托福听力高频主题课件

地质学(geology)是关于地球的物质组成、内部构造、外部特征、各层圈之间的相互作用和演变历史的知识体系。地球的主要构造从里到外依次为地核(core)、地幔(mantle)、地壳(crust)。托福听力地质学部分涉及的理论体系主要有：

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地质环境科学背景知识解析：1.板块构造学说(platetectonics)。全球的岩石圈可以分为六大板块(plate)，板块与板块的交界处由于其相对移动发生碰撞(collision)和张裂(tensioncrack)，在板块碰撞的地方常形成山脉(mountainrange)，在板块张裂的地方常形成裂谷(riftvalley)和海洋(ocean)。上述地壳运动活跃地区很容易形成火山(volcano)和地震(earthquake)，必备词汇：岩浆(lava)，摩擦(fraction)，喷发(eruption)地质环境科学2.大陆漂移学说（continentaldrift)。其作用主要有两个：一是解释各大版块边缘为什么能够完美的贴合而是预测大陆板块的运动方向。此外，冰川的形成、放射性元素（例如铀-uranium)定年法等也是常见的话题。地质环境科学广义地质类：地址学，地理学，环境科学，天文学，气象学，地磁作用，地球污染，宇宙起源，星系星座，天体构造（太阳系天体），天体轨迹,公转自传的影响，板块漂移，陨石坑,地貌,大气，海洋,洋流，潮汐，冰河期，间冰期，全球变暖，动植物生存危机（珊瑚礁）地质环境科学托福听力高频主题3.14-L1-SoilHydrology(EarthScience)第10课LectureGeology1Glossarysoilhydrology土壤水文学outdated过时的evaporates 蒸发atmosphere 大气hydrologicalcycle水循环stable 稳定的isotopeanalysis 同位素分析法signatures 标记particles 颗粒Textures质地pore 空隙bound 连接preliminary 初步的specific 特定的fill 填充Glossaryresidence 存在Subsequent后续saturate 浸透的，饱和的pollutant 污染trap 困入farreachingimplication 深远影响Glossary1.Whydoestheprofessorcompareisotopestofingerprints

A.

Toprovidesupportforanargument

B.Toclarifyadifficultconcept

C.ToidentifyaproblemwiththeresearchstudyD.TosuggestawaytotestatheoryQuestionsB原文出处.1QThey’relike,differentversionsofthesameelement.Andjustaswecanidentifypeoplefromtheirfingerprint,wecantraceisotopesusingstableisotopeanalysis.解析:运用大家熟悉的指纹帮助解释同位素分析法。故选BACD无中生有2.Whatpointdoestheprofessoremphasizeabouttheregionexaminedinthestudyhedescribes

A.Itssteepmountainouspositionexaggeratestheeffectsofwaterflowthere.

B.Itsdryclimatelimitshowmuchinformationitcanyieldaboutwatermovement.

C.Itsrainfallpatternsandsoilconditionsarenottypicalofconditionsinallregions.

D.Itssoilabsorbswateratamuchgreaterratethansoilinamore、

temperateclimate.QuestionsCQ2：Now,obviously,differentsoilshavedifferentporesizesandnoteverylocationhasthesamedryrainyseasonalpattern.Sothisstudyisjustapreliminarylookatonespecificregion,onespecificcircumstance.解析:每个地区的pore的大小不一致，尤其特殊性，故选C.A未提及steepmountainB无中生有D文中无对比temperate气候的土壤水分吸收问题。3.Whatdidtheresearchersdiscoveraboutsmallsoilpores?

A.Smallporesmakethemovementofwaterthroughsoildifficulttotrace.

B.Thenumberofsmallporesinthesoilofaspecificareaisrelatedtothenumberofhydrogenisotopesthere.

C.Treesreceivelesswaterfromsmallporesthanfromlargepores.

D.Smallporesretainwaterlongerthanpreviouslythought.QuestionsDQ3:smallporesareslowertodrain.Theyhavewhat’scalledthelongestwaterresidencetime.解析：根据原文，小的空隙水干涸速度慢，与Dretainlonger同义。故选D4.Inthesoilexaminedbytheresearchers,whathappenstorainwaterthatfallstowardtheendoftherainyseason

A.Mostofitmovesthroughthesoiltonearbystreams.

B.Mostofitisabsorbedbytrees.

C.Itismorelikelytopickuppollutantsunderground.

D.Researchershavebeenunabletotrackitsentirepath.QuestionsAQ4:So,insubsequentrainfalls,afterthemoistureinthesoilaroundthetreereachesamaximum,newrainwaterflowsdownintoemptylargerpores,awayfromthetreesroots.Nowthiswaterneverreallymixeswiththewaterinthesmallerporesanditdoesn’tstayinthesoilaslong.Itmovesdownthroughthesoilintothestream.解析:新的雨水无法与土壤中的水分融合，将流入溪流中。故选A.5.Whatistheprofessor'sopinionabouttheresearchfindingsA.Thefindingsprovidedvaluableinsightsforaresearchstudyheconducted.B.Thefindingssupportadifferentconclusionthantheonetheresearchershavedrawn.C.Thefindingswillhaveanimpactonotherfieldsofresearch.D.Thefindingsarenotconclusivebecausethemovementofpollutantswasnottracked.QuestionsCQ5:Becauseyouseethisnewunderstandingofwhatwatermovementhasbeenchangingthewayweunderstandotherthingsaswell.Forexample,it’smakinguslookathowpollutantsmovethrough,oraretrappedinsoil.Andthathasfarreachingimplicationsoutsideofthehydrologicalcycle.解析:根据原文，土壤水文学的发现可以应用在环境污染方面。故选CA未提及教授的研究B无中生有，并未涉及支持任何结论D信息错误，6.Whatisthemainpurposeofthelecture?

A.Topointouttheflawsinanewlyproposedtheory

B.Todescribeanewunderstandingofabasicprocessinsoilhydrology

C.Toaddressconcernsaboutusingstableisotopeanalysis

D.Toprovideanexplanationofastudydescribedintheclass'stextbookQuestionsBQ6:Butrecentfindingshaveshownthathowwaterbehavesdependsonthesoilandtheclimate,thatitisn’talwayssocutanddry.Newtechnologyisavailablethatprovidesuswithamoredetailedstableisotopeanalysis.Whichletsustrackwaterasittravelsthroughsoilaspartofthehydrologicalcycle,thewatercycle.Uh,yes,Anna?解析：通过同位素研究，发现同一区域的土壤，雨滴,溪流的的元素不一致，打破一致的观念。故选B.Structure主旨

如何运用同位素分析法来研究地理学。开头由教科书章节引入，水文地理原来的研究过时，并引出新的研究方法：同位素跟踪分析法。

1.原来：雨水到土壤到深层到当地溪流到蒸发水循环

2.现在：新的研究方法依赖于土壤和气候两方面主体段1.同位素分析法

a.由同位素来跟踪水流向

i.像人的指纹

b.先收集，再分析

2.美国西北部的Cascades具体研究

a.有明显的干湿两季