches,righttojurytrial,righttodueprocessoflawandotherlegalrights.宪法下的个人自由的保护：人权。这是最早的十个宪法修正案中的总称。它确保了、言论、出版、集会、请愿和免受无理搜查的自由，还确保了承受陪审团审判、享受应有的法律程序和其他合法权利。PowersoftheAmericanpresident:①Thepresidentistheheadoftheexecutivebranch〔行政部门首脑〕.②Heisalsoheadofstate(元首)electedbythewholenation.③hehassomelegislativepowers(立法权);④heisresponsiblefortherelationsoftheUnitedStateswithforeignnations;⑤hesignsBillspassedbyCongressintolaw.⑥heappointsfederalofficials;⑦hehassomejudicialpowers;⑧mander-in-chief(总司令)⑨hecanservefornomorethan2term总统权利：1总统是行政部门首脑；2.国家元首；3.立法权；4.负责美国与其他国家的关系；5.签署国会通过法律的法案6.委任政府官员；7.司法权利；8.总司令；9.任期不超过2届。5〕PowersoftheHouseofRepresentatives:theHouseofRepresentativescan①introducelegislation,②revenuebillsand③bringchargesagainstofficials,includingthePresident.众议院权利：1.立法；2.征税法案3.指控官员，包括总统。6)PowersoftheSenate:theSenatehasthepowerto①introducedlegislationonanysubjectexceptrevenuebills(除了税收法案).Ithastheauthorityto②confirmorrejectpresidentialappointments(总统任命)ofhighofficialsaswellastheU.S.foreigntreaties.③ItschairmanistheVicePresident.参议院权利：1立法除税收。还有一些特殊权利：2批准或否决总统任命的高级官员及外交条约；3.领导人是副总统。Thejudicialsystemhasinvolvedintothepresentstructure:AccordingtotheConstitution,thejudicialpoweroftheU.SshallbevestedinoneSupremeCourt.Thejudicialsystemhasinvolvedintothepresentstructure:theSupremeCourt,11courtofappeals,91districtcourts,and3courtsofspecialjurisdiction.U.S.judgesareappointedbythePresidentandconfirmedbytheSenate.根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系构造为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。Thetwo-partysystemandthecharacteristicsofthetwomajorparties①thetwo-partysystem:thetwopartysystemmeansthatthetwomajorpoliticalparties–nowtheDemocratsandtheRepublicans–petewitheachothertodominatepoliticsatthefederal,state,andlocallevels.两党制意味着两个主要的政党—目前为党和党—支配着联邦、州及地方的政治舞台。②thecharacteristicsofthetwomajorparties:Thetwomajorpartiesarenotverydifferenttoday.Theyaretwocoalitionsofinterestsandinterestgroups(利益集团的联合).Thereisnostrictpartydiscipline(党纪).Onedoesnothavetoapplyorgothroughnecessaryformalitiestobeeamemberofeitherparty.Buttherearesomedifferencesbetweenthem.TheDemocratstraditionallyfavorgovernmentintervention(主政府干预经济)whiletheRepublicansstresstheroleofthemarket(市场作用)more.OnsocialissuetheDemocratssupportastrongsocialsecuritysystem(社会平安保障体制)whiletheRepublicansopposelargegovernmentalsocialsecurityprograms.Inspiteofthesedifferences,thetwopartiesbothbelieveinindividualism,defendcapitalismandupholdprivateownershipofmeansofproduction(坚持生产资料私有制).两个主要政党今天并没有实质区别。他们是利益集团的联合。没有严格的党纪。要想成为某党成员，不需要申请或办理必要的手续。//但他们有所不同。党主政府干预，党那么强调市场作用。在社会问题上，党支持建立强大的社会保障体系，而党反对大规模的政府社会保障方案。尽管存在这些区别，两党都信仰个人主义，保护资本主义制度，维护生产资料私有制。Chapter20.Education1)CharacteristicsofAmericaneducation:①formaleducationintheUSconsistsofelementary,secondaryandhighereducation.②Elementaryandsecondaryeducation,whichformspubliceducation,isfreeandpulsory③publicandprivateschools:Publicschoolsarecreated,financiallysupportedandgovernedbystatesormunities,andprivateonesbyreligiousgroups,ornonreligiousprivateorganizationsorindividuals.④theTenthAmendmenttotheConstitutionsaideducationwasincludedamongtheresponsibilitieswhichwere―reservedtothestatesorthepeople.Thismakesitclearthateducationisafunctionofthestate,notthefederalgovernment.⑤diversityandsamenessineducationalpolicyandpractice.1.正式教育包括初等、中等、高等教育2.构成公共教育的初、中等教育是免费和义务的；3.公立和私立学校：公立学校由州或社区创立、资助和管理，私立由团体、或非性质的个人或组织来创立；4."宪法第十修正案"把教育包括在只属于州和人民的职责中，这清晰说明教育是州的职能，并非联邦政府的；5.教育政策和教学实践的多样性和类同性2〕ElementaryandsecondaryeducationintheUSElementaryschools:①Insomestatestheelementaryschoolcoversgrades1-8,butinsomeotherstatesitcoversgrades1-5or6.Soittakes5,6or8yearstofinishtheelementaryschoolintheUnitedStates.Theelementaryschoolcurriculum(课程)mainlyconsistsofmasteryofthe―basicssuchasreading,writing,andarithmeticormathematics.一些州小学包括1-8年级，但另一些是1-5或6年级。所以在美国小学要花5，6或8年完成。小学的课程重要包括根本知识的掌握，比方阅读，写作，算术或数学。②SecondarySchools:Secondarys