英国文学培根课件

ABriefHistoryof

EnglishLiteratureABriefHistoryof

EnglishL1.Theline“What'spastisprologue”isfrom________________’sTempest.

凡是过去，皆为序章。《暴风雨》1.Theline凡是过去，皆为序章。《暴1.Theline“What'spastisprologue”isfrom________________’sTempest.

凡是过去，皆为序章。《暴风雨》凡是过去，皆为序章。1.Theline凡是过去，皆为序章。《暴2.Thefamousaphorism,“Knowledgeispower”,isfoundintheMeditationsby_______________.FrancisBaconFrancisBacon3.Theaphorism“Awisemanwillmakemoreopportunitiesthanhefinds”isby_______________.智者创造机会，而不是等待机会。FrancisBacon3.Theaphorism智者创造机会，而FrancisBacon

弗朗西斯培根(1561-1626)SirFrancisBaconFrancisBacon弗朗西斯培根(1561-1Astatesman,scientist,philosopher,andessayistofthelateRenaissanceEngland(1561-1626)ContemporaryofShakespeare,ElizabethI,GalileiandGuiYouguangAstatesman,(1561-11.MetQueenElizabethI(9)LifeFamouslyreplied“TwoyearsyoungerthanYourMajesty’shappyreign”2.EnteredTrinityCollege,Cambridge

(12)1.MetQueenElizabethI(9)L3.In1584,electedtoParliament(23).4.In1603,Knighted(42),5.In1617,becameLordKeeperoftheGreatSeal (highestpossibleposition)(56)6.In1618,madeLordChancellorLife7.In1618,elevatedtopeerage(Britishnobles)8.In1621,chargedwithcorruptionandbribery(60)9.In1626,diedindisgrace(65)3.In1584,electedtoParliamBacon’sliterarypowerandsuccessfindfineexpressionchieflyinhisbestknownliteraryworkEssays.Shortastheyare,theseessaysshowBacon’sprofundityinunderstandingmanandsociety.Bacon’sliterarypowerandsucThefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature;AnimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.FrancisBacon,thefirstmajorEnglishessayist,commentsforcefullyin

OfStudies

onthevalueofreading,writing,

andlearning.NoticeBacon'srelianceon

parallelstructures

(inparticular,

tricolons)throughoutthisconcise,

aphoristic

essay.ThefirstexampleofthatgenrBacon’sEssaysHisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Andtheneatness,thepreciseness,thegravity,andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings.Balanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealmentofhisownopinionsunderthecloakoftheopposingalternatives.

Bacon’sEssaysHisEssaysisthEssay:ADefinitionItisarelativelyshortliterarycompositioninprose,inwhichawriterdiscussesatopic,usuallyrestrictedinscope,ortriestopersuadethereadertoacceptaparticularpointofview.Essay:ADefinitionItisarelAnAnalysisofOfStudiesAnAnalysisofOfStudies

OfStudies:MainideaItdiscussesthebenefitsofstudying.Studyingisapplyingthemindtolearningandunderstandingasubject,especiallythroughreading,whichisperhapswhyby‘studying’,SirFrancisBaconmostlyreferstoreading.Inthisshortessay,hestrivestopersuadeustostudy,andtellsushowtostudyifwearetomakethebestofwhatweread.OfStudies:Main

OfStudies:Details1.Whatdostudiesservefor?2.Whatattitudesandwaysareadoptedbydifferentpeopletostudy?3.Howdostudiesinfluencehumancharacter?(1)theuseandabuseofstudies(2)theproperandimproperwaystopursueone’sstudies(3)theeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacterOfStudies:Detai(1)theuseandabuseofstudies(2)theproperandimproperwaystopursueone’sstudies

(3)theeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacter(1)theuseandabuseofstudi最广为流传的译作是论学习》等，该译语言精炼优美传神，为广大读者视为是最权威的版本。王佐良(1916-1995)浙江上虞人。诗人、翻译家、教授、英国文学研究专家。最广为流传的译作是论学习》等，该译语言精炼优美传神，为广大读1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.

读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。1.Studiesservefordelight,1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.

Studyasanactivity,inwhateverform,bringsusjoyandenhancesourthinking,speakingandwritingability,addingcharmtoourpersonality.1.Studiesservefordelight,2.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.

练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。2.Forexpertmencanexecute,2.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.

Itenablesthelearnedmen,whohavestudiedextensively,tocriticallyexamineissues,andarriveattherightconclusion.Theycangarnerdata,factsandargumentsoragainstaparticularviewrationally.Suchintelligentanalysisoffactsimprovesthesoundnessandqualityoftheirjudgment.2.Forexpertmencanexecute,3.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.

读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。Becarefulnottooverindulgeinstudyasthisleadstolaziness,pretentiousnessorinsularity.3.Tospendtoomuchtimeins4.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyning,

bystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.

读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当Knowledgeimprovesexperienceandexperienceimprovesknowledge4.Theyperfectnature,andar5.Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。5.Craftymencondemnstudies,5.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Peoplewhoarecunninganddeceitfulhavenoappreciationforstudiesastheyaccomplishtheirobjectivesthroughmanycrookedways.Simplefolks,however,greatlyvaluetheroleofstudiesinhumanlife.Wisepeopleinherentlydrawupontheideasobtainedfromtheirstudieswhilesolvinglife’smyriadproblems.5.Craftymencontemnstudies,6.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。Theaimofreadingandacquiringknowledgemustnotbetoaggressivelyrefuteother’sviewsoracceptthewriter’sviewsasgospeltruth.Itshouldalsonotbetoengageinpointlessdiscussionandargumentation.Studyingshouldenableustoweighfactsandanalyzethemrationally.6.Readnottocontradictand7.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.

书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。7.Somebooksaretobetasted7.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.

Booksofvaryingcontentandgenrearetobemadeuseofdifferently.Somemaybegivenacursoryreading,someotherscanbequicklysiftedthrough.Otherimportantbooksaretobereadslowlyandminutelysoastotrulyfathomthemeaningandunderlyingsense.

7.Somebooksaretobetasted8.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.

书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。8.Somebooksalsomayberead8.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.

Onecanaskanassistanttoreadabookandprepareashortsummaryofit.Butsuchpracticeshouldbefollowedforobtainingguidanceonmattersoflesserimportance.Therearesomebookswhichare,infact,shortenedalready.8.Somebooksalsomayberead9.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Readingaddsperfectiontoaman’spersonality.

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。Discussingwithothersaboutthecontentsofabookimpartsspecialpracticalskillstothereader.Writingremovesalltheresidualweaknessesandignorancefromthepersonandenableshimtorememberthecontentsofabook.

9.Readingmakethafullman;10.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.

因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。So,writinghelpstomemorizefacts.Ifapersonisbashfulsoasnottodiscusshisreadingwithothers,hewillnotbeabletoimprovehiswit.Ifhedoesnotread,hewillremainasomewhatstupidperson.

10.Andtherefore,ifamanwr11.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmores.

读史使人明智，读人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。11.Historiesmakemenwise;p11.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmores.

Studyinghistorymakesamanwiser,studyingpoetrymakesamanwittier:mathematicsgivessoundlogicalsense,andphilosophyimpartsvaluablelessonsonmorality.Studiespassintoandinfluencemanners.11.Historiesmakemenwise;p12.Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies;likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;

shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.

人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。12.Nay,thereisnostondor13.Soi