南开大学外国语学院《基础英语》历年考研真题及详解

2000年南开大学外国语学院基础英语真题及详解PartI. Correctthemistakesinthefollowingsentences(10%):1．Whengettingoutofbed,histoehitthedresser.【答案】When(hewas)gettingoutofbed,histoehitthedresser.查看答案【解析】本句的主句和分句主语不一致，分句主语不能省略。2．Tothinkclearly,somelogicisimportant.【答案】Tothinkclearly,some(delete)logicisimportant.【解析】这里的logic是指作为整体的逻辑，表示整体不用some。3．Afterhehadlecturedthirtyyears,theaveragestudentstillseemedaverage.【答案】Afterhehadlectured(for)thirtyyears,theaveragestudentstillseemedaverage.【解析】过去完成时应该用可持续的时间状语，所以加for表示一段时间。4．Mauricedecidedtocompletehissecondyearatcollege,lookforajob,andthenheandEvawouldgetmarried.【答案】Mauricedecidedtocompletehissecondyearatcollege,look(looking)forajob,andthenheandEvawouldgetmarried.【解析】从句中不能出现look这种独立的谓语结构，必须变成分词形式looking。5．Anexampleofhersnobberyiswhenshecriticizesherneighborsfortheirungrammaticalspeech.【答案】Anexampleofhersnobberyiswhen(that)shecriticizesherneighborsfortheirungrammaticalspeech.【解析】本句的主语是example，表语应该是名词性从句，所以不能用when引导。6．Thereasonthebrakesfailedisbecausethebrakefluidwasaccidentallyremoved.【答案】Thereasonthebrakesfailedisbecause(that)thebrakefluidwasaccidentallyremoved.【解析】thereason与because重复，去掉一个即可。7．Ispenthoursworkingoutadetailedbudget,butitdidnotsolvemyfinancialproblems.【答案】Ispenthoursworkingoutadetailedbudget,butitdid(could)notsolvemyfinancialproblems.【解析】这里强调的是我做出的预算能不能解决财政问题，而不是有没有解决。8．Thecousinsfoughtondifferentsidesinthewar,whichtoretheirfamilyapart.【答案】Thecousinsfoughtondifferent(opposite)sidesinthewar,whichtoretheirfamilyapart.【解析】战争只有两方，而different可以代表多方，所以用opposite。9．Afterhoursoffrustratingdiscussion,anagreementontheverdictwasfinallyreachedbythejury.【答案】Afterhoursoffrustratingdiscussion,anagreementontheverdictwasfinallyreachedby(between)thejury.查看答案【解析】jury是一个可以作单数也可以作复数的名词，在这里指判决结果在陪审团的成员中达成一致，那么这里的jury即表示复数（陪审团的所有成员），介词用between。10．Susanhatedmathinhighschooleventhoughshemajoredinstatisticsatuniversity.【答案】(Eventhough)Susanhatedmathinhighschooleventhoughshemajoredinstatisticsatuniversity.【解析】本句的时间顺序颠倒，所以应将条件从句改为第一分句。PartII. Cloze(20%):Directions:Fillinthefollowingblankswithappropriatewords.Thefirstletterofeachwordhasalreadybeengiven.Ifteachingistober_____astheimportantjobthatitis,pridemustfirstbegeneratedwithintheprofessionitself.Onewaytodothiswouldbetohaveamorerigorousandeffectivesetofcriteriathatapplicantsmustm_____beforetheyareallowede_____intotheprofession.MarleenC.PugachoftheUniversityofIllinoishasrecommendedasetofcriteriathatwouldfunctiontogethertoprovide“entry-levelhurdlestoencourageselfselection,toserveasinitialpointsintheprocessofcontinuousjudgmentofstudentp_____,andtoassistfacultymembersinmakingd___,betweenapplicantsbasedonmultifaceteddata.”Pugachrecommendstheseselectioncriteria:(1)basicskillstesting,c_____ofentry-leveltestsinreading,mathematics,andwrittenandoralcommunication;(2)aminimumgradepointa_____;(3)astructuredinterviewtoa_____theapplicant’spersonalqualities.AnothercriterionusedinuniversitiessuchasOregonStateandNorthernKentuckyisalsohelpfulinselectings_____candidates.Studentsmustsuccessfullycompleteatwo-tofive-dayfull-responsibilityteachingexperiencep_____tobeingacceptedintoateacher-trainingprogram.Thenumberofdrop-outsi_____fromapproximately5%to25%.C_____,suchintensives_____policieswouldbeastrongforceina_____applicantswhoseriouslywishtop_____teaching:Atthesametime,thesepolicieswouldd_____studentswhonowcasuallydriftintoteachereducation,suchasthoseIo_____intheundergraduatelounge.Thes_____ofpersonalachievementthatwouldcomefromgainingentrancetoaf_____withsuchhighentrancestandardswouldcontributetoafeelingofprofessionalismamongc_____.【答案与解析】1．read（bereadas，被解读为……。）2．meet（meet在这里指达到标准的意思。）3．engage（engage表示从事于某项职业。）4．progress（前面有judgement，评价是对学生进步的评价。）5．decisions（makedecision，做出决定。）6．courses（阅读、数学、写作和口语都是一些基本课程。）7．appointment（appointment在这里表示指定，在全文中表示最低分数限定。）8．assure（assure…quality，保证……的质量。）9．student（根据上文，这里指的是学生投考者。）10．prior（priorto，优先的，在…之前。）11．increases（后面的数字呈增长趋势，所以用increase。）12．Currently（这里表示时间且可以做独立分句的只能是时间副词currently。）13．selection（严格的政策在于挑选人才，所以用selection。）14．addressing（address在这里表示从事，忙于某事。）15．pursue（pursue，追求、从事于某种事业。）16．disuse（disuse，淘汰，不被使用。）17．observed（observe，观察到，看到。）18．standard（此处意为个人成绩的标准，所以用standard。）19．fulfillment（fulfillment表示实行、履行。）20．candidates（根据上文，本文着重讲的是学生投考者。）PartIII. TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.（20%）Todayitisoutofvoguetospeakintermsofcharacter.Butthereisnomoreessentialaspectofanyperson.Characterismadeupofthoseprinciplesandvaluesthatgiveyourlifedirection,meaninganddepth.Theseconstituteyourinnersenseofwhat’srightandwrongbasednotonlawsorrulesofconductbutonwhoyouare.Theyincludesuchtraitsasintegrity,honesty,courage,fairnessandgenerosity—whicharisefromthehardchoiceswehavetomakeinlife.Sowrongissimplyindoingwrong,notingettingcaught.Yetsomepeoplewonderifourinnervaluesmatteranymore.Afterall,hasn’tournotedbankexecutive,theonewhoisbrightandcharismaticandwhohadrisenfromtheranksonlytoseehisinstitutionfaltering,succeededineverypossibleway,despitehistransgressions?Thisquestiondemonstratesaquandaryofourmodernlife.Manyhavecometobelievethattheonlythingsweneedforsuccessaretalent,energyandpersonality.Buthistoryhastaughtusthatoverthelonghaul,whowearemoreimportantthanwhoweappeartobe.Duringthenation’sfirstcenturyandahalf,almosteverythingintheliteratureofsuccessandself-helpfocusedonwhatcouldbecalledthecharacterethic.SucheminentfiguresasBenjaminFranklinandThomasJeffersonmadecleartheirbeliefthatwecanonlyexperiencetruesuccessandhappinessbymakingcharacterthebedrockofourlives.AfterwemoveintotheindustrialageandafterWorldWarI,thebasicviewofsuccessshiftedtowhatwecouldcallthepersonalityethic.Successbecamemoreafunctionofcharm,skillsandtechniquesthat,atleastonthesurface,lubricatetheprocessofhumaninteraction.Ratherthanstrugglewiththornyissuesofrightandwrong,weturnedtomakingthingsrunsmoothly.Someofthatphilosophyexpresseditselfwithharmlessbutsuperficialmaximssuchas“smilingwinsmorefriendsthanfrowning.”Otherideaswereclearlymanipulativeorevendeceptive—fakinginterestinothers’hobbiessothattheywilllikeyou,forinstances.Withavaluesystembasedsolelyonskillandpersonality,wefindheroesinathletes,musiciansandinpowerfulbusinessexecutives.Butdespitetheadmirationwefeelfortheseachievers,weshouldn’tnecessarilylookuponthemasrolemodels.Whileskilliscertainlyneededforsuccess,itcanneverguaranteehappinessandfulfillment.Thesecomefromdevelopingcharacter.【参考译文】今天拿性格来说事已经不时髦了，但是对于所有人来说，没有比这更本质的方面了。性格是由一些原则和价值组成，而它们能够为你指导人生的方向、意义和深度。它们组成了你对是非对错的内在认知，而这不是基于法律和行为规则，而是基于你是什么样的人。它们包括如下特征，例如正直、诚实、勇气、公正和慷慨，而这些都来自于我们在生活中不得不面对的艰难选择。所以，犯错误就是犯错误，不是在被发现之后才承认。然而有些人会想我们的内在价值观现在还重要吗？我们著名的银行长官，他聪明能干、魅力超群，出身寒微、成绩显赫，虽然他犯了一些罪，但是无论如何不能否认他在每一个可能的方面的成功。这个问题展示了我们现代生活的两难困境。很多人相信要达到成功，所需要的只有天赋、能量和人格。但是历史已经告诉我们，在其漫长的进程中，我们是什么样的人比我们看起来像什么样的人更加重要。在国家的前一个半世纪中，文学的成功和自助的所有方面都集中在性格规范上。一些像本杰明·富兰克林和汤姆斯·杰斐逊等著名人物明确了他们的信念，那就是：只有将性格作为生活的根基，我们才能够体验到真正的成功和幸福。在我们迈入工业化时代之后以及在第一次世界大战之后，成功的基本观点转向了人格规范。成功的魅力更多地在于魅力、技巧和技术。至少在表面上，它们促进了人类互动的进程。我们转向了让事情运作更加顺利的模式，而不是挣扎在那些关于是非对错的痛苦问题上。一些哲学用无伤大雅但却肤浅的格言来表达自己，例如“微笑比皱眉能赢得更多的朋友”。而其他的观点明显是操纵性的甚至是欺骗性的，例如，装作对别人的嗜好感兴趣，他们就会喜欢你。当我们的价值体系只是建立在技巧和人格上时，我们能发现运动员、音乐家以及经济主管领域中的英雄。但是除了我们对这些成功人士由衷的赞扬，我们不能只是把他们看作角色模范。当技巧是成功的必需品格时，它就不能保证快乐和充实。这些是来源于性格的发展。PartIV. TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.（20%）“……我们夜宿廊下，仰首静观檐底黑影，看凉月出没云里，星斗时隐时现。人工自然，悠然融合入梦，滋味深长。”这是林徽因梁思成夫妇做晋汾之游，考查古建筑时写下的话。有人曾称林徽因为“今之女学士，才学至少在谢冰心辈之上。”今天且不将她同别的什么人作比较，只要读她的文字，就会让人动心。她的散文娟秀闻婉，充满才情，所谓文质彬彬，大概就是这样的。她写的悼念徐志摩的文章，情深意切，读起来是那样的磊落感怀，对于研究者来说，则是揣度林、徐关系的一个很好的佐证。林徽因写的小说并不多，但是每一篇都展示了那个时代女作家所具备的卓越才华，就是放在今天，也因为文字的达练、气氛的逼真、细节的生动，特别是作者的美丽而又洞察一切的胸襟而让人感动。她的诗歌更象一串串珠子一样的，比如那首著名的《你是人间的四月天》：“你是四月早天里的云烟／黄昏吹着风的软，星子在／无意中闪，细雨点点洒在花前。”对于她的建筑文字，不是专家自然不能妄加评论，但作为普通读者，则可以从中了解到许多建筑专业方面的知识，而她那美好的文笔用在了专业阐述上，倒是别有一种风格呢。【参考译文】“Werestunderthecorridoratnight,raisingourheadstowatchtheshadowundertheeavesandthemooncoveredbydriftingclouds,aswellastheshiningstars.Itmadeusfeeleloquentthattheartificialbuildingcombinedwithnatureleisurelycametoliveinourdreams.”ThewordsaboveisthewritingsofCoupleLinHuiyinandLiangSichengwhentheywereseeingabouttheancientbuildingsinShanxiProvince.LinHuiyinhasbeencalled“today’sfemalescholarwhosescholarshipisatleastabovethelevelofscholarssuchasXieBingxin”.Wedon’tcompareherwithothers.Aslongasreadingherwords,wewouldbedeeplymoved.Heressaysarebeautifulandgraceful,fullwithtalentandpassion.Theyarereflectionoftheword“wenzhibinbin”whichmeansheressaysareelegantandrefinedingoodmanner.HerarticleaboutmourningforXuZhimoisheartfeltandrecalledwithemotion,whichisagoodevidenceforresearcherstoconjecturetherelationshipbetweenLinandXu.LinHuiyindidn’twritetoomuchnovels,buteveryoneofthembringsforththetalentsoccupiedbythefemalewritersofthatage.Nowadays,wecanbedeeplymovedbytheconcisewords,therealatmosphereandthevividdetails,especiallythebeautyandpercipienceoftheauthor.HerpoetsislikestringsofbeadsjustasthefamousYouareMyAprilDaysgoes,“youare,leisurelycloudsinthesky,roaming,inmurmursofduskyair,andstarssparklecasually,whenmistyrainfalls,uponflowers.”Asforherwordsonarchitecture,I’mnotsoexperttogivejudgment.Butasanordinaryreader,Icanlearnlotsofprofessionalknowledgeonarchitecture.Ithasauniquestylewhensheaddedherelegantstyleofwritingtoprofessionalexpatiation.PartV. Writeacompositionofabout500wordsunderthetitle(20%)SomeReflectionsontheMajorEventsoftheLatterHalfofthe20thCentury【参考范文】SomeReflectionsontheMajorEventsoftheLatterHalfofthe20thCenturyNowwehavesteppedintothe21stcentury,enjoyingthepeaceoftheworldandtheadvantageofhightechnology,aswellasfeelingtherapidspeedofdevelopmentoftheworld.Lookingbacktowardsthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury,manyhugeeventswhichhaveaffectedthefateoftheworldhaveoccurred,bringingussurprises,astonishmentorevenshock,aswellasjoyandsorrow.Weshouldlearnalotfromtheseseriesofevents,andweareduetodobetteratthenextcentury.Thecoldwartookthepoliticalarenaoftheworldinthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury.ThecompetitionbetweenUSSRandtheUSAprovedtobetheattainmentforworlddominationamongsuperpowers.Withtheendofcoldwarin1991,theworld’spowerpatternchangedsharply.Thepatternofdual-polarizationofworldsystemhaschangedintomulti-polarization.Manyotherbigpowerscameuptostandonthearenaofworldpolitics.Meanwhile,thedevelopmentofinformationtechnologyhasbeenchangingtheworldinarapidandwidely-affectedway.Thecomputershavecometoordinaryfamiliesandindividualsfordoingalmosteverything.Theinventionoftheinternetprovidespeoplewithmanypossibilitiesandopportunitiesoflife.Peoplecanenjoythenoveltyofmakingfriendsontheinternetaswellasbuyingstaffs,readingnewsandplayinggames.People’slifestylehaschangedagreatdealwithcomputersandtheinternet.Withitsmoreandmorerapiddevelopmentinthefuture,whatkindoflifewillpeopleleadtowiththehelpofinformationtechnology?Theexplorationtothespaceisanothermarvelouseventofthe20thcentury.Ashumanbeingssteppedonthesurfaceofthemoon,anewerahadstarted.Itprovedtous