对我国农村人力资源合理开发问题的分析

对我国农村人力资源合理开发问题的分析OntheanalysisoftheruralhumanresourcesreasonabledevelopmentissuesinChina摘要：本文从数量和质量方面分析了我国农村人力资源的现状以及进行合理开发的必要性，在此基础上探讨农村人力资源合理开发的措施，试图为实践操作提供一些理论指导。Abstract:ThispaperanalyzedfromtheaspectsofquantityandqualityofruralhumanresourcesinChina'spresentsituationandthenecessityofreasonabledevelopment,onthebasisofthedevelopmentofruralhumanresourcesreasonablemeasures,tryingtoprovidesometheoreticalguidanceforpractice.关键词：农村人力资源，合理开发Keywords:ruralhumanresources，reasonabledevelopment自古以来，中国是一个农业大国，13亿人口，9亿在农村，农村人力资源数量多且质量低，这已经成为我国隐性的失业大军。如何提高农村潜在人力资本的综合素质，尤其是科学文化水平，通过一系列有计划、有目的教育培训机制解决农村人力资源的开发问题，使农村人力资源得到充分合理开发，加快我国小康社会的建设，已经成为我们经济生活中不可避免的重要课题。Sinceancienttimes,Chinaisanagriculturalbigcountry,population1.3billion,900millioninthecountryside,theruralhumanresourcesquantityandqualityislow,ithasbecomeourcountryhiddenunemployed.Howtoimprovetheoverallqualityofruralhumancapitalpotential,especiallyinscientificandculturallevel,throughaseriesofplanned,purposefuleducationtrainingmechanismtosolvetheproblemofruralhumanresourcesdevelopment,makefullreasonabledevelopmentoftheruralhumanresources,speeduptheconstructionofawell-offsocietyinourcountry,hasbecomeaninevitableimportantsubjectinoureconomiclife.我国农村人力资源的现状。First,thestatusofChina'sruralhumanresources.《中国教育与人力资源问题报告》描述了我国人力资源状况。目前，我国人口构成仍以低层次文化人口为主体，国民总体文化程度偏低。高层次人才极为紧缺。人力资源整体水平与发达国家和新兴工业化国家相比存在较大差距，这已经成为影响国家发展的重大障碍。而在我国农村人力资源现状更是不容乐观，主要表现为数量和质量两个方面。TheChineseeducationandhumanresourcesissuesreportdescribesthehumanresourcessituationinourcountry.Atpresent,thepopulationdemographicsisstillatlowlevelcultureasthemainbody,thenationaloverallculturallevelislow.High-levelpersonnelisextremelyscarce.Overalllevelofhumanresourcescomparedwiththedevelopedcountriesandemergingindustrializedcountriesthereisabiggap,ithasbecomeinfluencenationaldevelopmentofsignificanthurdles.InChina'sruralhumanresourcespresentsituationisnotoptimistic,mainlyfortwoaspectsofthequantityandquality.数量现状：我国农村人力资源在数量上呈现基数大，增长快的特点。据统计，1978年我国有9.63亿人，农村人口为8.03亿，农村人力资源为3.06亿，农村人力资源占农村人口的38.11%，占全国人口总数的31.78%。2002年与1978年相比，我国人口总数和农村人口分别增长了33.44%、16.44%，年平均增长率分别为1.21%、0.64%。乡村人口中有劳动力约4.80亿，农村人力资源数量极其丰富，但是人口增长过快与农业发展相对滞缓形成了矛盾。农村人口众多成为农村经济发展沉重的包袱，农村人力资源的经济价值得不到释放。而且，建国以来，我国农业院校培养了大约130万大中专毕业生，有80多万人离开了农业，只有40多万人留在农业系统，而正在农业第一线从事农业技术的只有15万人，人力资源的浪费十分严重。Thequantitystatus:baseonChina'sruralhumanresourcesinquantityisbig,thecharacteristicsoffastgrowth.Accordingtostatistics,in1978ourcountryhas963millionpeople,theruralpopulationof803million,theruralhumanresourcesin306million,theruralhumanresourcesaccountfor38.11%oftheruralpopulation,accountingfor31.78%ofthetotalnationalpopulation.Comparedwith1978in2002,ourcountrypopulationandruralpopulationgrewby33.44%,33.44%respectively,averageannualgrowthrateof1.21%,0.64%respectively.Hasaworkforceofabout480millionruralpopulation,ruralmanpowerresourcesquantityisextremelyrich,butfastpopulationgrowthandagriculturaldevelopmentisrelativelylaggingformedacontradiction.Ruralpopulationbecomeaheavyburdenofruraleconomicdevelopment,theeconomicvalueofruralhumanresourcesisnotreleased.And,sincethefoundingoftheagriculturalcollegesanduniversitiesinourcountryabout1.3millioncollegegraduates,therearemorethan80tenthousandpeopleleftthefarm,onlymorethan40,tenthousandpeopleremaininagriculturalsystem,andareengagedinagriculturaltechnologyonagriculturethefirstlineofonly150000people,seriouswasteofhumanresources.2、质量现状：我国农村人力资源质量现状主要体现为农村劳动力的整体素质普偏低，不适应农业产业化和现代化的发展，防碍新农村的建设。其素质低主要表现在以下几个方面：文化素质偏低。目前我国农村劳动力中，小学及以下文化程度占37.3%，初中文化程度占50.2%，高中文化程度占9.7%，中专文化程度占2.1%，大专及以上文化程度占0.6%。亦即4.8亿农村劳动力中，初中及以下文化程度就有4.2亿人。Qualitystatus:qualityofChina'sruralhumanresourcespresentsituationmainlyreflectsintheoverallqualityofrurallaborforce'slow,don'tadapttothedevelopmentofagriculturalindustrializationandmodernization,andhindertheconstructionofnewcountryside.Thelowqualityismainlymanifestedinthefollowingaspects.Theculturalqualityislow.Atpresentourcountryrurallaborforce,theprimaryschoolandbelowaccountedfor37.3%,levelofeducationjuniormiddleschoolculturelevelaccountedfor50.2%,highschooleducationaccountedfor9.7%,technicalsecondaryschooleducation(2.1%),juniorcollegeandaboveeducationlevelaccountedfor0.6%.-thatis,480millionrurallaborforceinthejuniormiddleschooleducationlevelandbelow420million.3、科技素质不高。目前，在我国农村劳动力中，95%以上的人基本上仍然属于体力型和传统型农民，缺乏职业技术知识和技能，不具备现代化生产对劳动者的初级技术水平的要求，这就影响了现代农业科技的推广和应用。Thescienceandtechnologyqualityisnothigh.Atpresent,inChina'srurallaborforce,morethan95%ofpeoplebasicallystillbelongstothephysicalandtraditionalfarmers,lackofprofessionalknowledgeandskills,doesnothavemodernproductiondemandforthetechnicalstandardsoftheworkers,ithasaffectedthepromotionandapplicationofmodernagriculturalscienceandtechnology.农村人力资源合理开发的必要性。Second,thenecessityofruralhumanresourcesreasonabledevelopment.农村人力资源开发是发展现代农业的需要：《政府工作报告》强调指出，扎实推进社会主义新农村建设，首先要发展现代农业。然而目前我国农业仍处于传统农业向现代农业的过渡阶段，要实现传统农业向现代农业、粗放型农业向现代集约型农业的转化，则要依赖农业科技开发、农村劳动力素质的提高和农村人力资本积累的快速发展。这就要求我们必须大力开发农村人力资源。因为只有通过加快农村人力资源的开发，才能提高广大农民的综合素质，使其具备市场经济知识、法律意识、民主意识，掌握各种专业技术和技能，推动农业的现代化和农村经济社会的全面发展与进步。Theruralhumanresourcesdevelopmentistheneedofdevelopingmodernagriculture,thegovernmentworkreportemphasizedthatsocialistnewruralconstruction,todevelopmodernagricultureinthefirstplace.However,atpresentourcountryagricultureisstillatthestageoftransitionfromtraditionalagriculturetomodernagriculture,torealizethetraditionalagriculturetomodernagriculture,extensiveagriculturetothetransformationofmodernintensiveagricultureshouldrelyonagriculturalscienceandtechnologydevelopment,theimprovementofqualityofrurallaborandtherapiddevelopmentofruralhumancapitalaccumulation.Thisrequiresthatwemustvigorouslydeveloptheruralhumanresources.Becauseonlybyspeedinguptheruralhumanresourcesdevelopment,toimprovetheoverallqualityoffarmers,makeitsknowledgeofmarketeconomy,legalconsciousness,democracyconsciousness,masterallkindsofprofessionaltechnologyandskills,promotethemodernizationofagricultureandruraleconomicandsocialdevelopmentandprogress.2、农村人力资源开发是农村剩余劳动力有效转移的前提。Theruralhumanresourcesdevelopmentisthepreconditionofeffectiveruralsurpluslabortransfer.目前，我国农村劳动力严重过剩，但农村剩余劳动力的转移并不顺畅。农村劳动力的转移一般分为三类，一是转移到乡镇企业，二是从事服务业，三是进入城市各行各业。但是随着产业结构调整以及产业和就业扩张对人力资源素质要求的提升，不论是哪一种转移，都对农村现有劳动力提出了新的和更高的要求。Atpresent,ourcountrysurplusrurallaborforceseriously,butthetransferofruralsurpluslaborforceisnotsmooth.Thetransferofrurallaborforceisgenerallydividedintothreecategories,oneistransferredtothetownshipandvillageenterprises,seconditisengagedintheservicesector,thethirditistoenterthecityinallwalksoflife.Butastheindustrystructureadjustmentandindustryandemploymentexpansion,tothepromotionofhumanresourcesqualityrequirementswhetherwhatkindoftransfer,alltheexistingrurallaborputforwardnewandhigherrequirements.可以说，如果没有素质的提高，农村劳动力就无法适应转移后的工作和生活环境，就要退回来重新回到农村，农村剩余劳动力的转移就没有得到有效实现。因此，要实现农村剩余劳动力的有效转移，必须通过多种方式和途径，开发农村人力资源，提高他们的科学文化素质和社会适应能力。Itcansay,ifthereisnoqualityenhancement,aftertherurallaborforcetransferwillnotbeabletoadapttoworkingandlivingenvironment,willreturntoreturntoruralareas,thetransferofruralsurpluslabor,thereisnoeffectiveimplementation.Therefore,torealizetheeffectivetransferofruralsurpluslabor,mustpassthroughavarietyofwaysandmeans,developingruralhumanresources,improvetheirscientificandculturalqualityandsocialadaptationability.加快我国农村人力资源开发的措施。Third,toacceleratethedevelopmentofruralhumanresourcesinChina.农村人力资源受教育水平是影响我国农村人力资源素质提高的决定性因素，也是影响有效开发农村人力资源的重要因素，低素质的农村劳动力会严重制约我国农村改革的深化和农村经济进一步发展。因此，建立健全农村教育体系就成为加快我国农村人力资源开发的最有效措施。RuralhumanresourcesisinfluencedbyeducationlevelisthedecisivefactortoimprovethequalityofruralhumanresourcesinChina,isalsotheimportantfactorsinfluencingtheeffectivedevelopmentofruralhumanresources,lowqualityofrurallaborforcewillseriouslyrestrictthedeepeningandtheruraleconomyfurtherdevelopmentofChina'sruralreform.Therefore,establishingandperfectingtheruraleducationsystemhasbecomeoneofthemosteffectivemeasurestoacceleratethedevelopmentofruralhumanresourcesinChina.加强农村基础教育。农村基础教育是整个国民教育的重要组成部分，是提高农村劳动力素质的主要渠道。针对目前我国农村基础教育存在的教学设施不全，师资力量不足以及学生辍学数量增加等问题，应从以下三个方面入手来加强农村基础教育。Strengthenruralbasiceducation.Ruralbasiceducationisanimportantpartofthewholenationaleducation,isthemainchanneltoimprovethequalityoftherurallaborforce.Inviewofthepresentourcountrycountrysideelementaryeducationisteachingfacilitiesisnotcomplete,lackofteachersandstudentsdropoutofschool,increaseinthenumberfromthefollowingthreeaspectstostrengthenruralbasiceducation.首先，改变教育投资体制，加大对农村基础教育的投入。其次，建立农村义务教育经费投入的保障机制，确保教育经费的落实，确保教师待遇能逐步提高从而稳定和充实农村教师队伍，提高教师专业素质。第三，地方政府、教育行政部门、学校及教师应不遗余力地推行义务教育，降低农村学生的辍学数量。First,changetheeducationinvestmentsystem,increaseinvestmentinruralbasiceducation.Second,establishtheguaranteemechanismofruralcompulsoryeducationfundsinvestment,ensuretheimplementationoftheeducationfunds,ensuretheteachertreatmentcanimprovestepbystepinordertostabilizeandenrichtheruralteachers,improveteachers'professionalquality.Third,localgovernments,theadministrativedepartmentofeducation,schoolsandteachersshouldsparenoefforttopromotecompulsoryeducation,reducethenumberofruralstudentsdroppingoutofschool.加强农村劳动力的技能培训。对我国农村人力资源进行相关技能培训分为两部分，一是面向留在土地上的农民开展农业科技普及培训。二是面向将向城镇转移的农村富余劳动力开展技能培训。Strengthentherurallaborskilltraining.RelevantskillstrainingofruralhumanresourcesinChinaisdividedintotwoparts,oneistostayinthelandoffarmersinagriculturalscienceandtechnologypopularizationoftraining.Secondisgearedtotheneedsofruralsurpluslabor