新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1IntroductionWhatislinguistics?Scientificstudyoflanguage.Interpretation:trytoanswerthebasicquestionsandprobeintovariousproblemsrelatedtolanguage;linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral;scientificstudybecausebasedonsystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.1.1.2ThescopeoflinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistic.phoneticsStudythesoundsusedinlinguisticstudyphonologyHowsoundsputtogetherandconveymeaningmorphologyThewaysymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntaxRulesgoverningthecombinationofwordssemanticsThestudyofmeaningpragmaticsStudythemeaningincontext

Abovearemajororcorebranchesoflinguistics;Followingarelinguisticslinkwithotherdisciplines.sociolinguisticslanguageandsocietypsycholinguisticsHowinfantacquiremothertongue,processinformation (languageandbrain)AppliedlinguisticsAppliedtotherecoveryoflanguage,languageacquisition1.1.3SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptivedescriptiveAimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&standard”;i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayornotDescribeandanalyzethelanguageactuallyuse(modernlinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzed)synchronicdiachronicThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeModernlinguisticsaremostsynchronic:①Difficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplacein

itshistoricaldevelopment;②Synchronicdescriptionareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence.speechwritingSpeechispriortowriting:writingsystemisalways“invented”bytheuserstorecordthespeechwhentheneedarises;speechplaysagreaterroleintermsofamountofconveyinginformation;speechisalwaysthewaynativespeakeracquiretheirmothertonguewhilewritingislearnandtaughtinschool;spokenlanguagerevealsmorefeatureofhumanspeech,whichisauthenticwhilewrittenlanguageisonlytherevisedrecordofspeech.Langue语言Parole言语Abstractlinguisticsystem;RelativelystableTherealizationoflanguageinactualuse;Concrete;Varyfrompersontoperson&situationtosituationProposedbySwisslinguistF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury:paroleisamassoflinguisticfacts,toabstractlangue

frompetenceperformanceTheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageTheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky,SimilartoSaussure,whatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker'scompetence,nottheperformance.Difference:Saussuretooksociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconvention;whileChomskylooksatpsychologicalpointandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.TraditionalgrammarModernlinguisticsPrescriptive;writtenlanguageisprimary;ForcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework;Descriptive;Spokenlanguageisprimary;TryingtosetupauniversalframeworkModernlinguisticsbeginfromthepublicationofF.deSassure'sbookcourseingenerallinguisticsWhatislanguageDefinitionsoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Characteristics:languageissystem,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtotherules;languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatitstandsfor,Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellaswell;languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound;languageishuman-specific,differentfromanimalcommunication.DesignfeaturesoflanguageProposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett:comparingtheanimal&humancommunicationsystems.Followingarefivemajordesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage:arbitrarinessNologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds(exceptonomatopoeticandcompoundwords)productivityItmakestopossibletoconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalbyitsusers.dualityLanguageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwostructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundscangroupedorregroupedtogetherintoalargernumbersofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemeorwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofsystem(carp&park).Thenthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumbersofsentences;DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers;culturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.(languageisculturaltransmitted[languagenotmutuallyintelligible]whileanimalcallsystemisgeneticallytransmitted)FunctionsoflanguageThreemainfunctionsoflanguagewhichdistinctfromeachotherbutactuallyoverlappingtosomedegree:descriptivefunctionTheprimaryfunctionoflanguage;Thefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenial,andinsomecaseevenverified.e.g:TheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered.expressivefunctionSupplyinformationabouttheuser'sfeeling,preference,prejudicesandvalue,etc.Iwillnevercometothiscoffeeshopagain.socialfunctionServestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.HowcanIhelpyou,Sir?Others:Russian-bornstructurallinguistRomanJakobson：sixelemens（function）ofaspeech:Addresser-emotive（动机）addressee-conative（意动）context-referentialmessage-poeticcontact-phaticcommunioncode-metalinguisticBritishlinguisticM.A.KHalliday:ideationalfunction（语篇功能）[includeddescriptive&expressivefunctin]istoorganizethespeaker'sexperienceoftherealorimaginaryerpersonalfunctionistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.[socialfunction]textualfunctionistoorganizewrittenorspokentextstocoherewithinthemselvesandfittotheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.2.PhonologyThephonicmediumoflanguageSpeechsoundsproducedbyhumanspeechorganTwomajormediaofcommunication:speechandwriting;2.2phoneticswhatisphonetics?Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccursintheworld'slanguage.Articulatoryphonetics（发音语言学）longesthistoryThreebranchesAuditoryphonetics（听觉语言学）Acousticphonetics（声学语言学）organsofspeechPharyngealcavity（咽喉）Nasalcavity（鼻腔）Oralcavity（口腔）Voicing:vibrationofthevocalcordsVocalcords glottisorthgraphicrepresentationofspeechsounds:broad&narrowInternationalphoneticalphabet:letter—soundsBroad(usedintextbook):lettersymbols[p]Narrow:lettersymbols+diacritics(变音符)[phit][spit]h—aspiration [phoneticianmoreinterestedin]classificationofEnglishspeechsounds

（流音）Glides（流音）Glides（滑音）VDwjclassificationofEnglishvowelsMonophthongs：frontcentralbackcloseI:IU:uSemi-closeee:Semi-openeC:openaeaDa:2.3phonology2.3.1phonology&phoneticsPhonologyvsphoneticsSpeechsoundsFormpatters&conveymeaningFormpatters&conveymeaningProducedfeatures&classifiedphonephonemeallophoneJPhoneticunitPhonologicalunitDifferentphonesrepresentingaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentSequentialrulesassimilationruledeletionruleSequentialrulesassimilationruledeletionruleGovernthecombinationofsounds,I.e.Wordbeginwitha[I]or[r],nextsoundmustbeavowelAssimilateonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofsequentialphoneme,makingtwophonessimilarI.e.Mianbao——miannaoTotelluswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.2.3.5suprasegmentalfeatures(phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofsegments)Stress:N&vTone：四声Intonation：differentmayconveydifferentmeaningeventhesentencesunchanged3.MorphologyGrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructureWord:thesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguageMorpheme:thesmallestunitofmeaningRootstembaseRoot:believeStem:believable(除掉所有的语法成份，留下词根和派生成份)Base：unbelievable(un的词基)Derivationalmorpheme:changecategorygrammaticalclassofwordsPrefix:changemeaningSuffix:changemeaningandpartsofspe