环境工程专业英语23464课件

环境工程专业英语23464环境工程专业英语23464环境工程专业英语23464ReviewoftheLastLesson22020/12/1ReviewoftheLastLesson2020/12/12ReviewoftheLastLessonUniqueData独特的数据Quality质量UniqueData数据的独特性保证了其权威性和受欢迎度Wehavebeencapturing,unifyingandstandardising（收集、统一、规范）

AuthorCitedReferencesover55years,andthisallowsuniquemethodsofdiscoverysimplynotpossibleinanyotherliteraturedatabase.Diversity广度Depth深度CharacteristicsofSCIUniquecapabilities2020/12/13ReviewoftheLastLesson例如：某期刊2008年影响因子的计算本刊2007年的文章在2008年的被引次数：50;本刊2007年的发文量：100.本刊2006年的文章在2008年的被引次数：100;本刊2006年的发文量：100.Impactfactor本刊2006-2007的文章在2008年的被引次数总计：150本刊2003-2004年的发文量总计：200本刊2005年的影响因子：0.75=150÷200Journalswithhigherimpactfactorsseemedtobemoreimportantthanthosewithlowerones2020/12/14ReviewoftheLastLessonImmediacyIndexAnimmediacyindexisameasureofhowtopicalandurgentworkpublishedinascientificjournalis.Theimmediacyindexiscalculatedbasedonthepaperspublishedinajournalinasinglecalendaryear.Forexample,the2005immediacyindexforajournalwouldbecalculatedasfollows:2005

immediacyindex

=

A/B2020/12/152.SCIinChina

上世纪80年代末，南京大学率先将SCI引入中国的科研评价体系。TheHistoryPresentSituation2008年，中国科学技术信息研究所公布的统计结果显示：2007年，SCI收录的中国科技论文数达94800篇，比2006年增长33.5%，占世界份额的7.5%，排在世界第三位，仅处于美国和英国之后。2003年至2013年（截至2013年9月1日），我国科技人员发表的国际科技论文共被引用709.88万次，比上年度统计时提升1位，排在世界第5位。ReviewoftheLastLesson2020/12/16PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex3.MeritsandMistakes从一定程度上使得科研资助更加客观、公平，提高了我国高校的学术竞争力，促进了我国科研事业的发展—曲钦岳SCI成了StupidChineseIdea（愚蠢的中国式观念）--李国杰院士PositiveaspectNegativeaspect谁来决定中国基础研究方向--蔡睿贤院士一定要看发表文章数量、一定要看排名先后的科研评价体系，已经严重阻碍了科技工作者的成长，过于苛刻的量化考核指标让他们无法正常进行科研--陈宜瑜院士（前国家自然科学基金委员会主任）2020/12/17PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex3.HowtomakeuseofSCI？WebofScience1997年，美国ThomsonScientific（汤姆森科技信息集团）基于WEB的开放环境，将SCI，SSCI，AHCI整合，创建了网络版的多学科文摘数据库－－WebofScience2020/12/18PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex3.HowtomakeuseofSCI？WebofScience2020/12/19PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndexWebofScience2020/12/110PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex选择检索方式检索途径选择入库时间设置选择引文库2020/12/111SCI作者检索作者的写法：姓在前，名在后，姓用全称，名用缩写中国：宋荣方——SongRF杨庚——YangG国外：JamesC.Smith

——SmithJC高桥悟(Takahashi,Satoru)

——TakahashiSPartⅠTheMajorCitationIndexSCI地址检索FujianAgr&ForestryUniv

2020/12/112Eg.1农大SCI情况PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2020/12/113PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2020/12/114Eg.2王果教授SCI情况PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2020/12/115PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndexEg.2王果教授SCI情况2020/12/116PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex-------EI2020/12/117PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex1.WhatisEI?Fullname（全称）

TheEngineeringIndex

Chinesename（中文名称）

工程索引Publishingagency（出版机构）EngineeringinformationInc.（美国工程信息公司，1884）EngineeringInformation(Ei)istheleaderinprovidingonlineinformation,knowledgeandsupporttoengineeringresearchers.ThroughourflagshipplatformEngineeringVillage,weprovideinformationresearchtoolsspecificallyfocusedonthecontentandintelligencethatengineeringresearchersneedtostayinformedandup-to-dateonthelatestinformationintheirfield.2020/12/118PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2.AboutEI5600多种期刊、行业杂志、会议录(22%)和技术报告的参考资料及摘要；1100万项记录（1969年至今）；每年新增65万项记录；每周更新，增加1.25万笔新文献信息；工程索引过刊：1884-1968年(超过170万项记录)；90%的文献语种是英文,1992年开始收录中国期刊2009年，核心库与非核心库的合并使得收录的中文期刊大大减少。2013年再次更新了期刊源列表，又进行了一定程度的增删。2020/12/119PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndexSubjectinvolved

（涉及学科）IEEE/IEEElectronicLibrary(IEL)美国电气电子工程师学会(IEEE)和英国电气工程师学会(IEE)全文数据库22个学科242种期刊每周增加5,800篇最新文献Knovel17个主题23个学科BiotechnologyandBioengineeringAbstracts(1982-)--生物技术和生物工程文摘数据库(CSA)7个领域SPIEDigitalLibrary--国际光学工程学会期刊及会议录9个领域ASABEJournal美国农业生物工程师学会7个领域ASMEDigitalLibrary美国机械工程师学会8

个领域与工程领域相关的主要数据库EI数据库：190个应用科学和工程类别最详尽的工程文献数据库2020/12/120PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2020/12/121PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2020/12/122PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex----ChineseCitationIndex2020/12/123CSCD中文核心普通期刊PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndexChineseCitationIndex2020/12/124PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering2020/12/1251.BackgroundtoEnvironmentSciencePartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringScienceandtechnologyconstituteaprimaryproductiveforce.ScienceSocialScienceNatureScienceThesocialsciencedealswiththestudyofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies,tribes(群落，部落),communities(社区),races(种族),andnations.Thenaturesiencedealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld.Itincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology,chemistry,geology,physics,andenvironmentalscience.2020/12/1262.Whatisthebookabout?PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringTheobjectiveDescriptionofenvironmentalTheobjectiveofthisbookistointroduceengineeringandsciencestudentstotheinterdisciplinarystudyofenvironmentalproblems:theircauses,whytheyareofconcern,andhowwecancontrolthem.TheprimarycoverageInformationonthebasiscausesofenvironmentaldisturbances(困扰)Basisscientificknowledgenecessarytounderstandthenatureofenvironmentalproblemsandtobeabletoquantifythem2020/12/127PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringTheprimarycoverageCurrentstateofthetechnologyenvironmentalcontrolinitsapplicationtowater,airandpollutionproblemsConsiderablegapsinourcurrentscientificknowledgeofunderstandingandcontrollingmanyofthecomplexinteractionsbetweenhumanactivitiesandnatureManyenvironmentalproblemswhichcouldbeeliminatedorreducedbytheapplicationofcurrenttechnology,butwhicharenotdealtwithbecauseofsociety’slackofwilltodoso,orinmanyinstancesbecauseofalackofresourcestodoso.2020/12/1283.SomeDefinitionsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringEnvironmentalEnvironmentalisthephysicalandbiotichabitat(栖息地)whichsurroundsus;thatwhichwecansee,hear,touch,smell,andtaste.Whenthegoalofimprovingenvironmentalqualityistakentobeimprovinghumanwellbeing,thewordenvironmentbroadenstoincludeallkindsofsocial,ecnomic,andculturalaspects.Systemisasetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole;as,asolarsystem,irrigationsystem,watersupplysystem,theworldoruniverse.System2020/12/1293.SomeDefinitionsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringEngineeringEngineeringisaprofession(职业、专业)thatappliesscienceandmathematicstomaketheproperties(特性)

ofmatterandsourcesofenergyusefulinstructures,machines,products,systems,andprocesses.Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemical,orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair,water,orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.Pollution2020/12/1303.SomeDefinitionsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringEnvironmentalengineeringismanifest(显示，表明)bysoundEngineeringthoughtandpracticeinthesolutionofproblemsofEnvironmentalsanitation,notably(尤其)intheprovisionofsafe,palatable(可口的),andample(足够)publicwatersupples;theproperdisposaloforrecycleofwasterwaterandsolidwastes;theadequatedrainageofurbanandruralareasforpropersanitation;andthecontrolofwater,soil,andatmosphericpollution,andthesocialandenvironmentalimpactofthesesolutions.EnvironmentalengineeringFurthermoreitisconcernedwithengineeringproblemsonthefieldofpublichealth.2020/12/1313.InteractionofsystemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringManyofenvironmentalproblemswillapplyonlywithinoneofwater,air,orlandsystems,justifying(证明，为……作出解释)thebreakdown(分解)intothesecategories.Suchaclassificationisalsousefulforeasiercomprehension(理解)ofrelatedproblemswithinonesystem.Moreover,itissensiblebecause,formanagerandadministrativereasons,suchsubfields(子域)asairpollution,watersupply,wastewaterdisposal,andsolidwastedisposalareoftendealtwithseparatelybygovernmentalagencies.2020/12/1323.InteractionofsystemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringUnfortunately,manyimportantenvironmentalproblemsarenotconfined(局限于)toanair,water,orlandsystem,butinvolveinteractionsbetweensystems.Acurrentexampleistheacidrainproblemstemmingfrom

(根源)theemission(排放)ofsulfurdioxide

(二氧化硫)

andnitrogenoxidegasesintotheatmospherefromthestacks(烟囱)

ofgeneratingstations(发电厂),smelters(熔炉),andautomobileexhausts

(汽车尾气)

。Thesegasesarethentransportedbyaircurrents(气流)

overwideregions.Rainfall“washesthemout”,creatingacidrainwhichisharmfultoaquaticlife(水生生物),forests,andagriculturalcrops.2020/12/1334.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringManymajorimprovementstoourstandardoflivingcanbeattributedtotheapplicationofscienceandtechnology.Withtheseimprovements,however,havecomedisturbingsideeffects,suchaslostarableland

(耕地),disappearingforests,environmentalpollution,andneworganismsresistanttocontrols

(微生物滋长).Environmentalproblemsarealwaysinterrelated.Sometimesasolutiontooneproblemactuallycreatesanotherproblem.2020/12/1344.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringForexample,whenpeoplearesickanddyingfromdisease,itisnaturaltowanttoimprovehumanhealth.Whenhealthisimprovedandinfantmortality(婴儿死亡率)isreduced,apopulationexplosionmayresult.Tofeedthisgrowingpollution,naturalhabitats

(自然栖息地)areoftendestroyedbyturningthemintofarmland.Asnaturalhabitatsaredestroyed,thewildplants,predatoryanimals(食肉动物),andparasites(寄生生物)thatoncelivedtherearekilledaswell.2020/12/1354.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringBecauseofthelackofpredatorsandparasites,outbreaksofinsectpests

(害虫)becomemorecommon.Farmersusepesticides(农药)tocontrolthepestsandprotectthecrops,butintheprocesstheenvironmentbecomespolluted.Thedevelopmentofthisentire(整个的)cycleinitselfconsumesfossilfuel(化石燃料)

suppliesthatarebecomingscarce.Inaddition,whenfuelsareburned,airpollutantsaregenerated.2020/12/1364.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringHowdoesapersonbegintostudysuchanetworkofinterlocking(相关联的)problems?Tomakethetask(工作、任务)abitmoremanageable,weshouldrecognizewhatenvironmentalproblemspeopleareupagainst.Whatenvironmentalproblemsarepeopleupagainst？OverpopulationPollutionDepletionofResourcesChangesintheGlobalConditionTheWar2020/12/137专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2020/12/138专业英语翻译理论范文：AerobicTreatment Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste. Aerobicbacteriaarelikehumansinthattheyrequireoxygentosurviveandthrive.Thisistheprimarydifferencebetweenaerobicsystemsandsepticsystems,yousee.Septicsystemsdependonmuchlessefficientanaerobicbacteria.

2020/12/139专业英语翻译理论 Duringthisoxidationprocess,pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphatesandbiomass(micro-organisms).Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso-calledaerators,theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated.Ofallbiologicalwastetreatmentmethod,aerobicdigestionisthemostwidespeadprocessusedthroughouttheworld(morethan95%). Aerobicbacteriademandoxygentodecomposedissolvedpollutants.Largeamountsofpollutantsrequirelargequantitiesofbacteria;hencethedemandforoxygenwillbehigh. TheBiologicalOxygenDemand(BOD)isameasureofthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinbiologicaloxidationbythebacteria.Itisexpressedinmg/L.2020/12/140专业英语翻译理论 TheChemicalOxygenDemand(COD)measuresthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinchemicaloxidation,byaddingstrongacids.Itisexpressedinmg/L. TheratioBOD/CODgivesanindicationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable. Aerobicbacteriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts.Asaresult,aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses.2020/12/141专业英语翻译理论1.专业英语翻译概论1.1专业英语的特点1.1.1专业英语的词汇特点①专业词汇出现的频率低。②词义专一。③广泛是使用缩写词。如：CODchemicaloxygendemand化学需氧量BODbiochemicaloxygendemand生化需氧量TOCtotalorganiccarbon总有机碳DOdissolvedoxygen溶解氧2020/12/142专业英语翻译理论POPspersistentorganicpollutants持久性有机污染物TSPtotalsuspendedparticle总悬浮颗粒TKNtotalKjeldahlnitrogen总凯氏氮UASBupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket上流式厌氧污泥床MBRmembranebioreactor膜生物反应器SBRsequencingbatchreactor间歇式活性污泥法1.1.2

专业英语的句法特点①广泛使用陈述句。

Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.2020/12/143专业英语翻译理论②广泛使用被动语态。

Duringthisoxidationprocess,pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphatesandbiomass(micro-organisms).Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso-calledaerators,theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated.被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛，主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。2020/12/144专业英语翻译理论③简略表达多。

TheratioBOD/CODgivesanindicationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable.④长句使用多。

Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.主句带若干从句，从句带短语，短语带从句，相互依附，相互制约。2020/12/145专业英语翻译理论 Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.句子倒置。

Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsofice…多重修饰。

iceencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.2020/12/146专业英语翻译理论 Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.庖丁解牛。

iceencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.就近修饰原则。Layer1:Iceencasedin10,000icebergsLayer2:icebergs thatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps, icebergs morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.粗译：世界大洋里漂浮着7659万亿吨的冰。这些冰包含在10000多个冰山里。这些冰山从极地冰盖脱落而产生；多于90%的这些冰山来源于南极。2020/12/147专业英语翻译理论1.1.3专业英语的修辞特点①时态运用有限。过去研究—过去时（与现在不发生联系）；讨论理论用现在时。Biofiltrationtechniquefordisposingammonium-contaminatedgasstreamswasinvestigated.②修辞手法较为单调。2020/12/148专业英语翻译理论③逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：表示原因的词：because,becauseof,dueto,owingto,as,asaresult,causedby,for表示语气转折的词：but,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwise表示逻辑、顺利连接的词：so,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,inadditionto表示限制的词：only,ifonly,except,besides,unless表示假设的词：suppose,supposing,assuming,provided,providing Aerobicbacteriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts.Asaresult,aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses.2020/12/149专业英语翻译理论1.2翻译的基本知识1.2.1翻译标准严复《天演论》：信、达、雅①忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。②通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。2020/12/150专业英语翻译理论1.2.2翻译的过程理解---表达①翻译的理解过程通读全文，领会大意。明辨语法，弄清关系。结合上下文，推敲词义。 Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.2020/12/151专业英语翻译理论②翻译的表达过程a.一稿初译，忠实为主。b.二稿核对，注意逻辑。c.三稿定局，润色词句。③翻译的方法直译意译 Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.2020/12/152专业英语翻译理论2.词义的选择和引申2.1词义的选择2.1.1根据词类选择词义E.g.:like：像、同样的、喜欢、希望、如同①Hewouldliketojoinourdiscussion.②Thingslikeair,waterormetalarematter.③Likechargesrepel,unlikechargesattract.④IhopethatIcandrivethetractorlikeyoudo.

2020/12/153专业英语翻译理论2.1.2根据词的搭配关系选择词义E.g.:operate:操作、运转、完成、实施Thermalconvectionwillnotoperatedinzerogravity.Rocketsoperateinthevacuumofouterspaceaswellasintheearthatmosphere.Transistors(晶体管)operateascontroldevicesandamplifier.Theelectriccomputerscanoperateonlyaccordingtoinstructions,whichmustbepreparedbymaninadvance.2020/12/154专业英语翻译理论

represent:代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、阐述Inorganicflocculantsrepresentnearly20%ofthetotalflocculants.Thematerialreferredtoas“acidrain”representstheraindropsdissolvedCO2whichhaveapHof5.6.2020/12/155专业英语翻译理论2.1.3根据单、复数及习惯表达选择词义E.g.:Theabilitytodoworkiscalledenergy.（功）Thisironandsteelworkswassetuplastyear.（工厂）Thetimeforthewatersupplyiscutbyhalf.AisthreetimesaslargeasB.2.1.4语言习惯的转换E.g.:Magnetismisusedtomeasurethecoldesttemperature.(很低的）Light-coloredthingsreflectmorelightthandark-coloredthings.（深、浅）2020/12/156专业英语翻译理论2.2词义的引申2.2.1单词的引申E.g.:Todayisthelinkbetweenyesterdayandtomorrow.（桥梁）Thiskindofwoodworkseasily.（加工）Withinthesebroadcategories,processdifferaccordingtothetypeofthedrier(干燥机).Thethickerthewirethemorefreelyitwillcarrycurrent.（容易）2020/12/157专业英语翻译理论2.2.2词组的引申E.g.:Alloysbelongtoahalf-wayhousebetweenmixtureandcompounds.（中间结构）

Atpresentcoalisthemostcommonfoodofasteamplant.（能源）

Highconcentrationsofcriticalelements,suchaslead,arsenic,mercury,mayaffectthehumanhealth.

（微量）2020/12/158专业英语翻译理论3.词类转换3.1非动词译成动词E.g.:Thecontrolunitofacomputercausesthemachinetooperateaccordingtoman’swish.计算机的控制单元使机器人按照人的意志运作。2020/12/159专业英语翻译理论3.1.1名词转译为动词1.单独的名词用作动词（1）动名词、动词派生的名词，具有动作意义的名词可直接译为动词E.g.:Intheabsenceoffriction,vehiclescouldnotevenstart.Controlofdissolvedoxygen,solidsretentiontimeandhydrolyticretentiontimeisnecessaryforefficienttreatmentofwastewater.c.Themainobjectofsedimentationistheseparationofclearwaterfrommixture.2020/12/160专业英语翻译理论(2)一些加er或or的名词，有时在句中并不表示一个人的身份或职业，而具有较强的动作意义，这种词汉译时可译为动词。E.g.:Talkingwithhisson,theoldmanwastheforgiveroftheyoungman’spastwrongdoings.ProfessorWangwastheinstructorofourexperiment.2.适用于动词短语或介词短语中的名词可译为动词。E.g.:Abodyisnegativelychargedwhenithaselectronsinexcessofitsnormalnumber.2020/12/161专业英语翻译理论3.1.2.形容词译为动词1.英语中表示感觉、知觉、信念的词，如familiar、confident、sensibleof等在句中作表语时，译成动词。E.g.:

Scientistsareconfidentthatallmatterisindestructible.Theyar