考点巩固卷15阅读理解之议论文（原卷版）

考点巩固卷15阅读理解之议论文2023年高考真题【2023▪全国乙卷】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook’svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Thosewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhaveonlytheirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(联系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented. B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords. D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.33.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2?A.Hisreportwasscientific. B.Herepresentedthelocalpeople.C.HeruledoverBotanyBay. D.Hisrecordwasone-sided.34.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conversation”inparagraph3referto?A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society.35.Whichofthefollowingbooksisthetextmostlikelyselectedfrom?A.HowMapsTellStoriesoftheWorld B.AShortHistoryofAustraliaC.AHistoryoftheWorldin100Objects D.HowArtWorksTellStories2021-2022年高考真题【2022▪北京卷】Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.31.RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A.sympathetic B.unconcerned C.doubtful D.excited32.WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A.Hisdominanceinphysics. B.Thecompetitioninthefield.C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum. D.Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Open. B.Cool. C.Useful. D.Resistant.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?【2021▪新高考I卷】Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson’smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.32.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills. D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule. B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact. D.Tomakeaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic.B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.2023年名校模拟题（2023·河北保定·统考一模）Thetwotermsnatureandnurturehavebeensubjectsofcomparisonsincethe16thcentury.Theargumentiscenteredonthequestionastowhetheritisnatureornurturethatmakesuswhoweare.Natureprovidesthestartingpointforanorganismthatwillinteractwithnurture,theenvironment,duringtheorganism’slife.Naturedoesnotjustaffectanorganismduringitslifetime,butitalsocandirectlyaffecttheexpressionofgenesinoffspring(后代).FortheGeneticists,theybelievethatourlivesareentirelydeterminedbygenetics,whichisnature.Anopposingviewisthatthereisnoindicationthatgenes(基因)determinesone’spersonality,ratherthereisgrowingevidencethatnurtureservesasthedeterminingfactorinpersonalitydevelopment.Nurturereferstotheconditionsunderwhichlivingthingsgrowanddevelopafterbirth.Whenappliedtohumanbeings,itmeanshowthepersonisraised,whichincludesnutrition,education,care,aswellasthekindofsurroundings,suchasculturalinfluence,familyandfriends.Theargumentofnatureandnurtureastowhichismoreimportantisnecessitatedbyanattempttodifferentiatehowmucheffectgeneticshasonaperson’sdevelopmentagainsthoweasilyhumansareinfluencedbyone’senvironment.Whilenurtureundeniablyplaysitspartonthegrowthanddevelopmentofone’spersonality,naturedramaticallyoutweighsnurture,fornaturecanbelikenedtoafoundation.Theimpactofnurtureonthedevelopmentofpersonscannotbetotallydenied.However,natureisregardedasbeingofmostimportancebecauseofthefactthatitaffordsanopportunityandcreatesafoundationandthebasisforthequestionofnurturetoariseattheveryfirstinstance.Evenwithoutnurture,thenatureimpactcanstillstandindependentlywithoutnecessarilycausingdestruction.Moreso,evenwhenthenurtureimpactissuccessfullyeffected,itdoesnotremovethegeneticcharacteristicsofaperson.Itthereforestandscorrectlythatnatureisthatwhichdeterminesthesubstanceofaperson.1．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph2?A．Nature’sroleissupportedbyadditionalevidence.B．Personalitydevelopmentisdeterminedbynurture.C．Natureimpactsgeneexpressioninlatergeneration.D．Environmentshapespersonalitymorethangenetics.2．WhatdoesParagraph3mainlytalkabout?A．Whatnurturemeanstohumanbeings.B．Howlivingthingsdevelopafterbirth.C．Hownurtureshapeshumandevelopment.D．Howsurroundingsinfluencehumanbeings.3．Howdoestheauthorstressthegreaterimportanceofnature?A．Bygivingexamples.B．Bymakingcontrast.C．Byconductingexperiments.D．Bycitingresearchdata.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ALongStoryofNatureandNurtureB．ANewResearchonNatureandNurtureC．WhoCanTellWhatMakesWhoWeAre?D．WhichIsMoreImportant,NatureorNurture?（2023·辽宁鞍山·统考二模）Wehavelongbeenattractedbyquicksolutionsthatcouldincreaseourintelligence.Today,people’shopeslieinbraintrainingapps,someofwhichclaimtoresultin“smarterminds”.Butisthisquicksolutionallitissaidtobe?Thereareplentyofbraintrainingapps,buttheyallsharethesamecharacteristics:theyturnmentalexerciseslikesimplearithmetic(算术),memorytestsandlogicandpattern-matchingproblemsintoquickgames.Someappstellusthatthemoreyouplaythesemini-games,thesmarteryouwillget.Itisreallyabigpromise.Manyoftheappssaytheyarebasedon“science”,aclaimIfoundsurprisingasaformerneuroscientist(神经系统科学家).Theconceptthatincreasingintelligencewouldbeassimpleaspracticingafewmini-gameseverydayfliesinthefaceofwhatwehavediscoveredabouthowhumansthinkandlearn.Aftersurveyingthousandsofusersacrossawidevarietyofapps,researchersatWesternUniversityinCanadadiscoveredthatbraintraininghadnogreateffectoncognitive(认知的)functioningintherealworld.Thepositiveeffectsthathavebeenfoundarelimitedtotheveryspecificmini-gamesandtasksthatusersaretrainedon,suchastheabilitytomemorizelistsofwordsornumbers,orperformmentalarithmetic,withlittlebenefittootherskills.Ifyouareexpectingthemtoimproveyourabilitytowriteanovelormakeacomplexcomputerprogram,Iamafraidyouwillwanttolookelsewhere.Puzzlevideogamessuchas“BabaIsYou”and“ReturnoftheObraDinn”,seeplayersapplytheirskillatlogic,memoryandconcentrationinafarmorecomplexwaythananybraintrainingmini-game.5．Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutbraintrainingapps?A．Theyhavescientificsupport. B．Theyworkintheformofgames.C．Theyrequireproblem-solvingskills. D．Theyarebasedoncomplexarithmetic.6．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“fliesinthefaceof”inparagraph3mean?A．Goesintodetailsof. B．Takesadvantageof.C．Goesagainst. D．Comesfrom.7．Whichbestdescribestheeffectsthatbraintrainingappshaveonmemory?A．Limited. B．Indirect. C．Damaging. D．Far-reaching.8．Whatistheauthor’sattitudeto“BabaIsYou”?A．Doubtful. B．Intolerant. C．Uninterested. D．Favorable.（2023秋·辽宁沈阳·高三校联考一模）WhatmaywellbetheoldestmetalcoinsintheworldhavebeenidentifiedatanancientabandonedcityknownasGuanzhuanginChina.LikemanyBronzeAge(青铜时代)coinsfromtheregion,theywerecastintheshapeofspades(铲)withfinelycarvedhandles.Theseancientcoinsexistedduringanin-betweenperiodbetweenbarter(以物易物)andmoney,whencoinswereanovelconcept,buteverybodyknewthatagriculturaltoolswerevaluable.Readingaboutthisincrediblediscovery,Ikeptthinkingaboutthewaymodernpeoplerepresentcomputernetworksbydescribingmachinesashaving“addresses”,likeahouse.Wealsotalkaboutonecomputerusinga“port”tosendinformationtoanothercomputer,asifthedatawereafloatingboatwithdestination.It’sasifweareintheBronzeAgeofinformationtechnology,graspingdesperatelyforreal-worldreferencetotransformourcivilization.Nowconsiderwhathappenedtospadecoins.Overcenturies.metalworkersmadethesecoinsintomoreabstractshapes.Somebecamealmosthumanfigures.Others’handleswerereducedtosmallhalf-circles.Asspadecoinsgrewmoreabstract.peoplecarvedthemwithnumbervaluesandthelocationswheretheyweremade.Theybecamemorelikemoderncoins,flatandcoveredinwriting.Lookingatoneoftheselaterpieces,youwouldhavenoideathattheywereonceintendedtolooklikeaspade.Thismakesmewonderifwewilldevelopanentirelynewsetofsymbolsthatallowustointeractwithourdigitalinformationmoresmoothly.Takingspadecoinsasourguide,wecanguessthatfar-futurecomputernetworkswillnolongercontainanyrecognizablereferencestohouses.Buttheystillmightbringsomeoftheideasweassociatewithhometoourmind.Infact,computernetworks—iftheystillexistatall—arelikelytobealmosttheindispensablepartofourhousesandcities,theirsensorsinset(嵌入)withwallsandroads.Ournetworkaddressesmightactuallybethesameasourstreetaddresses.Ifclimatechangeleadstofloods,ourmobiledevicesmightlookmorelikeboatsthanphones,assistingustoland.Mypointisthatthemetaphors(比喻)oftheinformationagearen’trandom.Mobiledevicesdoofferuscomfortafteralongdayatwork.Insomesense,ourdesiretosettleontheshoresofdatalakescouldchangethewayweunderstandhome,aswellashowwebuildcomputers.Soaswecastourmindsforward,wehavetothinkaboutwhatnewabstractionswillgoalongwithourinformationtechnology.Perhapstheonethingwecountonisthathumanswillstillappreciatethecomfortsofhome.9．WhyweremanyBronzeAgecoinsmadeintotheshapeofaspade?A．Thesecoinsalsoservedasagriculturaltools.B．Thisstylishdesignmadethecoinsvaluable.C．Alotofemphasiswasputonagriculture.D．Thehandlesmadethecoinseasilyexchanged.10．Whydoestheauthorrelatecomputerstospadecoins?A．Toshowtheybothusedtobenewconceptswhenfirstinvented.B．Tohighlighttheirsameimportanceinourcivilizationaltransformation.C．Tosuggestcomputerswillexperiencedramaticchangesascoinsdid.D．Toexplainabstractdigitalworldsaredifferentfromconcretecoins.11．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“indispensable”inParagraph5probablymean?A．Flexible. B．Wasteful. C．Essential. D．Alternative.12．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．HowAgricultureLosestoDigitalIndustryB．WhatCoinsandComputersBringUsC．WhatBronzeAgeandInformationAgeHaveInCommonD．WhatAncientMoneyTellsUsAbouttheFutureDigitalWorld（2023春·河北·高三校联考一模）Eventhoughpeoplehavebeenparalyzed(瘫痪的)playingsportslikerugbyandfootball,extremesportstakethewholeordeal(磨难)tothenextlevel.Sportslikedownhillcyclingareverydangerousbecauseonewouldbegoingdownhill,overrockyordirtzone,throughforests,evenatpotentiallydeadlyspeeds.Aslipupcouldbeyourdownfall.Nobodywhogetsintoextremesportsgoeswiththedesiretodoharmtothemselves.Withthat,athletestrainforyearsandyearsbeforetheyattemptanythingextreme.Tomostpeople,extremesportsareextremesimplybecausetheytakemoreskillthanwhatanaveragepersonhas.Anathletewithskillandtrainingmakesanextremethingbecomeadailyroutine.Thatdoesnotwipeoutthedanger,butitgreatlyreducesit.Evenwhenthereisalotofskillinvolved,thingsmightnotgotheathlete’sway,notatall.Luckandcircumstanceshavealottodowithhowthingsdevelop,whetherabove8000metersorinawood,goingdownhill.Insomeplaces,crossingthestreetisanextremesport,consideringhowwildtrafficcanget.Someviewparkour—thesportsofrunning,jumpingandclimbingunder,aroundandthroughbuildings—asanextremesport,whileitismoreofalifephilosophy,wheretheathletedoesnothavetodoanythingremotelydangerous.Freesoloing,whichmeansclimbingarockoricefacewithoutsafetygear,isabsolutelydeadly,whereoneslipmeansalmostcertaindeath,dependingontheheight,ofcourse.Skateboardingisrelativelysafe,butifyouconstantlyfindridiculousplacestopracticeon,likethefenceofabridge,thenthingscangetverycomplicated.Theextremepartdependsontheathlete.Tosummarize,yes,extremesportsaredangerous,butthedangerdependsontheathlete,theirchoiceofsport,directioninwhichtheytakeit,aswellasthecircumstances.Somethingsareoutofourreachofcontrol,whileotherswecaninfluencethroughexerciseandhealthierriskchoices.13．WhyisdownhillcyclingmentionedinParagraph1?A．Tocallforattentiontoextremesports.B．Tointroducetheoriginofextremesports.C．Toillustratethedangerofextremesports.D．Toshowthecomplexityoftheextremesports.14．WhatdoesParagraph2mainlytalkaboutregardingextremesports?A．Extremesportsdifferfromoneanother.B．Skillmattersalotinmaintainingsafety.C．Athlete’sluckisakeyfactorthatinfluencessafety.D．Extremesportsaremoredangerousthanregularsports.15．Whichwouldbestdescribetheauthor’sattitudetowardsthedangerofextremesports?A．Doubtful. B．Objective.C．Intolerant. D．Uninterested.16．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A．DoExtremeSportsTestYourCourage?B．WhyShouldExtremeSportsBeBanned?C．WhyDoWeLoveExtremeSportssoMuch?D．AreExtremeSportsReallyThatDangerous?（2023秋·辽宁大连·高三统考一模）Weliveinanagewhenallscientificknowledge—fromthesafetyofvaccines(疫苗)totherealityofclimatechange—facesorganizedandoftenangryopposition.Doubtershavedeclaredwarontheconsensus(共识)ofexperts.Itseemsthatpeoplehaveturnedargumentativeovernight.Inasense,allthisisnotsurprising.Ourlivesareaffectedbyscienceandtechnologyasneverbefore.Theworldseemsfullofrealandimaginarydangers.ThoughscientistsagreethattheEbolavirusisspreadonlybydirectcontactwithbloodorbodyfluids(液体),ifyoutype“airborneEbola”intoanInternetsearchengine,you’llfindthatsomepeoplebelievethatthisvirushasalmostsupernaturalpowers.Inthisoftenconfusingworld,weneedtorelyonsciencetodecidewhetherwhatwechoosetobelievehasabasisinthelawsofnatureornot.Butsciencedoesn’tcomenaturallytomostofus.Sciencehasoftenledustotruthsthatarereallymind-blowing.Forexample,althoughtheroundnessoftheEarthhasbeenknownforthousandsofyears,somestillfeelithardtoaccept.Evenwhenpeoplebecomescientificallyeducated,mostofthemstilltrytomakesenseoftheworldbyrelyingonpersonalexperience,storiesoremotionsratherthanstatistics.Whentheyhearanumberofcancercasesinatownwithadangerouswastedump(垃圾场),theybelievepollutioncausedthecancers.Yettwothingshappeningtogetherdoesn’tmeanonecausedtheother.EvenwhentheyturntotheInternet,theyletinonlytheinformationtheyagreewithtostrengthenbeliefsthathavealreadybeenshapedbytheirworldview.Howcanscientistsconvincedoubters?Throwingmorefactsatpeoplemaynotbeenough.Moreeffortsaresupposedtobemade.17．What’sthetextmainlyabout?A．Howpeopleviewtheworld. B．Whatchallengessciencefaces.C．Whetherscienceisworthrespect. D．Whypeopleshowdisbeliefinscience.18．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mind-blowing”probablymean?A．Unbelievable. B．Desirable. C．Dangerous. D．Obvious.19．Howdo“people”inparagraph4understandtheworld?A．Theyapplylogicalthinking.B．Theysticktotheirownbeliefs.C．Theyformtheviewsonassumptions.D．TheyrelyontheinformationontheInternet.20．Howdoestheauthorprovehisopinions?A．Throughcomparison. B．Throughquotation.C．Bygivingexamples. D．Bymakingdefinitions.（2023秋·浙江·高三德清县高级中学校联考一模）ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand’sEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway.Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtoguardthejobsofordinaryworkersfrom“unjustifieddismissals”.Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlackedsufficientprotectionforworkersagainstarbitraryconductbymanagement.Longgonearethedayswhenabosscouldsimplygiveanemployeecontractualnotice.Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainingfirmsfromfiringpoorlyperforming,high-earningmanagersisahandbrakeonboostingproductivityandoverallperformance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradeandA-grademanagersmayverywellbethedifferencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailure.Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersorlosingthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal.Consequentlyandparadoxicallylawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinaryworkersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessownersfromdismissingunder-performingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmproductivityandthereforeonworkers’wages.Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand’sProductivityParadox”(2014),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry’spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA’sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemploymentarrangementgoingwrong.Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjobdismissalregulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwell-being.AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomethreshold”fromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers’Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-incomeemployeestocontractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.21．ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto________.A．disciplinedubiouscorporatepractices B．promotetraditionalhiringproceduresC．regulatetheprivilegesoftheemployers D．safeguardtherightsofordinaryworkers22．Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph3thattheprovisionsmay________.A．hinderbusinessdevelopment B．justifymanagers’authorityC．affectthepublicimageofthefirms D．worsenlabor-managementrelations23．Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．ERA’ssensibleapproachcorrespondswiththeinternationaltrendofdemocracy.B．Thesocietywillseeariseinwell-beingwiththeERA’sprocedurescarriedout.C．Non-proficientmanagerialcapabilitiesmakeemployeessufferfromsalarycuts.D．High-incomethresholdinAustraliaisrelativelybeneficialtobusinessowners.24．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsthepersonalgrievanceprovisionsissuedbyERA?A．Appreciative B．Skeptical C．Optimistic D．Contradictory（2023·宁夏银川·银川一中校考一模）IhavefrequentlytaughtResearchMethodsandDesigntocollegestudentsatseveralinstitutions.Iloveteachingthiscourse.Onereason,ofcourse,isthatIenjoythinkingaboutresearchmethodology(方法学)andsharingitwithothers.Theotherreason,however,istheobviousimpactthatithasonstudents.Everyterm,one(ifnotmore)studenttellsmehowtakingthiscoursehasaffectedhim/her:“Iusedtojustreadarticlesandbelievewhattheysaid,butnowIfindmyselfasking‘Isthistrue?Howdotheyknow?Isthisawelldesignedstudy?”ThatiswhatIwantthestudentstoachieveinthiscourse.ThisbringstomindsomethingwrittenbyDorothyL.Sayersin1948.Oneofherbooks,TheLostToolsofLearningspeakstoSayers’thoughtsoneducation.“Byteachingouryoungmenandwomentoread,wehaveleftthematthemercyoftheprintedwords.Bytheinventionofthefilmandtheradio