测控专业英语TypicalMeasurementTechnology典型的测量技术分析

Unit11

测控技术与仪器专业英语TypicalMeasurementTechnologyChapter3IntroductiontoMeasurement/testTechnologyandEquipment2WordsandExpressionsmonitor

监听器，监视器cruising

巡游，巡航vertical垂直的，直立的，顶点的onboard

随车携带的barometric

大气压力category

种类，别，范畴surveillance

监视，监督isobaric

表示等压的topography

地形，地势3WordsandExpressionscorrosion侵蚀，腐蚀状态galaxy星河，星系saturn土星spherical球的，球形的troposphere对流层martian火星人，火星的4Maincontent

AltitudeMeasurement1ThicknessMeasurement2DistanceMeasurement3

LevelMeasurement45AltitudeMeasurement

Accuratemonitoringofaircraftcruisingheightisrequiredinordertoreduceverticalseparationtoaminimumstandard.飞机巡航高度的精确监控是为了降低垂直间隔至最低标准。

Interestherefocusesonthemeasurementofthedistancebetweenaircraftlevelandtheseasurfacelevel.

这里令人关注的事集中在飞机航线和海平面水平之间的距离测量。

6

Thisdistancecanbeestimatedonboardviabarometricaltimetersoritcanbemeasured—eitheronboardoringround

stations—viaelectronicradiowavesystems.

onboard随车携带的这个距离可以通过气压测高计随机估计或可以通过地面卫星接收站或是飞机上的电子无线电波系统测量。AltitudeMeasurement

Theindicationofthefirstequipmentisreferredtoaspressurealtitude,orsimplyaltitude,whereasthatofthesecondcategoryisreferredtoasgeometricheightorsimplyheight.第一类设备指示的是压力高度或者叫绝对海拔高度，而第二类是被称为几何高度或绝对水平高度。7

Thealtitudeinformationatairtrafficcontrol(ATC)centersisbasedonpressurealtitudemeasurementthattheaircrafttranspondersystemsendsafteritreceivesanappropriateinterrogation—knownasmodeCinterrogation—transmittedbyasecondarysurveillanceradar.在空中交通控制中心的高度信息是基于当收到一个适当的询问后，飞机的异频雷达收发机系统发送的压力高度测量，称为C模式询问。由二次监视雷达发射。AltitudeMeasurement8

Actually,thealtitudeinformationisanatmosphericpressuremeasurementtransformedtoaltitudeindicationthroughaformulaexpressingthepressure/altituderelationship.

实际上,高度的信息是大气压力测量通过由压力/高度的关系表达式转化为高度指示。AltitudeMeasurement

Whenaflightlevelisclearedforanaircraft,itactuallymeansthatthepilotmustkeepflyingonanisobaricsurface.为了飞行，一个飞行水平面被清除,实际上就它意味着飞行员必须保持飞行在等压面上。9However,thealtimetry

systemmaypresentsystematicerrors(biases)thataredifferentforeachairplane,andthatsignificantlyaffectsafety.

altimetry测高学，高度测量法

然而,高度测量系统可能呈现出的是每架飞机的系统误差(偏差)是不同的,这明显影响了安全。

AltitudeMeasurement

Thus,thealtimetrysystemperformanceaswellastheaircraftheightkeepingperformancemustbemonitoredbyanindependentradarorsatellitesystem.

因此,高度测量系统性能以及飞机高度保持性能均须由一个独立的雷达或卫星系统监控。10Maincontent

AltitudeMeasurement1ThicknessMeasurement2DistanceMeasurement3

LevelMeasurement411ThicknessMeasurementOnecanmeasurethicknessonmanyscales.Thegalaxyisspiraldiskabout100Em(1020m)thick.Thesolarsystemispancake-like,about1Tm(1012m)thick.The

ringsofSaturnareabout10kmthick.

scale天平,天平盘,标尺

我们可以用许多尺度测量厚度。银河系是一个大约厚为100Em(1020m)的螺旋盘。太阳系像个烤薄饼似的，大约厚1Tm(1012m)。土星光环大约厚10km.12

Closertohome,Earth’satmosphereisaspherical

shellabout40kmthick;theweatheroccursinthetroposphere,about12kmthick.TheoutermostshellofthesolidEarthisthecrust,about35kmthick.临近地球,地球大气层是一个大约厚为40km的球壳,气象发生在大约厚为12km的对流层,

固体地球的最外层是地壳,大约厚35km。ThicknessMeasurement

Theoceanhasameandepthof3.9km.IntheAntarctic,therecentlydiscoveredobjectsbelievedtobemicrofossilsindicativeofancientMartianlifearelessthan100nmthick.海洋的平均深度有3.9km。在南极,最近发现的物品被认为是象征着古代的火星生命的微化石厚小于100nm。13Intermsoftheman-madeenvironment,industrymustcontendwiththicknessvaryingfrommeters,forconstructionprojects,tomillimetersonassemblelines,tomicrometersandnanometersforthesolid-state,optical,andcoatingsindustries.contendwith对付，与…竞争在人为环境方面，工业从建设项目的米,到装配生产线的毫米,到固态的光学涂料工业的微米和纳米变化处理厚度。ThicknessMeasurement14

Perhapsthemostfamiliarwayofmeasuringthicknessisbymechanicalmeans,suchasbyrulerorcaliper.caliper卡钳，卡尺弯脚器，测径器也许最常见的测量厚度的测量装置是尺或测径器。ThicknessMeasurement15

Othermeansaresometimescalledfor,eitherbecausebothsidesofanobjectarenotaccessible,thedimensioniseithertoobigortoosmallforcalipers,theobjectistoofragile,toohot,ortoocoldfordirectcontact,ortheobjectisinmotiononanassembleline—itmaynotevenbeasolid.其他装置有时候也被需要，或者是因为物体的两侧是不能接近的，对于测径器来说尺寸要么太大或太小,或者是因为直接接触的物体太脆弱,太热或太冷或物体在装配线上运动,—甚至可能不是一个固体。ThicknessMeasurement16

Thicknessmayalsobeafunctionofposition,aseithertheobjectmayhaveoriginallybeenmadewithnonuniformthickness,deliberatelyornot,orthethicknessmayhavebecomenonuniformwithtimedueeithertocorrosion,cracking,orsomeother

deterioration.厚度也可以作为位置的函数，物体可能在最初以不均匀的厚度制作或是厚度无论故意与否，由于腐蚀、破裂或是退化，厚度也有可能变成不均匀的。ThicknessMeasurement17

Thethicknessmayalsobechangingwithtimeduetodeliberategrowthoretching,asexampleforthinfilms.以薄膜为例，由于有意增长或腐蚀，厚度随时间变化。

ThicknessMeasurementThusisfollowsthat,inmoregeneralterms,measuringthicknessmightrequiremeasuringthe

topographyorheightprofileoftwosurfacesandtakingthedifference.topography地形，地势，地形学

profile侧面，轮廓，外形，剖面因此，用更概况的话来说厚度测量可能需要测量地势或两面的高度外形以获取差异。18

Alternatively,themeasurementtechniquemayproduceareadingdirectlyrelatedtothedifference.alternatively非此即彼，如其不然；或，要不

relateto涉及，有关另外,测量技术可能直接读出相关的差额。ThicknessMeasurement19Maincontent

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LevelMeasurement420Distancemeasurement

Thetoolsandtechniquesofdistancemeasurementarepossiblyoneofhumankind’slongest-runninginventivepursuits.测量距离的工具和技术可能是人类最漫长的发明之一。Thischapterconcernsitselfwithmethodstomeasurearelativelysmallsegmentofthisrange—fromcentimeterstokilometers.

本章关注的是这些方法本身去测量范围中相对小的一部分—从厘米到千米。21

Evenwithinthislimitedsegment,itwouldhardlybepossibletolist,much

lessdescribe,allofthedistancemeasurementapproachesthathavebeendevised.muchless更不用说；不及即使在这有限部分,它几乎不可能列出更不用说描述出所有的距离测量方法的设计。

Distancemeasurement

Nevertheless,thesmallsamplingoftechnologiesthatarecoveredhereshouldbeofhelptoabroadrangeofreaders.

不过,这里涉及技术的小取样应该可以帮到广泛的读者。22

Distancemeasurement,atitsmostbasic,isconcernedwithdeterminingthelengthofa

unidimensionallinejoiningtwopointsinthree-dimensionalspace.在三维空间中最基本的距离测量涉及到确定连线两点的单向线长度。Distancemeasurement

Oftentimes,acollectionofdistancemeasurementsiscalledfor,sothattheshape,theorientation,orthechangesinpositionofanobjectcanberesolved.经常,要求许多距离测量可以解决形状、方向、或物体位置的改变。23

Therefore,onemustconsidernotonlythemeasurementofdistances,butalsotheirspatialandtemporaldistributions.因此,我们必须考虑的不仅是距离测量,而且还有他们的时空分布。Distancemeasurement24

Theterminology”ranging”willbeusedinreferencetosystemsthatperformsinglesensor-to-targetmeasurement,“range-imaging”forsystemsthatcollectadensemaporgridofspatiallydistributedrangemeasurement,and“positiontracking”forsystemsthatrecordthetimehistoryofdistancemeasurementtooneorseveraltargets.inreferenceto提及，参考；关于；提到timehistory时间推移；随时间的变化；时间关系曲线图

术语“测距”将被用于指进行单传感器到目标测量系统，“测距呈像”是指收集稠密的地图或是空间网格分布范围的测量系统,“位置跟踪”是指通过距离测量的时间关系曲线图记录去测量一个或多个目标的系统。Distancemeasurement25Maincontent

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LevelMeasurement426

LevelMeasurement

Levelisdefinedasthefillingheightofaliquidorbulkmaterial,forexample,inatank

or

reservoir.水平面的定义是液体或散装材料的填充高度,例如,在一个水塘或是水库。

Generally,thepositionofthesurfaceismeasuredrelativetoareferenceplane,usuallythetank

bottom.referenceplane参考面，基准面

tankbottom槽底

一般来说,表面位置是相对于参考平面的测量,通常是槽底。27

Iftheproduct’ssurfaceisnotflat(e.g.,withfoam,waves,turbulences,orwithcoarse-grainedbulkmaterial)levelusuallyisdefinedastheaverageheightofaboundedarea.如果产品的表面不是平的(例如,带有泡沫,波浪,湍流,或用粗散装材料)水平面通常被定义为有界区域的平均高度。

LevelMeasurement28Variousclassicandmodernmethodsexisttomeasureproductlevelinprocessandstoragetanksinthechemical,petrochemical,pharmaceutical,waterandfoodindustries,inmobiletanksonvehiclesandships,butalsoinnaturalreservoirslikeseas,dams,lakesandoceans.Typicaltankheightsareapproximatelybetween0.5mand40m.在化工、石化、医药、水、食品等行业中存在各种经典与现代的方式来测量在加工和储藏罐中和车辆和轮船的移动罐中的产品水平面，而且还测量一些天然的蓄水池，如内海，水坝，湖泊，海洋。典型的蓄水池大约在0.5m到40m之间。

LevelMeasurement29

Twodifferenttaskscanbedistinguished：（1）continuouslevelmeasurements(levelindication,LI),and(2)levelswitches(LS)(e.g.,todetectanalarmlimittopreventoverfilling).两种不同的任务,可以分为:(1)持续的水平面测量(水平面指示,LI),(2)液位开关(LS)(例如:用于检测报警限以防止过量)。

LevelMeasurement