语言学Morphology形态学教学课件

Chapter3MorphologyaMorphology,asasub-branchoflinguisticsreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Generallyspeaking,morphologycanfurtherdividedintotwobroadcategories,namely,inflectional/(屈折morphologyandderivationalmophology,Whicharebothconcernedwiththesmallestunitatthegrammaticallevel1.WordWord:aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative-speakers,whetherspokenorwritten1.1Threesensesofword1)AphysicallydefinableunitWordmaybeseenasaclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentowpausesorblanks2)Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecifictermboy,boyscheck,checks,checked,checking3)Agrammaticalunit:sentenceclausephrasewordmorpheme2IdentificationofwordsStability:theconstituentpartsofacomplexwordcannotberearrangedchairmanxmancharThechairmanlookedattheaudienceTheaudiencelookedatthechairman2)Relativeuninterruptibility:Newelementscannotbeinsertedintoawordevenwhenthereareseveralpartsinaworddisappointmentdis+appoint+mentPaul,(Jane)andRebeccaaremyclassmates3)Aminimumfreeform:thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself,e.g.--lsJanecomingtonight?PossiblyHiWonderful1.3ClassificationofwordsVariableVSinvariablewordsVariablewords:Onecouldfindorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordforms:ontheotherhandpartofthewordremainsconstantfollowfollows,following,followed,;mat,matsInvariablewords:thosewordssuchassince,when,seldom,through,helloTheydonothaveinflectiveendings2)GrammaticalwordsvSlexicalwordsGrammaticalwords:expressgrammaticalmeanings,suchasconjunctions,prepositionsarticles,pronounsLexicalwords:havelexicalmeanings,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandqualitysuchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbsThelexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguage(contentwords)andthegrammaticalwordsservetolinkthedifferentpartsofasentencetogether(functionwords)3)Closed-classwordsVSopen-classwordsClosed-class:awordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctionsarticles,etcOpen-class:Awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.Nouns,verbsadjectives,adverbsNote:Thedistinctionisnotquiteasclear-cutasseemsPrepositions:regarding,throughout,outof,accordingto,withregardto,inspiteof,bemeansof,Auxiliaryverbs4)Wordclass:ItisclosetothenotionofPartsofSpeechintraditio