第18讲阅读理解之说明文（原卷版）

第18讲阅读理解之说明文1．了解说明文的解题方法与技巧。2．进行说明文真题训练。阅读理解说明文，是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事例，达到教人以知识的目的。在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，在新高考卷的阅读理解中每年都涉及到说明文的考查，是必考问题之一。从命题形式上来看，说明文阅读常考主旨大意题和猜义题。说明文一般层次分明，结构清晰，逻辑关系清晰。因此考生在备考时要多加关注，勤加练习。说明文的选材都是各专业领域的前沿问题，尤以科技类说明文居多。说明文的词汇和句式的运用比其他体裁文章而言，难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一个词的不同词性用法交替出现。未列入考纲的生词较多，专业术语也多，且对考生而言比较陌生。文章中的长难句比较多。这些都导致考生在阅读时难度很大。解题技巧高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、事实细节题属于细节类型的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节，题型可以多种多样。此类题型一般分两种。第一种是直接理解题，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二种是词义转换题，正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节，所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。这类题型的主要提问方式常为：①Whichofthefollowingistrue/NOTtrueinthepassage?②WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTdiscussed/mentionedinthepassage?③Whichistherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?④AllthefollowingstatementsareNOTtrueexcept

.细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词，如：表因果关系的because,since,as等；表转折关系的but,however,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand等等。二、词义猜测类题型在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手：1）根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义在be，becalled，call等判断词出现的判断句中，或定语从句及标点符号，可以根据已知部分，猜测生词的含义。例如：Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.通过理解定语从句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。2）根据对比关系猜测生词的词义在but，however，yet，otherwise，though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如：ThoughTom’sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.和clean意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”。3）通过因果关系猜测词义because,since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词，so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词，so...that与such...that中的that是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如：Shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastoolong.根据because从句所讲的意思，我们就可推测trim就是“修剪”之意。根据生活常识猜测词义运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。例如：Mostoftherosesarebeginningtowitherbecauseofthecold.根据句子意思及生活经验，wither表示“枯萎”。5）根据同等关系猜测词义同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是，这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如：Atforty-twohewasinhisprimeandalwaysfullofenergy.从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的fullofenergy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。6）根据构词法知识猜测词义根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。三、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。（2023春·江苏宿迁·高二统考期中）ErinAlexander’ssister-in-lawrecentlydied,andshewashavingahardday.Abarista(咖啡师)wassadtoobecausehismachinehadbrokendown.Erinorderedanicedgreentea,andtoldhimtocheerup.Afterpickingupherorder,shenoticedamessageonthecup:“Erin,yoursoulisgolden”,thebaristahadalsoscrawled(画)aheartnexttoit.“I’mevennotsurewhat‘yoursoulisgolden’means,”saidErin,wholaughedandcriedwhilerecallingtheincident.Butthewarmthofthatsmallandunexpectedgesture,fromthebaristawhodidn’tknowwhatshewasgoingthrough,movedherdeeply.“Ofcourse,Iwasstillreallysad,”Erinsaid.“Butthatlittlethingmadetherestofmyday.”Newfindings,publishedintheJournalofExperimentalPsychology,confirmjusthowpowerfulexperienceslikeErin’scanbe.Researchersfoundthatpeoplewhoperformarandomactofkindnesstendtounderestimatehowmuchthereceiverswillappreciateit.Andtheybelieveitcouldpreventmanyofusfromdoingnicethingsforothersmoreoften.Arecentstudycomprisedeightsmallexperimentsthatvariedindesignandparticipants.Inoneexperiment,peopleweretoldtheycouldgiveacupcakeawaytostrangers,andwereaskedtoratetheirownmoodaswellashowtheybelievedthereceiverswouldfeel.Theresearchersfoundthatthosewhogotacupcakeasaresultofarandomactofkindnessfeltbetterthanthepersononthegivingendthoughttheywould.“Peopletendtothinkthatwhattheyaregivingislittle,”Dr.Kumar,anassistantprofessorofmarketingandpsychologyattheUniversityofTexas,Austin,said.“Butreceiversconsiderthegesturetobesignificantlymoremeaningfulbecausetheyarealsothinkingaboutthefactthatsomeonedidsomethingniceforthem.”Ifyouarenotalreadyinthehabitofperformingrandomkindacts—orifitdoesnotcomenaturallytoyou—MarisaFranco,apsychologist,advisedtostartbythinkingaboutwhatyouliketodo.“It’snotaboutyoubeingliked,‘Ohman,nowIhavetolearnhowtobakecookiesinordertobenice’.It’sabout:Whatskillsandtalentsdoyoualreadyhave?Andhowcanyouturnthatintoanofferingforotherpeople?”1．WhydoesthewritermentionErin’sexperienceinParagraph1?A．Tointroducethetopic.B．Toshowthepowerofkindness.C．Topraisetherandomactsofkindness.D．Toprovidesomebackgroundinformationonthestudy.2．Howwasthestudycarriedout?A．Bystatingthefacts. B．Bylistingexamples.C．Byanalyzingstatistics. D．Bycomparingthefeelings.3．WhatshouldpeopledoaccordingtoMarisaFranco?A．Dowhateveryouliketodo. B．Learnhowtobakecookies.C．Dowhatyoucantohelpothers. D．Trytogainsomenewskillsandtalents.4．Whatmessagedoesthepassageconvey?A．Wellbegunishalfdone. B．Onegoodturndeservesanother.C．Practicekindnesshoweverlittleitis. D．Nothingisimpossibleforawillingheart.（2023春·江苏扬州·高二统考期中）Plant-basedproductshavebeenbreakingintothefoodiemainstreamintheUnitedStates,afteryearsinwhichvegan(素食的)burgersandmilkalternativesknockedonthemarket’sdoor.Thatispartlybecausemorecompaniesaretargetingpeoplewhoseektoreducetheamountofmeattheyeat,ratherthanforswearitaltogether.Now,asfishalternativesbegintoattractinvestmentandlandatrestaurantsintheUnitedStatesandbeyond,peoplewhotrackthefishlessfishsectorsaythatitcouldachievesignificantgrowth.Onereason,theysay,isthatconsumersinrichcountriesarebecomingmoreawareoftheseafoodindustry’senvironmentalproblems,includingoverfishingandthehealthrisksofsomeseafood.Anotheristhattoday’splant-basedcompaniesdoabetterjobofapproachingfishflavorthanearlieronesdid—animportantconsiderationfornon-vegetarians(非素食者).“Thereareanumberofpeoplealreadylookingatalternativehamburgers,”saidJoshuaKatz,ananalystattheconsultingfirmMcKinseywhohasstudiedthealt-protein(替代蛋白)industry.“Youmightactuallysay,‘Ishouldworkonsomethingelse.’Andseafoodisstillamassivemarketwithconvincingreasonstoworkon.”Peoplewhoreducetheirconsumptionofanimalproteinsforenvironmentalreasonsoftenstopeatingredmeat,whichrequiresenormousamountsoflandandwatertofarm.Butalt-fishadvocatessaythatseafoodalsocomeswithenvironmentalproblems.Unsustainablefishingpracticeshavedestroyedfisheries(鱼汤)inrecentdecades,aproblembothforbiodiversityandthemillionsofpeoplewhodependontheseaforincomeandfood.“It’ssimplyasmarterwaytomakeseafood,”saysMirteGosker,theactingmanagingdirectoroftheGoodFoodInstituteAsia-Pacific,anonprofitadvocacygroupthatpromotesalternativeproteins.“Fullstop.”Sofarplant-basedseafoodproductsintheUnitedStatesaccountforonly0.1percentofthecountry’sseafoodsales,lessthan1.4percentoftheU.S.meatmarketoccupiedbyplant-basedmeatalternatives.Butalt-seafoodenterprisesworldwidereceivedatleast$83millionfrominvestorsin2020,comparedwith$1millionthreeyearsearlier.AsofthisJune,83companieswereproducingalt-seafoodproductsaroundtheworld,anearlythreefoldrisesince2017.Allbut18ofthose83companiesfocusonplant-basedproducts.Adozenothersaredevelopinglab-grownseafood,whichisnotyetcommerciallyavailableinanycountry.5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“forswear”inparagraph1probablymean?A．Sample. B．Consume. C．Produce. D．Abandon.6．Whichaspectofseafooddonon-vegetariansfocuson?A．Thehealthrisks. B．Theproteinintake.C．Thetasteandmouthfeel. D．Theoverfishingproblem.7．WhatisMirteGosker’stonewhenhesays“Fullstop”inparagraph6?A．Determined. B．Concerned. C．Humorous. D．Enthusiastic.8．Whatdothefiguresinthelastparagraphmainlyshow?A．Seafoodcompaniesarestruggling.B．Plant-basedmeatproductswillbeatrend.C．Alt-seafoodproductshaveapromisingfuture.D．Seafoodwillbecommerciallyavailablesoon.（2023春·江苏宿迁·高二统考期中）Peoplewithdyslexia(阅读障碍)havebrainsthataresuitableforexploringtheunknown,atraitthat’sbeenimportanttothesurvivalandsuccessofhumans.Dyslexiashouldbeconsideredadifference,notadisorder,researchersattheUniversityofCambridgesay.Thisisprovedbystudiesthatshowpeoplewithdyslexiahavespecialbrainstoexploretheunknownandthinkintermsofthebiggerpicture.Thestrengthsofthedyslexicbraincouldhaveevolvedashumansadaptedtochangingculture.Tosurvive,weneededtolearnskillsandacquirehabits,butwealsoneededtobecreativeandfindnewsolutionsthroughexploration.Inthenewstudy,theresearcherssaysomepeoplespecializedintakingadvantageoflearnedinformation,whileothersfocusedondiscoveryandinvention.Studieshaveshownthatpeoplewithdyslexiaarelessefficientatprocedurallearningthannon-dyslexicpeople,saidTaylor,whostudiescognitionandhumanevolution.“Learningtoread,writeorplaythepianoareallskillsthataredependentonproceduralmemory;oncelearned,theskillscanbeprocessedautomaticallyandrapidly,”Tayloradded.Dyslexiahaslongbeenviewedasnegative.Ithasbeencalledadevelopmentaldisorder,learningdisabilityorlearningdifficulty.Instead,thedistinctionbetweendyslexicandnon-dyslexicbrainsshouldbeframedsimplyasadifference,saidTaylor.“Weallpossessdifficultiesinareasthatareotherpeople’sstrengths.It’sjustunfortunatethatinthecaseofpeoplewithdyslexiatheirdifficultiesarecontinuallyhighlighted,partlyduetothenatureofeducationandalsototheimportanceofreadingandwritinginourculture.”Inreframingdyslexiaasadifference,societycanbenefitfrommoreinnovativesolutions.It’simportanttoemphasizethatpeoplewithdyslexiastillfacealotofdifficulties,butthedifficultiesexistbecauseoftheenvironmentandanemphasisonrotelearningandreadingandwriting.Instead,wecouldnurture‘explorativelearning’—learningthroughdiscovery,invention,andcreativity,whichwouldworkmoretotheirstrengths.9．Whatcanwelearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．Peopleshouldseedyslexiaasadisorder,notadifference.B．Peoplewithdyslexiaarespecializedtoexploretheunknown.C．Peoplewithoutdyslexiaareweakinusinglearnedinformation.D．Acquiringskillsandhabitsisnecessaryforpeoplewithdyslexia.10．WhichofthefollowingskillsisNOTdependentonproceduralmemory?A．Recitingapoem. B．Writingasong.C．Readinganarticle. D．Playingthepiano.11．Whatshouldwedotoreframedyslexiaasadifference?A．Promotelearninginanexplorativeway.B．Valuereadingandwritinginourculture.C．Stressrotelearning,readingandwriting.D．Focusonthedifficultiespeoplewithdyslexiahave.12．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellus?A．Dyslexia:amustforcreativity. B．Reframingdyslexia:adifficulty.C．Peoplewithdyslexia:potentialinventors. D．Dyslexiabrains:akeytosurvive.（2023春·江苏扬州·高二统考期中）Nowadays,insteadofscrolling(滚屏)throughappslikeTikTokandInstagramalldayonasmartphone,manypeoplebegintouseaso-called“dumbphone”accordingtothelatestreport,andseventeen-year-oldRobinWestisoneofthem.Dumbphonesarebasicdevices,withverylimitedfunctionalitycomparedtoaniPhone.Typically,youcanonlymakeandreceivecallsandtextmessages.Andifyouarelucky,youcanalsolistentotheradioandtakeverybasicphotos,butdefinitelyyoucannotconnecttotheInternetorapps.RobinWest’sdecisiontoridhimselfoftheformersmartphonetwoyearsagowasoutofasuddenurge.“Ididn’tnoticehowmuchasmartphonewastakingovermylifeuntilIboughtadumbphone.Ihadalotofsocialmediaappsonit,andIdidn’tgetmuchworkdoneasIwasalwaysonmyphone.”Hesaidthathewouldneverbuyanothersmartphone.“Idon’tthinkmydumbphonelimitsme;I’mdefinitelymoreactive,”headded.Outdatedforawhilewiththeappearanceofsmartphones,dumbphonesarenowregainingpopularity.A2021studysaidthatoneintenmobilephoneusersintheUKhadadumbphone.“ManyofusoncehadadumbphoneasourfirstmobilephoneandTikTokvideosremindusofthat,soit’snaturalthatwefeelasenseofnostalgia(怀旧)towardstheseclassicmarkers,whichhaveaparttoplayindumbphones’revival(再流行),”saidamobileexpert.OnemakerofdumbphonesisTheLightPhone.Slightlyclevererthanthenormforsuchproducts,ithashandsetsthatdoallowuserstolistentomusicandpodcasts,andconnectbyBluetoothtoheadphones.Yetthefirmpromisedthatitsphones“willneverhavesocialmediaclickbaitnews,emailorawebbrowser”.Lightco-founder,KaiweiTang,saysthat,surprisingly,thefirm’smaincustomersareagedbetween25and35.Hesayshewasexpectingbuyerstobemucholder.Techexpert,Prof.SandraWachter,saysitisunderstandablethatsomeofusarelookingforsimplermobilephones.“Smartphonesalwayswanttograbourattentionwithupdates,breakingnewsandthelikeconstantlydisrupting(扰乱)ourday.”13．WhatdoesRobinWestprobablyfailtodoonhisdumbphone?A．Makeacalltohisfriend.B．Haveaccesstotheradio.C．Storephotosinthealbum.D．Visitsocialnetworkingpages.14．Whydomanypeoplestarttousedumbphonesaccordingtothemobileexpert?A．Theyareveryeasytooperate.B．Theycanimpactpeople’slife.C．Theycomeintofashionagain.D．Theymakepeoplerecallolddays.15．What’sProf.SandraWachter’sattitudetowardspeople’susingdumbphones?A．Flexible. B．Supportive. C．Confused. D．Doubtful.16．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．ThereturnofdumbphonesB．ThepopularityofsmartphonesC．ThemarketingstrategiesofphonesD．Theintensecompetitionbetweenphones（2023春·江苏盐城·高二盐城市第一中学校联考期中）Everbeenhungryenoughtoeatahouse?Now,youactuallycould.FoodwasteisabigprobleminJapanandglobally.Japanproducedaround5.7milliontonsoffoodwastein2019.Thegovernmentplanstoreducethatbyaround2.7milliontonsby2030.TokyoUniversityresearchersKotaMachidaandYuyaSakaihavedevelopedawaytotransformfoodwasteintocement(水泥)forconstructionuseandmore.Thisisthefirst-everprocesscreatedformakingcemententirelyfromfoodwaste.Theresearcherssaytheirproductisfourtimesasstrongastraditionalconcrete.Thisparticularcementcanbeusedtomakethingsliketeacupsorchairsaswell.However,there’soneadditionalfeature—it’salsoeatable.KotaandYuyaaretheintelligencebehindtheformationofFabulaInc.,acompanywithpurposesofreducingfoodwaste,andhelpingfightglobalwarming.Asexpected,somethingthisuniquetookyearstodevelop.Ittookafewattemptstofindjusttherightprocess.KotaandYuyacreatedtheuniquetechnologywhileresearchingpossibleenvironment-friendlymaterialstoreplacecement-basedconcrete.Cementproductionaccountsfor8%oftheworld’scarbondioxiderelease.Afterafewfailures,theyrealizedtheycouldgetthecementtobind(黏合)byadjustingthetemperatures.“Themostchallengingpartwasthateachtypeoffoodwasterequiresdifferenttemperatures,”Yuyasaid.Sotheresearchershadtoobservethemandrespondintime.Intheexperiments,KotaandYuyahavesuccessfullymadecementusingtealeaves,coffeegrounds,cabbageandevenlunchboxleftovers.FabulaInc.iscurrentlyworkingtomaketeacupsandfurniture,butYuyaisthinkingalittlebitbigger.Theirproductcouldprovidereliefintheformofeatableemergencysheltersindisasterones.“Forexample,iffoodcannotbedeliveredtothepeople,theycouldeatmakeshiftbedsmadeoutoffoodcement,”hesaid.Toeatthematerial,apersonneedstobreakitapartandboilit.17．What’smainlytalkedaboutinparagraph1and2?A．Thefunctionsofthisparticularcement.B．Theeffectsoffoodwasteinthewholeworld.C．Thecharacteristicsofthenewlymadecement.D．Theprocessoftransformingfoodwastetocement.18．WhichisoneofKotaandYuya’spurposesinmakinguseoffoodwaste?A．Tohandleglobalclimatechange.B．Toextendconcrete’sservicelife.C．ToofferFabulaInc.morecement.D．Towarnhowseriousfoodwasteis.19．Whatmadetheexperimentofmakingcementoutoffoodwasteharder?A．Makingsuretomakecementtasty.B．Selectingcorrectfoodwastetimely.C．Gettingcementbrokenaparteasily.D．Adjustingthetemperaturesconstantly.20．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“makeshift”inthelastparagraphmean?A．bendable. B．commercial. C．recyclable. D．temporary.（2023春·江苏南京·高二校联考期中）Despitethebadreputationofsharks,theyarecrucialtothehealthofthemarineecosystemandcanevenhelpfightclimatechange.IntheshallowsofSharkBay,WesternAustralia,seagrassisfoodfortheseacows,whichcanweighasmuchas500kgandeatroughly40kgofseagrassaday.Seacowsarearichsourceoffoodfortigersharks.Bykeepingtheseacowpopulationcontrolled,tigersharksherehelptheseagrassgrowsustainably.AboomingseagrassmeadowstorestwiceasmuchCO2persquaremileasforeststypicallydoonland.Buttigersharknumbersaredeclining.OffAustralia’snortheastcoastofQueensland,tigersharksareestimatedtohavefallenbyatleast71percent,largelyduetooverfishing.Areductionintigersharksmeansmoreseagrassconsumedbyherbivores(食草动物)andlesscarbonstoredinseavegetation.Thisraisedthequestion:WhatiftheywereabsentfromtheSharkBay—wouldtheseagrass-dominatedecosystemsurvive?Tofindout,researchersledbyRobNowickiofFloridaInternationalUniversity,spenttimeinEasternAustralia,wheresharknumberswerelowerandseacowsateseagrasslargelyundisturbed.“Whenuncontrolled,seacowscanrapidlydestroywideareasofseagrass.”saidNowicki.ThosefindingsemphasizedthattigersharkswereplayinganimportantroleinpreventingthereductionofseagrassinSharkBay.Iftheirpopulationscontinuetodecline,theresilienceofcarbon-richoceanecosystemswilllikelydecrease.Whenitcomestostimulatingsharknumbers,therehavebeenmovementstowardmoresustainablefishing,butalargepercentageoftheindustryhavenotchangedtheirmethods,whichisareasonwhythepopulationofmanymarinetoppredators(捕食者)continuestodecline.Asidefromsupportingsustainablefishing,Nowickisaidtheonlywaytotrulyprotectmarinelifeistoreduceourglobalgreenhousegasemissions.“Ultimately,ifwearegoingtoprotectourecosystemsinthecenturiestocome,wearegoingtoneedtosolveclimatechangewhileundertakingspeciesprotectionatthesametime.”21．Whyaretigersharksvitaltothemarineecosystem?A．Theyfeedonvariousseaanimals.B．TheycanstorelargeamountsofCO2.C．Theycanpreventthelossofseagrass.D．Theyinfluencemarinespecies’distribution.22．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“resilience”inparagraph5mean?A．Sustainability. B．Recovery. C．Preservation. D．Construction.23．Whatisthemaincauseofthepopulationreductionofmanytoppredators?A．Climatechange. B．Lackofprotection.C．Unsustainablefishing. D．Lossofseagrass.24．What’sthemainideaofthetext?A．Thenumberoftigersharksisdecreasing.B．Climatechangecausesthelossofseagrass.C．Environmentalprotectionisatthetopoftheagenda.D．Tigersharksarevitaltothehealthofthemarineecosystem.（2023春·江苏南京·高二校联考期中）HongKonghasrecentlywitnessedthereturnofliveconcertsandlarge-scaleevents,attractingvisitorsfromaroundtheworld.Areyoualsoplanningatrip?It’stimetodigoutyourOctopuscardforconvenientpaymentoftransportfaresandmuchmore.NoOctopuscard,noproblem!TheoptionsfortransportpaymentinHongKonghavebecomemorediverseandconvenientinrecentyears.PeoplecannowpayforpublictransportusingWeChatPay,Alipay,bankcardsorcreditcards.AndtheOctopuscard,whichhasawidevarietyofuses,cannowbeputintotheelectronicm‍obilewalletandcanbeusedevenifyourphoneisoutofbattery.Areyoufiguringoutthebestwaytogettothecitycenterfromtheairport?TheAirportExpresstakesonly24minutestotravelfromtheairporttodowntown.IfyouwanttogetofftheplaneandgostraighttoCentraldistrict,thefastandcomfortableAirportExpressisthebestchoice.TheAirportExpressplatformisconnectedwiththeairport’sarrivalhallandhasmultipleentrances.Ittakesaslittleasaminuteforpassengerstoentertheplatformfromthearrivalhall.Thetrainsprovidelargeluggagestorageareas,aswellashigh-speedWi-Fiandchargingfacility.Moreimportantly,theAirportExpressconnectsyouwithotherMTRlines.Whetherforbusinesstravelorsightseeing,theAirportExpresscansaveyoualotoftime.InadditiontotheMTRandbuses,HongKong’spublictransportationsystemalsoincludesthehistoricStarFerry,HongKongTramwaysandthePeakTram.Theyhavebeenaroundformanyyears,buttheirfunctionalityandoverallexperienceareasgoodasthatofthenewtransportmodes.Infact,theyenhancetheexperienceoftouristsandarealsopopularwithlocalsgoingtowork,shoppingoroutonadate.Toimprovepassengers’experience,thePeakTramhasrecentlyundergoneamajorrenovation.It’sbeenawhileandnowit’stimetosay“HelloHongKong”again!25．WhatcanbelearnedabouttransportpaymentinHongKong?A．Octopuscardisamusttotravelers.B．Transportpaymenthasgreatlyimproved.C．Travelerscannotchoosetopayonlineornot.D．Travelerscanstillpaywhentheirphonesarepoweroff.26．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeHongKong’spublictransport?A．Complexandtime-consuming. B．Confusingandcostly.C．User-friendlyandhighly-effective. D．Complicatedandoutdated.27．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?A．Octopuscardcandonothingmorethanpayingtransportfares.B．TheAirportExpressenablespassengerstoentertheplatformquickly.C．ThePeakTramistoooldtocompetewithnewtransportmodes.D．Oldtransportmodeshavelosttheiredgesdespitetheirrenovation.28．Whatisthepurposeofthiswriting?A．TointroduceHongKong’spublictransport.B．ToillustratethepopularityofHongKong.C．ToadvertiseforHongKong’spublictransport.D．TorecommendHongKongasagreattouristattraction.（2023春·江苏盐城·高二盐城市第一中学校联考期中）Virtualrealitygamers(VRgame)whofinisheditfasterthantheirfellowgamersalsohavehigherlevelsofgeneralintelligenceandprocessingcapacity.ThiswastheresultofastudyconductedbyMarkusWeinmannfromtheUniversityofCologne.Theresultsalsoindicatethatvirtualrealitygamescanbeusefulsupplementary(补充)humanresourcemanagementtoolsincompaniesforpredictingthejobperformanceofanapplicant.Severalstudieshavealreadyshownthatvideogamesmayindicateorevenhelptodevelopintellectualandcognitiveabilities.Asintelligenceisoneofthemostcommonlyusedpredictorsforjobperformance,videogamescouldbeinterestingforthehumanresourcemanagement.AlthoughmanycompaniesareincreasinglyusingVRtechnologytorecruit(招募)candidates,onlyfewstudieshavespecificallyinvestigatedwhetherandhowVRgamescanbeusedtodrawconclusionsaboutintelligenceinthisarea.Thestudycontributestobridgingthegapbetweenresearchandpractice.Weinmanninvited103participantstotheirlab.Undercontrolledlaboratoryconditions,theyplayedthecommercialVRgame“JobSimulator”andcompletedtheshortversionoftheintelligencetestBIS-4.Theresearcher’sanalysesshowthatanincreaseof17%inprocessingcapacitycorrelatedwithlesstimespentplayingthegame(byanaverageof3.7minutes).Theresultsareascientificnovelty,asithashardlybeenpossibletoconductVRstudieswithstate-of-the-artVRhardware.TherearethusfewstudiesthathaveinvestigatedthecorrelationbetweenbehaviorinVRandintelligence,“Therearealreadysomecompaniesthatusegames,so-called‘seriousgames’,forrecruiting.ThenewresultsareinlinewiththisspecificapplicationofVRgamesandshowthattheycanbeusedforrecruiting,”saidWeinmann.Thescientistsintendtocontinuetheirresearchonthepotentialofvideogamesforpracticalapplications.Amongotherthings,theyareinvestigatinghowpeoplebehaveinvirtualworld.29．WhatcanwelearnfromWeinmann’sstudy?A．Theresultsarefarfromsatisfactory.B．Theparticipantscanplaythegamefreely.C．Itaimstodevelopintellectualability.D．Ithelpstocombineresearchwithpractice.30．WhatisWeinmann’sattitudetotheresultofthestudy?A．Unclear. B．Intolerant. C．Favorable. D．Doubtful.31．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Limitationsofthestudy.B．Possibledirectionsforfuturestudy.C．Thepresentsituationofthestudy.D．Theexplanationoftheresearchmethod.32．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．VRgamescanbeusedinrecruitmentB．VRgamescanindicateintelligencelevelC．VRgamesimproveapplicants’performanceD．VRgameshavegainpopularityinmanagement（2023春·江苏盐城·高二江苏省响水中学校考期中）In1547,thekingofSpainsentacoded(编码的)lettertohisambassadorinFrance.Now,afternearly500years,researchershavefinallycracked(破解)thecodeandcanreadtheletter.Itturnsoutthatthekingwasworriedsomeonemightbetryingtokillhim.CharlesVwasthekingofSpainfrom1516to1556.ButhispowerwentfarbeyondSpain.Asthe“HolyRomanEmperor”,CharlesVcontrolledlandsacrossEurope.Inspiteofhisgreatpower,hehadtomanagemanythreats.Threeyearsbeforetheletterwaswritten,CharlesVhadmadeapeacedealwithKingFrancisIofFrance.Buttherewasstillalotofinformationhedidn’twanttosharewiththekingofFrance.Atthetime,theonlyway