《英语修辞学》第七章课件

EnglishRhetoricBySongPingfeng

ChapterSevenPhoneticFiguresofSpeech

EnglishRhetoricBySongPingfePage27.1Introduction7.2Alliteration（押头韵）7.3Assonance（押元音韵）7.4Consonance（押辅音韵）7.5Onomatopoeia（拟声）7.6Aposiopesi（话语中断法）7.7Apostrophe（呼语）7.8Pun（双关）ContentsofThisChapterPage27.1IntroductionContentPage37.1Introduction

(1)Alllanguageshavesound.Oratorsinancienttimesknewhowtousethesoundsoftheirlanguageformaximumrhetoricaleffect,andclassicalrhetorichadanumberofsounddevicesbasedonthe“echoing”ortherhymingofsounds.ModernEnglishhasinheritedsomeofthesedevices.Thesedevicesarealsocalledphoneticfiguresofspeech.(2)AgoodknowledgeofsomeEnglishphoneticfiguresofspeechishelpfulnotonlytostudentsofEFLaswriters,butalsoasreadersofEnglisharticles.(3)ThebasicfeaturesofEnglishsounds:Englishsoundsareclassifiedphoneticallyintovowelsandconsonants,andthepronunciationofwordsisdonebycombinationsofvowelsandconsonants.Thevowelsandconsonantsnotonlyhavephoneticqualities,butalsohavesomesensoryqualities,whichsuggestcertainimpressions.Page37.1Introduction(1)AllPage4Forexample:Theshort,lax,spreadvowel/i/issupposedtoconveybright,light,fleet,happyimpression,asin:

Spring,thesweetSpring,istheyear’spleasantking;Thenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinaring,Colddothnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing.(T.Nash:“Spring”)2)Thesounds/ɑ:/and/o/areconsideredmorepleasanttotheears,asforexamplein“doll”,“holiday”,“lark(嬉戏,玩乐)”,“dance”,“hearty”,etc.3)Mostpeoplefeelthattheconsonants/k/,/g/andtheirclusters/kl/,/kr/,/gl/,/gr/aresuggestiveofunpleasantnessorugliness,asin“kick”,“kill”,“clack(唠叨，喋喋不休)”,“crack”,“groan”,“glut(暴食：过量地吃或过度耽溺于，沉湎于)”,“haggle(讨价还价，争论不休)”,“anger”,etc.Page4Forexample:2)ThesoundPage57.2Alliteration（押头韵）Definition:ThewordalliterationderivesfromLatin,meaning“repeatingandplayinguponthesameletter”.Therefore,alliterationistherepetitionofinitialconsonantintwoormorewords.Itisaveryoldrhetoricaldevice,andthefirstfiguresofspeechadoptedinEnglish.(2)Applicableareas:InPoetryInproseInnewspaperheadingsInproverbsIntonguetwistersInadvertisementsandslogansPage57.2Alliteration（押头韵）DPage6E.g.InproseNexttohealth,heart,home,happinessformobileAmericansdependsupontheautomobile.

Weshouldnotdemean贬低ourdemocracywiththepoliticsofdistraction,denialanddespair.(AlGore)

我们不可用消解、拒绝和绝望的托辞贬屈我们的民主。

Leteverynationknow,whetheritwishesuswellorill,thatweshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden.(JohnF.Kennedy)(2)Newspaperheadlines:BreadNotBombsCutCrimewithJobsNotJailsBattleforBalancedBudget对于好动的美国人来说，幸福不仅取决于健康、爱情、舒适和温暖的家庭，还取决于汽车。Page6E.g.对于好动的美国人来说，幸福不仅取决于健Page7(3)ProverbsTimeandtidewaitfornoman.Manyaman,manyamind.Sparetherod,spoilthechild.Deathpaysalldebts.(4)IntonguetwisterPeterpiperpickedapeckofpickledpepper.Shesellssea-shellsonthesea-shore.CutCostsWithoutCuttingCorners.(advertisingforcars)人多心不齐。不教不成材；不打不成器一死百了时不我待；机遇不可错过Page7(3)Proverbs人多心不齐。不教不Page8(5)Inadvertisementsandslogans标语VitaminsforVimandVigor(advertisingforvitamins)Sea,Sun,Sand,SeclusionandSpain!(advertisingforspanishseashorescenicpots.)Page8(5)InadvertisementsanPage9(3)Advantages:Asafigureofspeech,itisgoodforsoundrhyme,musicaleffectandsignificantemphasis.Forexample,1)Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,Thefurrowfollowedfree;

WewerethefirstthateverburstIntothatsilentsea.2)Bye,Bye,BalancedBudget3)GunkGroundstheSecondShuttleAlliterationisagreathelptomemory.Byhighlightingthesoundsofwords,alliterationcatchestheattentionoftheaudienceandmakestheideaimpresseddeeplyontheaudienceandthuseasierforthemtoremember.Forexample,Page9(3)Advantages:Page10E.g.Pennywise,poundfoolish.

小处精明,大处浪费;小事聪明,大事糊涂

Practicemakesperfect.

四川人有句俗语非常好，把天上飞的，地上跑的，水里游的叫做“陆空”，翻译成英语应该叫“feather，feetorfin”，就长羽毛的、长脚的，还有长鳍的。Farfowlshavefairfeathers.（远处的鸟羽毛更美丽）“远来的和尚会念经”。说某人“面善心恶”，英语是Afairfacehidesafoulheart;说“酒后说胡话”，英语是Whenwinesinks,wordsswim;现在许多人择偶条件中有一条，要求对象既有“才”，还要有“趣”，有“才”有“趣”用英语表达就可以用上头韵技巧：“amanofwisdomandwit”。如果遇上amanofwisdomandwit，可要错过机会，嫁给他做wife吧。MoreExamples:Page10E.g.Pennywise,poundPage11在翻译中，恰如其分地运用押头韵的手法可以使译文增色不少。在上海世博会的申办报告中，原文有“上海迅速发展成为一个充满生机和希望的城市”，我们把它翻译为：“Shanghaihasbeendevelopingrapidlyintoacityfullofvigorandvitalityandshowingagreatpromise.”其中，“充满生机”的译文fullofvigorandvitality就是了押头韵的技巧。Page11在翻译中，恰如其分地运用押头韵的手法可以使译文Page12例如：TheRelentlessPursuitofPerfection.(Lexusautomobile)

译文：追求完美，近乎苛求；凌志轿车，永不停歇！

这是Lexus牌汽车广告，其基本含义为“近乎苛求地追求完美”。这则广告一组押头韵词语是围绕/P/这个辅音展开的：Pursuit和Perfection.Pursuit和Perfection都属该语篇的核心词汇，所构成的押头韵使整个语篇显得富有韵律和节奏感。汉语译文采用了四字格形式的排比结构，由两部分构成：第一部分描述了源语语篇核心词汇所含的主要概念意义“追求完美”，和源语语篇副词所含的概念意义“近乎苛求”；第二部分首先写出商品品牌，在品牌“凌志轿车”后加了“永不停歇”，以表示汽车制造者的决心和志向。四个并列的四字词语，使译文语言显得明快流畅，节奏优美和谐。

Page12例如：TheRelentlessPursuPage13某扫描仪广告:Slim，stylish，silver.

译文1：银色线条显精简，时尚光辉在闪现

译文2：外显精简之美，内藏时尚韵味。

这则广告语篇属于描述体语篇体裁，由三个关系过程小句的省略形式构成。三个用来描述这种扫描仪器特点的形容词都以辅音/s/开头，构成押头韵修辞，语言简洁工整，令人倍感时尚。Page13某扫描仪广告:Slim，stylish，siPage14(4)However,alliteration,usedtoexcess,canbelaughableandharmfultotheconveyanceofthought.E.g.1)a.Perhapshispunyprofitsposenopersistentlyseriousproblem.2)b.Itisunlikelythathissmallprofitswillbecomeaseriousdifficulty.Page14(4)However,alliteratiPage157.3Assonance（押元音韵）Definition:Assonanceistherepetitionorresemblanceofvowelsoundsinthestressedsyllablesofasequenceofwords,precededandfollowedbydifferentconsonants.Forexample,“lateandmake”,“fishandchip”,“adeepgreenstream”,“ahotcoppersky”,“childrenjustletloosefromschool”,etc.(2)Applicableareas:Assonanceisoftenusedinpoeticlanguagetocreatemusicalrhythmforaparticulareffectofeuphony.Forexample,

Ishallneverseehermorewherethereedsandrushesquiver,Shiver,quiver;Standbesidethesobbingriver,Sobbing,throbbing,inthefallingTothesandylonesomeshore.

(JeanIngelow:TheHighTideontheCostofLincolnshire(1571))Page157.3Assonance（押元音韵）DefPage16Assonanceisnotonlyusedinpoetrybutalsousedinprose,speech,advertising,newsreport,etc.E.g.Everyonewilltellyouthatduringthe1980sthemoodofBritainchanged.Noweverythingisleanerandmeaner,cleanerandkeener.Concretegiveswaytoglass,sexgiveswaytomoney.(MalcolmBradbury,TheNewYorkTimesMagazine,Dec.11,1988)Assonanceisevenmorecommoninproverbs.E.g.Spendadime,saveyoutime.Hastemakeswaste.Greatboast,smallroast.Creditorshadbettermemoriesthandebtors.欲速则不达说得天花乱坠，成事微乎其微。

债主的记性比债户强。Page16AssonanceisnotonlyPage177.4Consonance（押辅音韵）Definition:Consonancereferstotherepetitionofthefinalandidenticalconsonantswhoseprecedingvowelsaredifferent.Forexample,singrang,wonran,dashfish,laughtough,addread,oddsandends,firstandlast,astrokeofluck,lastbutnotleast,etc.(2)Applicableareas:Consonanceisoftenemployedinpoetry.Consonanceisalsocommonlyusedinprose,slogansandnewspaperheadings.E.g.Women:Don’tAgonize,OrganizeFarmsNotArmsWhenIlentIwasafriend,whenIaskedIwasunkind.Page177.4Consonance（押辅音韵）DePage18Withhowsadsteps,Omoon——PhilipSydneyWithhowsadsteps,OMoon,thouclimb'sttheskies!Howsilently,andwithhowwanaface!What,mayitbethate'eninheavenlyplace

Thatbusyarcherhissharparrowstries!Sure,ifthatlong-with-love-acquaintedeyes

Canjudgeoflove,thoufeel'stalover'scase,Ireaditinthylooks;thylanguish'dgrace,Tome,thatfeelthelike,thystatedescries.Then,e'enoffellowship,OMoon,tellme,Page18Withhowsadsteps,OmPage19Isconstantlovedeem'dtherebutwantofwit?Arebeautiesthereasproudasheretheybe?Dotheyabovelovetobeloved,andyet

Thoseloversscornwhomthatlovedothpossess?Dotheycallvirtue,there,ungratefulness?Page19Isconstantlovedeem'dPage20月啊，你用悲哀的步伐菲利普·锡德尼多么悲哀的脚步啊，月亮，你爬上天空一张苍白的脸颊，多么寂寞。莫非是那忙碌的小爱神在天上玩弄着他的弓箭？如果相思瞒不过久已苦于相思的眼睛，那么我敢说，你也处在恋爱的心情，你那憔悴的美丽让我明白了一切——我们在深深爱着。同在相思中的月亮啊，你能告诉我吗，矢志的爱情在天界是否被看作不智？那里的女子是否也这般傲慢？是否喜欢被爱，而又轻蔑真爱着她的人？在天界，是否负心被称作美德？注：菲利普·悉尼(PhilipSidney1554—1586)英国诗人与月亮谈心,和天神对话,借以发爱情之遐想、述思辨的哲理。Page20月啊，你用悲哀的步伐注：菲利普·悉尼(PhilPage217.5OnomatopoeiaDefinition:

Onomatopoeiaisatermusedtodescribethephenomenonoflanguagesoundinglikethethingitrefersto.Forexample,moo,meow,bow-bow,hiss,roarandbaaarerespectivelyimitativeofthecriesorcallsofcows,cats,dogs,snakes,lionsandsheep.Inthesameway,trainstoot,doorsbang,windowsrattle,firecrackles,machinesclang,andracingcarsgovroom-vroom,etc.(2)Applicableareas:Onomatopoeiaisverycommoninverseandfairlycommoninproseandliteraturesatalltimes.

Page217.5OnomatopoeiaDefinitPage22(3)Advantages:Onomatopoeiahelpsmakedescriptionlifelike.Itisoftenusedforthepurposeofaddingvividnessorvitalitytothedescription.Forexample,ineachpairofthefollowingsentences,sentencebismorevividandmorelifelikethansentencea:a.Thestreamflowsthroughthewoods.b.Thestreammurmursthroughthewoods.a.Dasistartedlaughing.b.Dasistartedgiggling.a.Thedoorwaspushedopen.b.Thedoorbangedopen.a.Heavyraindropsfellonthetent.b.Heavyraindropsbeganpitter-patteringonthetent.Page22(3)Advantages:Page23(4)Classification:Accordingtothesound-maker,onomatopoeiacanfallintodifferentkinds:HumanbeingsandmovementE.g.ouch,ow,pooh,uoh,boo,mumble,grunt,giggle,whimper,chuckle,patterDifferentanimalsE.g.Wow-wow,Mew-mew,Grunt-grunt,Quack-quackNaturalobjectsE.g.Swish,Splash,Squelch,Plop,GurglePage23(4)Classification:Page247.6Aposiopesis(说话中断法)Definition:Aposiopesisistherhetoricaldeviceofsuddenlystoppinginmid-sentence,asiftosaymorewouldbesuperfluous,orasifwordsfailone,orasifthelistenerorreaderwouldnowbeabletocompletethesentencesuitably.Aposiopesisisusuallyusedinthemomentsofemotionforthetruerepresentationofaspeaker’stoneandmood.(2)Classification:Aposiopesisgenerallyfallsintothreecategories:Thespeakerabruptlyhaltshalfwayinasentence,eitherbeingtooexcitedtogivefurtherarticulationtohisthoughtortryingtoimpressreaderswithavaguehintofanidea.Page247.6Aposiopesis(说话中断法)DPage25Thespeakerintentionallyleavestherestofasentenceunsaid,implyingastrongsenseofmenaceorintimidation.Insuchcontext,theaudiencecaneasilyfigureoutwhatisleftunsaid.Forexample,1)Theguardsaidtotheprisoner,“Stop!Anotherstepforwardandyouwill……”

2)“IfonlyIknewwhokilledthatcherrytree,”hecried,“Iwould……yes,Iwould……”3)“IfonlyIknewwhokilledthatcherrytree,”hecried,“Iwould….Yes,Iwould….”Thespeakerdoesnotfinishhiswordsonpurpose,leavingsuspenseonthelistener.Page25ThespeakerintentionaPage267.7Apostrophe(呼语)Definition:Apostrophereferstotheorator’sturningasidefromhisimmediateaudiencetoaddresssomeotherperson,whetherheisphysicallypresentornot,as“Judge,Oyougods”inthefollowing:

ForBrutus,asyouknow,wasCaesar’sangel.

Judge,Oyougods,howdearlyCaesarlovedhim.(Shakespeare)Anotherexample,

OwildWestWind,thoubreathofAutumn’sbeing.(P.B.Shelly)Page267.7Apostrophe(呼语)DefiPage277.8PunDefinition:Punis,innature,aword-play.Apuninvolvestheuseofapolysemouswordtosuggesttwoormoremeanings,commonlyliteralmeaningversusfigurativemeaning,orinvolvestheuseofhomonyms.Thewholepointofapunistheuser’sintenttoproduceahumorousorwittyeffectfromthejuxtapositionofmeanings.(2)Homonym,Homophone&HomographAhomonymisawordthatisidenticaltoanotherwordinpronunciationandspellingbutnotinmeaning.E.g.arms(partofthebody)arms(weapons)lie(tomake)anintentionalfalsestatementlie(tohaveone’sbodyinamoreorlesshorizontalpositionalonggroundofsurfacePage277.8PunDefinition:(2)HPage28Ahomophoneisawordthatisidenticaltoanotherwordinpronunciationbutnotinspellingandmeaning.E.g.bale(alargebundle)bail(toremovewaterfromaboat)meet(tocomeuponbychanceorarrangement)meat(theediblefleshofanimals)Ahomographisawordthatisidenticaltoanotherwordinspellingbutnotinpronunciationandmeaning.E.g.Wind(airinmoreorlessrapidnaturalmotion)Wind(goincircular,spiralcourse)Page28AhomophoneisawordPage29(3)PunsbasedonhomonymsE.g.Ifwedon’thangtogetherwe’llhangseparately.(BenjaminFrankling)What’sthedifferencebetweenasoldierandayounggirl?Onepowderstheface,theotherfacesthepowder.BenBattlewasasoldierboldAndusedtowar’salarm;Butacannonballshotoffhislegs.Sohelaiddownhisarms.Anambassadorisanhonestmanwholiesabroadforthegoodofhiscountry.

Englishhasalwaysbrokenloose(挣脱)fromtheEnglish,justasLatinbrokeloosefromtheRomans.Page29(3)PunsbasedonhomonPage30E.g.Itisbettertoliverichthantodierich.WithIBMwehavethepowertomanagethepower.Tommywenttolawschoolandpassedthebar,andIwentofftotownandboughtabar.Amansitsdownatatableinarestaurantandasks,“Doyouservecrabshere?”Thewaitersays,“Sure,sitdown,weserveanybody.”Crab:螃蟹,类似螃蟹的动物;脾气乖戾的人,吹毛求疵Page30E.g.Crab:螃蟹,类似螃蟹的动物;Page31(4)PunsbasedonhomophonesSignonaMen’sGymdoor:“Wehavecoursestomakegrownmenyoungandyoungmengroan.”What’sincreasinglylucrative,however,issellingnamingrights.Itmaynotmakesense,butitmakessomecents.Americanscareaboutmoney.OnSundaytheyprayforyouandonMondaytheypreyonyou.Whenawomancomplainedtoabutcherthatthesesausagestastedlikemeatatoneendbutlikebreadcrumbattheother,hereplies,“Madam,intimeslikethese,nobutchercanmakebothendsmeet.”Page31(4)PunsbasedonhomopPage32“Waiter!”“Yes,sir.