英语写作基础教程课件

英语写作基础教程1英语写作基础教程12ChapterI

UsingProperWordsI.UsingwordscorrectlyII.Usingwordsaccurately2ChapterI

UsingProperWo3I.Usingwordscorrectly1.overcomeChinglishEg:I’mnotafraidofthehotweather.Idon’tmindthehotweather.Ifoundtheroomrathercold. Ifelttheroomrathercold.

OnSundaysIalwayssleeplate.OnSundaysIalwaysgetuplate.3I.Usingwordscorrectly1.ove4Theblanketfeltsofttoher. Shefelttheblanketsoft.

HislevelofEnglishhasbeenproved.HisEnglishhasimproved.Hecameoutthefourthintheexam.Hereceivedthefourthplaceintheexam.

OvercomeChinglish4OvercomeChinglish52.Bewareofarchaisms,obsoletewords,

andnewly-coinedwords●Wordsormeaningofwordswhicharenolongerincommonusedbutoccurinspecialtext(e.g.Religiousworks)andpoetryarecalledarchaic.Eg:mayhaps(v.hope;adv.maybe),quoth(vt.say),thy(pron.your),ere(prep.before)●Wordsormeaningwhichhavegoneoutofusealtogetherarecalledobsolete.Eg:admirable[废语]令人惊奇的

finen.[废语]惩罚，处罚；为接受惩罚支付的钱●

Newly-coinedwordsEg:junior-high-schooler,tube-steak,water-sensitive-crops,snow-poor-winter,…52.Bewareofarchaisms,obsol63.AvoidslangOnhearingthathisfatherhadkickedthebucket,wewrotehimalettertoexpressourdeepsympathies.Thebigbanquetheldinhonorofthedistinguishedstateguestswasreallyneat.[俚语]呱呱叫的；了不起的，极好的Unexceptionable/admirable/excellent63.AvoidslangOnhearingthat7II.UsingwordsaccuratelyTheshadeofmeaningEg1:eagleandhawkEagleisabirdthatsoarshighandthusseefar.tohaveaneagleeye(tohaveexcellentvision)Hawkisabirdofpray,symbolizesharshness,thuspeoplecallthehardlinepolitician“thehawk”.Eg2:dumbandmuteHeisadumb/muteman.7II.UsingwordsaccuratelyThe81.SpecificandconcretewordsSpecificandgeneralAgoodman:kind/honest/just/generous/sympathetic/warm-hearted/selfless/honorableGoodfood:tasty/nourishing/rich/wholesome/high-priced/fresh/substantial81.Specificandconcreteword9General:Inspring,theweatherinBeijingcanbeverybad.

Specific:Inspring,itisoftenwindyanddustyhere.

Morespecificwiththehelpofdetails:

Inspring,thewindblowsalldaylong.Theairisthenfilledwithfinedustwhichsometimesshutsoutthesun.Thereisnoescapefromthefinedust.Itgetsintoyoureyes,yourears,yournostrils,andyourhair.

9General:Inspring,theweath102.DenotationandConnotationDenotationisthebasic,direct,literalmeaningofaword.Asdefinedbythedictionary.Connotationistheassociationaroundandtheovertoneabouttheword.it’sthefeelingorideasuggestedbytheword.102.DenotationandConnotatio11E.g.国家Countryemphasizestheterritory.Nationemphasizesthepeople.Stateemphasizespoliticalorganization.Landisoftenusedtoconnotecertainfeeling.Anislandcountry;neighboringcountrypeace-lovingnation;theawakingnationofAfricaState-ownedenterprisesOurstatesystemisthepeople’sdemocraticdictatorship.Afar-away/foreignland;alandofliberty/opportunity11E.g.国家12●Differentconnotationreflectsthedifferentattitudeofthespeaker.ComplimentaryderogatoryneutralPublicservantbureaucratgovernmentemployeeFinancierspeculatorinvestorLawofficercoppolicemanCaptainofindustrytycoonsuccessfulbusinessmanInvestigatorspydetectiveCaptivejailbirdprisoner12●Differentconnotationrefl133.SynonymsSynonyms:Twoormoreformswithverycloselyrelatedmeaning,whichareoftenbutnotalways,intersubstitutableinasentence.Accordingtoformality:EarlyEnglish:small/littleasktimeriseFrench:petitequestionagemountLatin:diminutiveinterrogateepochascendGenerally,LatinwordsaremorebookishthanearlyEnglishandFrench.133.SynonymsSynonyms:Twoor14Examples:TheconcertconcludedwithaperformanceofBeethoven’s5thsymphony.TheyendedtheconcertwithBeethoven’s5thsymphony.Myfatherpurchasedalarge

automobile.Mydadboughtabig

car.14Examples:15ChapterII

MakingCorrectandEffectiveSentencesElementsofasentenceII.RequirementsofacorrectsentenceIII.Requirementsofaneffectivesentence15ChapterII

MakingCorrect16I.Elementsofasentence1.Completenessinstructure;2.Beginwithacapitalletter;3.Endwithafullstop,oraquestionmark,oranexclamationmark;4.Expressasinglecompleteidea.16I.Elementsofasentence1.17II.Requirementsofacorrectsentence1.completenessinstructure2.therightsubject3.agreementbetweenthesubjectandthepredicateverb4.agreementbetweenpronounandantecedent5.clearpronounreference6.endingsentenceswithfullstops7.joiningclauseswithconjunctions8.amainclauseinacomplexsentence9.properuseofcomparisons10.correctuseofthetense17II.Requirementsofacorrec18Correctthefollowingsentences:Becausehehadn’tfinishhisassignment,sohecontinuedworkingintheclassroom.

completenessinstructureNotknowinghisname,itwasdifficulttointroducehim.

therightsubjectAnumberofspellingmistakeswasfoundinhiscomposition.agreementbetweenthesubjectandthepredicateverbEverybodyshouldreturnthebooksheborrowedwithinaweek.agreementbetweenpronounandantecedent18Correctthefollowingsenten19Shetoldmysisterthatherideawaspracticable.clearpronounreferenceNoonecometotheparty,itwasacompletefailure.endingsentenceswithfullstops/joiningclauseswithconjunctionsBecausehehadnotheardaboutthatimportantdecision.amainclauseinacomplexsentenceTheSaharaislargerthananydesertintheworld.properuseofcomparisonsWehaverevisedourworkplanlastnight.correctuseofthetenseCorrectthefollowingsentences:19Shetoldmysisterthather20FragmentandEllipseAfragmentisapartofsentence(suchasaphraseordependant/subordinateclause)whichbeginswithacapitalletterandendsasasentencedoes.E.g.[Fragment]Theresultbeingthathelostthepresidentialelection.[Sentence]Theresultisthathelostthepresidentialelection.20FragmentandEllipseAfragme21AsexclamationsOh!Nonsense!Welldone!Whataday!Howkindofyou!Susanasinger!?InspokenEnglishA:howaboutthis?B:verygood!A:Yournameandyouraddress,please?B:Allright,here.MoreFragment-likesentences21AsexclamationsMoreFragmen22AstransitionsAndafinalinstance,…Toreturnfromourdigression,…Now,afewmorewordsaboutthemeetingtoday.Foremphasisandvividness

Thereisapricetopayforsuccess.Thedemandingpriceofselfdenial,thepriceofbloodandsweatandtears.

22AstransitionsForemphasis23III.Requirementsofaneffectivesentence

一.Unity一致性Unity:

Asentenceshouldexpressasinglecompleteidea,nomore,noless.Ifitcontainstoomuch,thenthesentencebecomesconfusing.Ifitcontainstoolittle,thentheideainitisincomplete.Inotherwords,asentenceviolatestheprincipleofunityifitcontainsideasthatarenotcloselyrelated;what’smore,asentenceisnotunifiedifitdoesnotexpressacompletethought.23III.Requirementsofaneffe24

Eg:Ideasnotcloselyrelated:

BorninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,hegrewuptobeagreatmusician.HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,andgrewuptobeagreatmusician.Ideaincomplete:

DreamoftheRedMansionisthebest-knownnovel.

DreamoftheRedMansionisoneofthebest-knownclassicalChinesenovel.24Eg:251.Avoidchopped-upsentenceInthefollowingsentence,theideaofoneunifiedsentenceischoppedintoseveralshortsentences.E.g:Mybestfriendinhighschoolwasourliteratureteacher.HernamewasWangLi.Shetaughtusliteratureforthreeyears.Revised:Mybestfriendinhighschoolwasourliteratureteacher,WangLi,whotaughtusforthreeyears.251.Avoidchopped-upsentence262.AvoidFusedsentence:

severalideasarefusedintoonesentence.Fused:Shesuddenlypausedanditseemedwonderfulthatshecouldspeaksoeasilybutshewasusuallybashful.

Improved:Shesuddenlypaused.Itseemedwonderfulthatshecouldspeaksoeasily,butshewasusuallybashful.Fused:TheydidnotwinthegamesofarasIcouldseetheydidnoteventry.Improved:Theydidnotwinthegame.SofarasIcouldsee,theydidnoteventry.262.AvoidFusedsentence:

sev27Coherencerequiresthatthepartsofasentencearesoarrangedthattheysticktogether,andthattheideasprogressinalogicalsequence.1.Parallelism

E.g:IforgotthatmyresearchpaperwasdueonTuesdayandmyteacherhadsaidhewouldnotacceptlatepapers.二.Coherence连贯性27Coherencerequiresthatthe28Thechildwasprettyandhadbrains.Thechildwasprettyandintelligent.Hesatdownandwasbeginningtowork.Hesatdownandbegantowork.Iwillwaituntilyoucallorshecomes.Iwillwaituntilyoucalloruntilshecomes.IwenttothedancewithagirlfromMemphisandwhohasasouthernaccent.IwenttothedancewithagirlwhoisfromMemphisandwhohasasouthernaccent.Inparallelconstructionitisnecessarytobalancewordforword,phrasewithphrase,clausewithclause,sentencewithsentence.Itissometimesnecessarytorepeattheintroductorywordorphraseorclause.28Thechildwasprettyandhad292.Consistency(1)keepthesamegrammaticalsubjectunlessthereisgoodreasonforchanging.Eg:Thecastfirstdiscussestheplayandthennightlyrehearsalsbegin.Thecastfirstdiscussestheplayandthenbeginnightlyrehearsals.(2)Keepthepersonofpronounconsistent.Eg:Havingeatenourlunch,theydepartedbyboat.Havingeatentheirlunch,theydepartedbyboat.292.Consistency30(3)Keepthenumberofnounsandpronounsconsistent

Eg:

Beingastudent,weallwishtolearntowritewell.

Onecanneverwriteeffectively,unlesstheywriteasmuchandasoftenasthey

can.

(4)Keepthemoodandthevoicethatyouhavedecidedupon.

Eg:Firstbuildafireandthenyoushouldmakethecoffee.

Hedrovethecarintothegarageandthemotorwasquicklystopped.

30(3)Keepthenumberofnouns313.Subordination

Correctsubordination

clarifiestherelationshipsbetweenideas,thusstrengthensthecoherenceofasentence.

Subordinationalsoleadstogreatereconomyinwriting,permittingonetoexpressoneselfinthefewestpossiblewords.

313.Subordination

Corrects32Itcanbeachievedbyturningtheotherclauseinto:

(1)anadverbialclause(2)anadjectiveclause(3)apresentparticipialphrase(4)apastparticipialphrase(5)anappositive

Eg:

A.Iwasincollege.Ihadaroommate.Hewasstudyingtobealawyer.B.Iranoutofink,thusbeingunabletofinishmytheme.C.Thedeanissuedabulletin,anditsaidthelibrarywouldremainopenonweekends.32Itcanbeachievedbyturnin33三.Conciseness简洁性1.NowordinessWordinessalsoviolatestheprincipleofunity,theideagetsblurredbyunnecessarywordswhichobscureitlikecloudsandsmoke.Sorry,I’mnotinapositiontoofferassistancetohim.Sorry,Iamunabletohelphim.ThemaidputtheletterthatcamefromPragueonmydesk.ThemaidputtheletterfromPragueonmydesk.Thereareseveraladvantagestobuyingamotorbike.Buyingamotorbikeoffersseveraladvantages.I’dliketotaketheopportunitytosaythankyou.Thankyou.33三.Conciseness简洁性1.Noword342.ClarityClarityrequiresthatasentenceshouldbewrittenwithitsmeaningunmistakablyclear.Misunderstandingisoftencausedbythepositionofmodifiers：Themeaningofasentencecanbechangeddrasticallybychangesinthepositionofmodifiers.Eg：Ireallydon’tmindwaiting.

Idon’treallymindwaiting.Inoneword,themodifiermustbeplacedasneartothemodifiedaspossible.342.ClarityClarityrequires35四.Emphasis强调性Emphasisisthemeansbywhichyougivedesiredforcetoyourwriting.1.positioningforemphasisThesentenceend---theplaceofstrongestemphasisThesentencebeginning---theplaceofsecondaryemphasisThemiddle---theplaceofleastemphasisE.g.Hewillnothavetheenduranceneededforthelongtrainingrequiredtobeadentist,Ithink.Attention:movethepointtobeemphasized,outoforder,tothefront,thisprocessisoftencalledfrontingorinversion.E.g:ThisIwillneverdo.35四.Emphasis强调性Emphasisist362.useoftheappropriatevoiceforverbsIngeneraltheactivevoiceispreferablebecauseitismoredirectandprecise,butsometimesthepassiveismoreappropriatethantheactive.E.g.Theadvicewhichwasgiventomebyyouwillbefollowedbyme.Televisionwaswatchedbythewholefamilyintheevenings.Passivevoiceispreferable:whenthereceiverofanactionismoreimportantthanthedoer.whenthedoerisvagueorunknown.whenthedoeristobeespeciallyemphasized.362.useoftheappropriatevo373.ClimacticorderClimacteorderistheorderthatgoesfromtheleastimportanttothemostimportantorthatgoesfromthegeneraltothespecific.Shewasakind-hearted,good–looking,andwell-manneredlady.Revised:Shewasgood–looking,well-manneredandkind-hearted.Hesaidhehadlostinterestinlife,fame,positionandmoneyafterthattragedy.Revised:Hesaidafterthattragedyhehadlostinterestin……Note:Theoppositeofclimaticorderresultsinanticlimax.itisoftenuseddeliberatelyforhumorouseffects.E.g.Atonefellswoop,helosthiswife,hischild,hishouseholdgoods,andhisdog.373.ClimacticorderClimacte384.RhetoricalquestionArhetoricalquestiondiffersfromanordinaryquestioninthatitdoesnotneedananswer,itisusedforemphasis.Therhetoricalquestionisoftenreservedforspecialoccasiontoexertitsgreatforce.Apositiverhetoricalquestionislikeastrongnegativestatement,whileanegativerhetoricalquestionislikeastrongpositivestatement.E.g.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?Isn’titbeautifulweather?384.Rhetoricalquestion395.ThebalancedsentenceThebalancedsentence,bypositioningtogethertwoormoreparallelitems,makesforpoignancyandemphasis.E.g.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.----FrancisBacon:“OfStudies”395.ThebalancedsentenceTheb406.PeriodicsentencesAperiodicsentenceisonethatisnotcompleteinstructureormeaninguntilitreachesthelastword,whichisthemostimportantwordofthesentence.Eg:Itisgenerallyacknowledgedthatthesolecriterionoftruthispractice.Hesaidforbuyingahousehehadpreparedeverythingbutmoney.406.PeriodicsentencesAperio41Chapter3DevelopingParagraphsI.GeneralIntroductiontoParagraph:1.Inform:setoffbyindentationorspacing2.Incontent:closely-relatedsentences…41Chapter3DevelopingParagra42II.TypicalstructureofparagraphTopicSentence

SupportingDetailsClosingSentence

42II.Typicalstructureofpar43TopicsentenceWhatisthetopicsentence?

Thetopicsentenceisthefirstsentenceinaparagraph.Whatdoesitdo?

Itintroducesthemainideaoftheparagraph.HowdoIwriteone?

Summarizethemainideaofyourparagraph.Indicatetothereaderwhatyourparagraphwillbeabout.43TopicsentenceWhatistheto44SupportingsentencesWhataresupportingsentences?

Theycomeafterthetopicsentence,makingupthebodyofaparagraph.Whatdotheydo?

Theygivedetailstodevelopandsupportthemainideaoftheparagraph.HowdoIwritethem?

Youshouldgivesupportingfacts,details,andexamples.44SupportingsentencesWhatare45ClosingsentenceWhatistheclosingsentence?

Theclosingsentenceisthelastsentenceinaparagraph.Whatdoesitdo?

Itrestatesthemainideaofyourparagraph.HowdoIwriteone?

Restatethemainideaoftheparagraphusingdifferentwords.45ClosingsentenceWhatisthe46ExampleTherearethreereasonswhyCanadaisoneofthebestcountriesintheworld.First,Canadahasanexcellenthealthcaresystem.AllCanadianshaveaccesstomedicalservicesatareasonableprice.Second,Canadahasahighstandardofeducation.Studentsaretaughtbywell-trainedteachersandareencouragedtocontinuestudyingatuniversity.Finally,Canada'scitiesarecleanandefficientlymanaged.Canadiancitieshavemanyparksandlotsofspaceforpeopletolive.Asaresult,Canadaisadesirableplacetolive.46ExampleTherearethree47III.RequirementsforparagraphwritingUnitySinglenessofpurposeFullnessBrevityTopicsentence47III.Requirementsforparagr48Requirementsforparagraphwriting2.Coherence(1)Waysofdevelopingparagraph(2)Transition48Requirementsforparagraphw49WaysofdevelopingparagraphDefinitionParagraph

ClassificationParagraphDescriptionParagraphCompareandContrastParagraphSequenceParagraphChoiceParagraphExplanationParagraphEvaluationParagraph49Waysofdevelopingparagraph50Requirementsforparagraphwriting3.Emphasis(1)Proportion(2)Position(3)Climaticorder(4)Repetitionandparallelism50Requirementsforparagraphw51Chapter5SummarizingAsummaryisabrief,conciserestatementofthemainfactsorpointsofapassageorabook.Itisdifferentfromacompositioninthatitdoesnotexpressthewriter’sbutsomeoneelse’sideas.51Chapter5SummarizingAsumma52Requirementsforsummarywritinggenerallyasummaryshouldnotbelongerthanathirdofthelengthoftheoriginalpassage.itshouldbefaithfultotheoriginal,withnochangeinfactsorviews,andnoimportantpointsleftout.itshouldbewrittenincontinuousprose,notintheformofanoutline.52Requirementsforsummarywri53Proceduresreadingwritingomittingthedetailsreducingtheexamplessimplifyingthedescriptionseliminatingallrepetitionmakingphrasesdotheworkofclausesorsentencesusinggeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwordsusingtheshortestpossibletransitionsavoidingfigurativelanguagerevision53Proceduresreading54Chapter6EssayWritingI.BasicOrganizationIntroduction(beginning)Body(middle)Conclusion(end)54Chapter6EssayWritingI.Ba55IntroductionParagraphWhatisanintroductionparagraph?Whatdoesitdo?HowdoIwriteone?

E.g.HockeyhasbeenapartoflifeinCanadaforover120years.IthasevolvedintoanextremelypopularsportwatchedandplayedbymillionsofCanadians.ThegamehasgonethroughseveralchangessincehockeywasfirstplayedinCanada.55IntroductionParagraphWhati56SupportingParagraphsWhataresupportingparagraphs?

SupportingparagraphsmakeupthemainbodyofyouressayWhatdotheydo?

Theydevelopthemainideaofyouressay.HowdoIwritethem?

1.Listthepointsthatdevelopthemainideaofyouressay.

2.Placeeachsupportingpointinitsownparagraph.

3.Developeachsupportingpointwithfacts,details,andexamples.56SupportingParagraphsWhatar57SummaryParagraphWhatisasummaryparagraph?Whatdoesitdo?HowdoIwriteone?

Example:Overall,thechangesthatoccurredinhockeyhavehelpedtoimprovethegame.Hockeyisfasterandmoreexcitingasaresultofchangesinthepast120years.Forthesereasons,modernhockeyisabettergamethanhockeyinthe1890s.

57SummaryParagraphWhatisas58II.StepsEssaywritingPrewritingEssaysWritingEssaysEditingEssaysPublishingEssays58II.StepsEssaywritingPrewr59III.TypesofoutlinesAtopicoutlineuseswordsorphrasesforallentriesandusesnopunctuationafterentries.Advantages:presentsabriefoverviewofworkandisgenerallyeasierandfastertowritethanasentenceoutline.Asentenceoutlineusescompletesentencesforallentriesandusescorrectpunctuation.Advantages:presentsamoredetailedoverviewofworkincludingpossibletopicsentencesandiseasierandfasterforwritingthefinalpaper.59III.TypesofoutlinesAtopi60IV.TypesofWriting

NarrationDescriptionExposition

Argumentation60IV.TypesofWritingNarratio61Narration1.Whatisnarration?

Themethodofdevelopmentinwhichthewritertellsastorytosupportapoint.Narrativewritingtellsastory.Inessaysthenarrativewritingcouldalsobeconsideredreflectionoranexplorationoftheauthor'svaluestoldasastory.Theauthormayrememberhisorherpast,oramemorablepersonoreventfromthatpast,orevenobservethepresent.61Narration1.Whatisnarratio622．EssentialFeatures

Context--thewritermakesclearwhathappened,when,where,andtowhom

Pointofview--thewritertakesaconsistentpointofviewinrelationtotheaction,writingeitherasaparticipant(firstperson--using"I")orasaspectator(thirdperson--using"he,""she,""it,""they").

Selectionofdetail--thewriterfocusesonlyontheactionsanddetailsthatfurtherthestoryandpromotethepoint,minimizingoreliminatingothers.

Organization--thewriterorganizestheeventsofthestoryinachronologicalorderusingtimetransitions.Purpose—there'sareasonfortellingthestory.Onewaytofinditistocompletethestatement,"Themoralofthestoryis..."622．EssentialFeaturesContext63Chapter7WritingforPracticalPurposes63Chapter764NoticesContemporaryBritishTheatreSpeaker:Prof.BernardHollandProfessorofEnglishLiterature,CambridgeUniversityAuthorofTheExperimentalTheatreDate:Monday,6OctoberTime:10a.m.Place:Rm.201AllWelcome64NoticesContemporaryBritish65Notesofintroduction2Feb.2006DearMr.Smith,ThisistointroduceMr.MaMing.Heisagraduatestudentinlinguisticsatouruniversity.Mr.Maislookingforateachingassistant’spost.Anyassistancerenderedhimwouldbehighlyappreciated.Jane65Notesofintroduction2Feb.266Thank-youNotes28July,2005DearPam&Sam,I’mwritingtothankyouforthelovelydinneryesterday.Weenjoyedtheeveninggreatly.Itwasmostkindofyoutointroducesomenewfriendstous.Welovedtomeetthoseinterestingpeople.Pleaseacceptourwarmestthanks.Cathy66Thank-youNotes28July,200567Notesofinvitation20March,2005DearHelen,WearegoingtohaveanEnglisheveninginourclassroomthiscomingSaturday.Thetimeis7:00pm.Woulditbepossibleforyoutojoinus?Wewouldbeveryhappyifyoucouldbewithus.Dropmealineifyouareinterested.Yours,Jianhua67Notesofinvitation68NotesofAppointment15May,20__DearSydney,I’dliketodiscusswithyouaboutournewproject.CouldwemeetforaboutanhourattheCooper’sonMondayafternoonat3o’clock?Ifyouareotherwiseengaged,pleaseringmetomakeanothertime.Thankyou.Paul68NotesofAppointment69NotesofCongratulationAugust8,20____DearRosemary,ThenewsofyourmusicscholarshiptotheUniversitymademyday.Noonecouldhavebeenmoredeserving.Howexcitingitmustbefortorealizeyourdreamafterallthoseyearsoffaithfulpracticeandproficientperformance.Yourdiligencecombinedwithyourinnatetalentsindicatesadynamicfuture.Iwishyouallthebestinyourcollegeyears.Kate69NotesofCongratulation70NotesofApologies4October,20__DearBetty,I’mterriblysorryIfailedtomeetyouinyourofficeyesterdayafternoon.One