对外经济贸易大学考博英语历年真题及详解



2011年对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题

考试科目：1101经济英语

基础英语部分（共50分）

Pleasewriteallyour

answersontheAnswerSheet.

PartOneReading(15points)

Directions:Readthearticlebelowandfulfillthetasksthatfollowthe

article.

AStheplanetwarms,floods,storms,risingseasand

droughtwilluprootmillionsofpeopleandwithdirewiderconsequences.Barack

Obama,collectinghisNobelpeaceprize,saidthatclimatechange“willfuel

moreconflictfordecades”,HetooktheanalysisnotfromenvironmentalscaremongersbutfromagroupofAmericangenerals.

Theforecastisclose(1)  becoming

receivedwisdom.Aflurryofnewbookswithtitlessuchas“GlobalWarring”and

“ClimateConflict”offernear-apocalypticvisions.CleoPaskal,attheRoyalInstituteof

InternationalAffairsinLondon,predictsthosefloods,storms,thefailureof

theIndianmonsoonandagriculturalcollapsewillbring“enormousmadspecific,

geopolitical,economic,andsecurityconsequencesforallofus...theworldof

tomorrowlookschaoticandviolent”.JeffreyMazooftheInternational

InstituteforStrategicStudies,alsoinLondon,callsclimatechangean

“existentialthreat”andfearsitcouldusher(2)  “state

failureandinternalconflict”inexposedplaces,notablyAfrica.

Yet

surprisinglyfewfactssupportthesealarmingassertions.Widelytouted

forecastssuchasfor200mclimaterefugeesinfirenextfewdecadesseemto

havebeenplucked(3)  theair.Littleorno

academicresearchhaslookedatquestionssuchaswhetherBangladeshis

displacedbyarisingseawouldmoveaseriesofshortdistancesoveralong

period,or(moredisruptively)agreaterdistanceimmediately.

So

scientistspreparingthefifthreportoftheIntergovernrnentalPanelon

ClimateChange,duein2013,areforthefirsttimeincludingachapteron

threatstohumansecurity.Anearlyeffortcameataconferencelastmonthin

Norway,(4)theauspicesofthePeaceResearch

InstituteinOslo.

One

ideaistofindpreviousoccasionswhenbigenvironmentalchangescame(5) 

 social,politicalandmilitaryshifts.DroughtsintheCentralAsian

steppe,forexample,ledtomasswestwardmigrationandthe“barbarian”

invasionsthathelpedtoppletheRomanEmpire.Hungeranddroughtledtothe

collapseofMayancivilizationamillenniumago.Suddencoolingwipedoutan

earlyEuropeansettlementonGreenland.TheDustB0wlofthe1930sforcedover

2mpeopletomigratewithintheUnitedStates.

ThoseexamplesmayberelevantinAfrica,whereinmanycountriesaround

three-quartersofthepopulationsurvivebycultivatingafewvarietiesof

cropswatereddirectlybyrain,theformoffarmingmostvulnerable(6) 

 climatechange.Africahaswarmedby0.5℃

onaverageinthepasthalfcentury,andmayheatby1.5-4℃morethiscentury.Heathitscerealyields(especially

maize),perhapsby10-20%fora1℃rise.Rainfall

patternswillalsoshift.

 

ThehardestevidenceforalinksofarcomesfromateamledbyMarshallBurke

oftheUniversityofCalifornia,whichstudiedAfricanwarsfrom1980to2002

andfoundthatrisingtemperaturesareindeedassociatedwithcropfailure,

economicdeclineandasharpriseinthelikelihoodofwar.Itpredicteda“50%

increase”inthechanceofcivilwarinAfricaby2030.

But

thatclaimisnowheavilyrevised,sinceresearchersredidtheirsumstotake

accountofthemorepeacefulperiodof2002-08.Otherssaythatpoliticaland

otherfactorssuchasethnicconflictandoutsideinterventionare

farbetterindicatorsofthelikelihoodoffighting.

Take

thewidelycitedcaseofthewarinDarfur,thewesternregionofSudan.Ban

Ki-moon,theUNsecretary-general,describeditas“anecologicalcrisis,

arisingatleast(7)  partfromclimatechange”.

EnvironmentalproblemshaveprobablyworsenedtheDarfuris’dreadfulplight,

offeringgristtothosewhocallclimatechangea“threatmultiplier”.Average

rainfallintheregionfellabruptly(byathirdormore)intheearly1970s

andDarfurrepeatedlysuffereddroughts.Clashesovergrazingandthen

displacementofvillagerswerefollowed,from2003,byhorrificwar.

Yet

theconnectioniselusive.Roughlythreedecadeselapsedbetween

therainstoppingandwarstarting.Manyotherfactors—political,ethnic,

demographicandeconomic—conspiredtostokeviolence.Thosewerespecificto

Darfur,whereasthesharpdropinrainfallhitthewholeSahel,withoutintensifyingconflictelsewhere.

Anothercommonlycitedexampleisviolentcompetitionforscarcegrazing

betweennomadicherdsmenintheHornofAfrica.Yetastudyoffightingamong

pastoralistsontheborderbetweenKenyaandSomaliainthepast60years

(presentedattheconference)showedinsteadthatconflictworsenedwhen

grazingwasabundantandfell(8)  droughts.

Hungrypeoplewaretoobusystayingalive,ortooexhausted,tofight.By

contrast,whenrainsmadeherdsmen'sliveseasier,theycouldreleasesurplus

younglabourfortheviolentsportofraidingothergroups.

Otherresearcherslookatthepoliticalormilitaryconsequencesofphenomena

unrelatedtoweather,suchasrapidurbanization,migrationorearthquakes.Yet

theevidenceheretooismixed(9)  best.Where

naturaldisastersdoshowpredictablepoliticaloutcomes,theyareveryslight.

Astudyoftheshort-termimpactofhurricanesonHaitiandtheDominican

Republicfrom1850-2007,forexample,suggeststhatthestormshavegrownmore

intense(ifnotmorefrequent),buttheirarrivalisnotassociatedwithmorn

politicalviolence.Anotherstudyshowedthatnaturaldisastersusually

producedshoo-termeconomicpainbutnosignofincreasedpoliticalviolence

Earthquakes,too,tendtoproducemixedoutcomes.AMexicanquakein1985may

havestokedaninsurgency.Butthetsunamiof2005offeredamomentfor

secessionistsinAcehandthecentralIndonesiangovernmenttoco-operate.

Climatechangecouldindeedcausewoesaplenty.Thatisallthemorereasontobe

precise(10)  them.

1Fillineachblankinthearticlewithan

appropriatepreposition(介词) (5points,0.5pointeach)

2Readthearticlecarefullyandexplainthe

meaningofthewordsaccordingtothecontext.(5points,0.5pointeach)

(1)scaremonger(in

paragraph1)

(2)apocalyptic(in

paragraph2)

(3)tout(inparagraph

3)

(4)topple(in

paragraph5)

(5)intervention(in

paragraph8)

(6)elapse(in

paragraph10)

(7)stoke(inparagraph

10)

(8)intensify(in

paragraph10)

(9)grazing(in

paragraph11)

(l0)woe(inparagraph

13)

3Theabovearticlementionedthewidelycited

caseofthewarinDarfur,thewesternregionofSudan.BanKi-moon,theUN

secretary-general,describeditas“anecologicalcrisis…”Why?Somepeoplecall

climatechangea”threatmultiplier'.Whatdoesthatmean?(5points)

PartTwoTranslation(20points)

1Translatetile

followingpassagefromChineseintoEnglish(10points)

历代的智慧，几个世纪以来人类一直籍以为乐的故事，所有这些都可以从书中方便而又便宜的获得。但是我必须懂得如何利用这份宝藏，懂得如何才能使它对我们最为有益.世界上最为不幸的人，也就是那些从未体验过读好书之乐趣的人吧。

我对人最为感兴趣,喜欢结识他们，喜欢了解他们。我认识的一些非凡之人，首先存在于作者的想象之中，然后表现在作品的字里行间，最后在我的想象中重新显现。我在书中找到了新的朋友，新的社会,还有新的语言。

把你的一部分空闲时光用来培养阅读好书的爱好吧。爱读书的人从好书中不但得到乐趣，他们从中获得的那种精神食粮，从其他地方是很难得到的。尽管他们未必有意识地想到读书是为了提高才智。在不知不觉中，他们从书中吸取的知识积累起来，经过想象力的加工，对将来大有用处。

2Translatethe

followingpassagefromEnglishtoChinese(10points)

Naturecontainstheelements,incolorandform,ofallpictures,asthe

keyboardcontainsthenotesofallmusic.

But

theartistisborntopick,andchoose;andgroupwithscience,theseelements,

thatdmresultmaybebeautiful-asthemusiciangathershisnotes,andforms

his.chords,untilhebringsforthfromchaosgloriousharmony.

To

saytothepainter,thatNatureistobetakenassheis,istosaytotheplayer,

thathemaysitonthepiano...

The

dignityofthesnow-cappedmountainislostindistinctness,butthejoyofthe

tourististorecognizethetraveleronthetop.Tiledesiretosee,forfile

sakeofseeing,is,withthemass,alonetheonetobegratified,hencethe

delightindetail.

PartThreeWriting(15points)

Directions:Writeacompositionofabout300wordsbasedonthefollowing:

The

past10yearshaswitnessedtheunprecedenteddevelopmentoftheInternetand

theonlineworld,whichhavealreadytransformedthewaymostofuslive.

Pleasewriteacompositionentitled“IstheInternetablessingorcursefor

us?”What'syouropinionabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftile

internet?Doyouthinkitsadvantagesoutweighitsdisadvantagesortheother

wayround?Howtomakethebestuseoftheinternet?

专业英语部分（共50分）

PartFourTranslation

Translatethefollowing

EnglishintoChinese.(10points)

Historically,economistshavesaidthatwell-beingisasimplefunctionofincome.

However,ithasbeanfoundthatoncewealthreachesasubsistencelevel,its

effectivenessasageneratorofwell-beingisgreatlydiminished.Thisparadox

hasbeenreferredtoastheEasterlinparadox.Thismeansthat

aspirationsincreasewithincome;afterbasicneedsaremet;relativerather

thanabsoluteincomelevelsinfluencewell-being.Happinesseconomistshopeto

changethewaygovernmentsviewwell-beingandhowtomosteffectivelygovern

andallocateresourcesgiventhisparadox.However,otherresearchsuggests

thatnoparadoxexists,andhappinessislinearlyrelatedtothelogarithmof

absolute(real,PPP-adjusted)income,withlittleornorelativeincome

component.

Moneycorrelateswithhappiness,buttheratediminisheswithmoremoney.In

2010,twoeconomistsfoundthathigherearnersgenerallyreportedbetterlife

satisfaction,butpeople'sday-to-dayemotionalwell-beingonlyrosewith

earningsuntilathresholdannualincomeof$75,000.Otherfactorshavebeen

suggestedasmakingpeoplehappierthanmoney.Onestudy,whencorrectedfor

socialstatus,showednocorrelationbetweenincomeandhappiness.

PartFive

Makesomecommentsin

EnglishonChinesePrimer'spromisetomakepeoplehappierinhiscongress

address.(5points)

PartSix

汉译英：(10points)

对于希望利用中国大量廉价劳动力的国内外企业来说，多年来，中国沿海制造业中心一直是生产基地的上上之选。然而，自今年5月份以来，中国境内劳资争端明显增多，加之人民币走强以及政府采取行动遏制污染和产能过剩，表明这种低成本的生产模式已不再稳固。

PartSeven

Readthefollowing

passageandanswerthequestions:(25points)

The

conclusionoftheUruguayRoundofmultilateraltradenegotiationsin1994,and

theestablishmentoftheWTOin1995toprovidetheinstitutionalsupportto

themultilateraltradeagreements,constitutedasignificantmilestoneinthe

evolutionofthemultilateraltradingsystem.Theprincipleof“single

undertaking”boundallWTOmemberstoalltheresultsoftheUruguayRound

negotiations(withtheexceptionofplurilateralagreements),thereby

reinforcingthefundamentalprincipleofmost-favorednation(MFN)treatment.

WiththeconclusionoftheUruguayRoundandthestrengthenedmultilateral

tradingsystem(MTS),therewasanexpectationthatexceptionsto

multilateralism,suchasregionaltradeagreements,eventhoughlegallycovered

bytheWTOundercertainconditions,wouldeitherbecomelessofanalterative

policyoptionforcountriesorwillneedtobeadaptedandconductedinsucha

mannerastobecomeoutward-oriented;notinward-looking,andhasconstitute

buildingblocksforthenewmultilateralismusheredinbytheWTO.

This

objectivehasbeencontinuallyemphasizedinWTOMinisterialDeclarationsthat

reaffirmcommitmenttothesupremacyofmultilateralismwhilerecognizingthe

importantrolethatregionaltradeagreements(RTAs)canplay.Thisisapparent

fromparagraph4intheDohaDeclarationwhereWTOMembersstressedtheir

“commitmenttotheWTOastheuniqueforumforglobaltraderule-makingand

liberalization,whilealsorecognizingthatregionaltradeagreementscanplay

animportantroleinpromotingtheliberalizationandexpansionoftradeandin

fosteringdevelopment”.IntheworkprogrammeadoptedatDoha.WTOMembersalso

agreedtonegotiationsaimedatclarifyingandimprovingexistingWTO

provisionsapplyingtoRTAswhiletakingintoaccounttheirdevelopmental

aspects(paragraph29).Such“developmentalaspects”areaconcreteexpression

ofthewideremphasisintheDohaWorkProgramme(DWP)ondevelopmentissues,

includingimplementation-relatedissuesandconcerns,specialanddifferential

treatmentandtechnicalassistance.

As

recognizedbytheseDeclarations,thegrowth,expansionanddeepeningof

regionaltradeagreementshasbeenremarkable.Almostallcountriesinthe

worldandvirtuallyallWTOMembers(theexceptionbeingMongolia)todayare

partyto,orareintheprocessofnegotiating,atleastoneRTA.Thus,

regionalismhasbecomeapolicyoptionformostcountriesandisapermanent

featureoftheinternationaltradingenvironmentfortheforeseeablefuture.

Anotablefeatureintherecentriseofregionalismisthat

countriesthathavetraditionallyfavoredthemultilateralapproachtotrade

liberalization,includingAustralia,NewZealand,Japan,Singapore,Indiaand

theRepublicofKoreahavejoinedtheRTAbandwagon.TheUnitedStateshasalso

givenmoreattentiontoconcludingRTAs.AdifferentcompositionofRTAs

involvingthewideningofcountrycoveragebeyondthetraditionalregionalzone

hasemerged.Significantly,RTAshaveemergedbetweencountriesandentitiesin

differentregions/continents(e.g.EU-Mexico,EU-SouthAfrica,US-Israel.

Jordan,Morocco,Chile).Inmostcases,theseagreementsarebilateralin

membership,concludedbytwocountries/entities,includingthecaseoffree

tradeagreementsnegotiatedandconcludedbythetwodistinctRTAs(e.g.

EU-MERCOSURundernegotiation).

The

expansion,wideninganddeepeningofRTAshasresultedin,asituationwhereby

intra-RTAtradeaccountedforsome40percentofworldtrade(merchandise

imports)in2000andwillaccountforover50percentin2