必修四Unit2-Unit4语法精讲精炼

Unit2——Unit4语法精讲精炼动词-ing形式主宾表√定√状补动名词√√现在分词√√√√一.动名词做主语的用法动名词做主语往往表示一种事实或经常性、习惯性的动作。它已经将动作名词化了，已把动作视为某种活动或是某件事情，动作意义很弱，比较抽象。Seeingisbelieving.Helpingherismyduty.Talkingmendsnoholes.空谈无济于事。Workingwithyouisapleasure.和你一起工作是一种乐趣。不定式做主语往往表示具体的特别是将来的动作Herealizedthattogoonlikethiswaswrong.动名词作主语时，也常用"Itis…"和"Thereis…"两种句型。"Itis…"的句型常用于说明"某种活动或是某件事情是如何，如何"。强调事物的性质、特征等。常用于Itis后面的词有：nogood,nouse,useless,awaste,worthwhile,dangerous等等。"Thereis…"句型往往用于说明"不允许、禁止某种活动或是某件事情发生或存在"。类似一种建议、命令等。例如：Itisnousewaitingforhimanylonger.等他是没有用的。Itisnogoodlearningwithoutpractice.学而不实践是没好处的。Itisdangeroususingthismethodtomeasurethespeedoflight.用这种方法去测量光速是危险的。Itisworthwhileconsultingyourtutoraboutitagain.很值得再向你的老师咨询一下这个问题。Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.这种事开不得玩笑。ThereisnodenyingthefactthatChinahasmadearapidprogressineveryaspectsinceitwasfounded.中国自它成立以来已在各个方面都取得了飞速的发展,这个事实不容抵赖。Thereisnolitteringabout.不许乱扔杂物。二.动名词作宾语的用法1．有些动词或短语动词后常用动名词作宾语。如：admit,appreciate,avoid,can'tstand,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike,finish,forgive,getdownto,giveup,imagine,keep(on),lookforwardto,mention,mind,miss（错过）,payattentionto,practice,putoff,stickto,insiston,suggest等等。2.动词need,require,want意为需要时，后跟动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式作宾语，意义没有区别。如：Thewindowneeds／requires／wantscleaning／tobecleaned．3.在begin,continue,love,like,hate,prefer,intend,start后用动名词和用不定式作宾语均可，没有多大区别。4.动词forget,goon,mean,regret,remember,stop,try,beusedto,can'thelp后跟动名词和跟不定式区别较大can’thelpdoingsth.情不自禁做某事Hecouldn’thelpcryingwhensheheardthesadnews.can’thelptodosth.不能帮助做某事Shecan’thelptocleantheroombecausesheisbusycookingacake.三．动名词，现在分词做表语动名词做表语解释主语内容，且可以和主语颠倒，意思仍然通顺，回答what的问题。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别，现在分词做表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态，不能和主语颠倒，主语一般是事物；可以回答how的问题。如：Herjobiscleaningoffices.Thenewsisveryexciting.四．动名词，现在分词做定语1.动名词通常只能位于所修饰的名词前，既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能，被修饰的名词与动名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系；可用“名词+for+动名词”来表达；如：buildingmaterials=materialsforbuilding建筑材料drinkingwater饮用水=？awalkingstick手杖=？areadingroom阅览室=？awritingdesk写字台=？2.现在分词作定语表示主动或进行；单个的现在分词作定语，常置于被修饰的名词的前面；现在分词短语作定语，须置于被修饰名词的后面。与被修饰的名词与现在分词在逻辑上有主谓关系；可换成定语从句来表达；tiringmusic=musicthatistiring烦人的音乐asurprisingresult=aresultthatissurprising一个惊人的结果-ing形式短语作定语时,放在所修饰的名词之后,并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。Theylivedinaroomfacingthestreet.=Theylivedinaroomthatfacesthestreet.ThemanstandingthereisPeter’sfather.=ThemanwhoisstandingthereisPeter’sfather.Anybodyswimminginthisriverwillbefined.=Anybodywhoisswimminginthisriverwillbefined.体会区别：awaitingroom=aroomforwaitingawaitingman=asleepingcar=therisingsun=3.-ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时，它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如：Hisbrother,workingasateacher,livesinBeijing.=Hisbrother,whoisworkingasateacher,livesinBeijing.五．现在分词做状语（表主动，进行）1.原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。1).Beingill,shedidn’tgotoschooltoday.因为生病，她今天没上学去。2).Seeingnooneathome,Idecidedtocomeagain.看见没有人在家，我决定再来一趟。2.时间状语，相当于when,while等引导的从句。1).Hearingthegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.当听到这个好消息时，他高兴地跳了起来。2).Walkinginthestreet,Isawafriendofmine.当我走在街上时，我看到了我的朋友。3).Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.过街时小心。3.伴随状语，与谓语所表示的动作同时发生。1).HesatatthetablereadingChinaDaily.他坐在桌子旁看《中国日报》。2).Talkingandsmiling,theywentintotheroom.他们又说又笑地走进房间。4.结果状语。1).Themotherdied,leavingalotofmoneyforherchildren.5.条件状语。Turningright,youwillfindtheplaceyouwant.往右转弯，你就会找到你要找的地方了。现在分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般须与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。1).Seeingfromthetopofthehill,wecanseeourbeautifulschool.从山顶望下去，我们就能看到我们美丽的学校。2).Manypeoplebeingabsent,theydecidedtoputthemeetingoff.由于许多人都缺席了，他们决定取消这次会议。六．现在分词做宾补1.1)动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。如：Whenwereturnedtotheschool,wefoundastrangerstandingattheentrance.Wefoundthesnakeeatingtheeggs.Ifoundabaglyingontheground.Thebosskepttheworkersworkingthewholenight.那老板让工人整夜地工作。2.能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1)表示感觉和心理状态，常见的有see,hear,feel,smell,find,notice,observe,lookat,listento,watch等。如：Wesawalightburninginthewindow.Ifeltsomebodypattingmeontheshoulder.Canyousmellanythingburning?Ashespoke,heobservedeverybodylookingathimcuriously.Listentothebirdssinging.Ididn’tnoticehimwaiting.see,hear,feel,watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别：Wepassedbytheclassmatesandsawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.Wesatanhourandwatchedtheteachermaketheexperiment.②如果宾语补足语是短暂性动词，动词不定式短语表示一次动作，而-ing形式则表示反复动作。如：Weheardthedoorslam.Weheardthedoorslamming.2)表示指使意义的动词，常见的有have,set,keep,get,catch,leave,start,make等。Iwon’thaveyoudoingthat.如：Thissetmethinking.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Ican’tgettheclockgoingagain.Youwon’tcatchmedoingthatagain.练习：1.Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound___inthekitchen.A.smoke2.Themanagerdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_____thenextyear.A.carryoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryoutB.smokingC.tosmokeD.smoked3.Recentlyasurvey_______pricesofthesamegoodsintwodifferentsupermarketshascausedheateddebateamongcitizens.A.comparedB．comparingC．comparesD．beingcompared4.Batsaresurprisinglylong-livedcreatures,some______alifespanofaround20years.A.having5.Lookoverthere-there’saverylong,windingpath_____uptothehouse.A.leadingB.leadsC.ledD.toleadB.hadC.haveD.tohave6.Thegovernmentplanstobringinnewlaws_____parentstotakemoreresponsibilityfortheeducationoftheirchildren.A.forcedB.forcingC.tobeforcedD.havingforced7.Thereisagreatdealofevidence_____thatmusicactivitiesengagedifferentpartsofthebrain.A.indicateB.indicatingC.toindicateD.tobeindicating8.Atthebeginningofclass，thenoiseofdeskscouldbehea