2023年考研考博-考博英语-西南政法大学历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-西南政法大学历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.翻译题PutthefollowingpassagesintoChinese:Thecompromiseallegeddistastefultothosewhoarereservedastotheworthofarbitrationisnotthe"honorific"type.Properly,itisthe"invidiouscompromise."Thismeansnotconsideringthemeritsofthematter,butrecognizingtheouterlimitsandsplittingthedifference.Thiswouldbeanimproperuseofanarbitrator'spowers.Whereitoccurs,arbitrationfails.Anexamplemayservetodistinguishbetweenthedistasteful"invidiouscompromise"andtheseeming"honorificcompromise"thatmayariseinanarbitration.Theassumedmatterconcernsabuyer,whocontractedforcertaingoods,whichhereceived,butwhichhebelievesareinferiorfromtheorderedmerchandise.Hecanusethegoods,butbelievesthefullpriceshouldnotbepaid.Heopinesthatapriceallowanceofonedollarperunitshouldbemade.Themanufacturer-sellerdisputestheclaimofinferiority.Inanarbitrationhearingthearbitratormayfindtherewasadeficiency,butnottotheextentclaimed.Forreasonsofthefactspresented,hemayawarda50%perunitreduction,or50centsperunitallowance,inacompromise,thatisthe"invidiouscompromise",thedecisionwouldnotconsiderthefacts,butwouldconsideronlythewishtoresolvethematter.An"invidiouscompromise"awardatthesame50%perunitreductionwouldbearnorelationtothedegreeofinferiorityandpotentialofuse.Thepurposeofarbitrationisnottopleaseallpartiestosomeextent;itistoreachadecisionwithdueregardtoallfactsandcircumstancespresentedintheHearing.2.单选题Sleepisveryancient.Intheelectroencephalographicsenseweshareitwithalltheprimatesandalmostalltheothermammalsandbirds:itmayextendbackfarasthereptiles.Thereissomeevidencethatthetwotypesofsleep,dreaminganddreamless,dependonthelife-styleoftheanimal,andthatpredatorsarestatisticallymuchmorelikelytodreamthanprey,whichareinturnmuchmorelikelytoexperiencedreamlesssleep.Indreamsleep,theanimalispowerfullyimmobilizedandremarkablyunresponsivetoexternalstimuli.Dreamlesssleepismuchshallower,andwehaveallwitnessedcastordogscockingtheirearstoasoundwhenapparentlyfastasleep.Thefactthatdeepdreamsleepisrareamongpreytodayseemsclearlytobeaproductofnaturalselection,anditmakessensethattoday,whensleepishighlyevolved,thestupidanimalsarelessfrequentlyimmobilizedbydeepsleepthanthesmartones.Butwhyshouldtheysleepdeeplyatall?Whyshouldastateofsuchdeepimmobilizationeverhaveevolved?Perhapsoneusefulhintabouttheoriginalfunctionofsleepistobefoundinthefactthatdolphinsandwhalesandaquaticmammalsingeneralseemtosleepverylittle.Thereis,byandlarge,noplacetohideintheocean.Coulditbethat,ratherthanincreasingananimal’svulnerability,thefunctionofsleepistodecreaseit?WilesWebboftheUniversityofFloridaandRayMeddisofLondonUniversityhassuggestedthistobethecase.Itisconceivablethatanimalswhoaretoostupidtobequietontheirowninitiativeare,duringperiodsofhighrisk,immobilizedbytheimplacablearmofsleep.Thepointseemsparticularlyclearfortheyoungofpredatoryanimals.Thisisaninterestingnotionandprobablyatleastpartlytrue.1.Accordingtothepassage,thephenomenonofsleepiscommontowhichofthefollowinggroupsoflivingbeings?2.Theauthorstatesthatduringdreamsleep,theanimalsleeps（

）.3.Theauthorsuggeststhat,becausetherearenohidingplacesintheoceans,whalesanddolphins（

）.

4.Theauthorimpliesthat,iftheydidnotsleep,babiesofhuntinganimalsmight（

）.问题1选项A.All-ancientanimals.B.Primatesonly.C.Four-fooledbeastsonly.D.Mostmammalsandbirds问题2选项A.withoutmovingB.shallowlyC.intermittentlyD.onitsside问题3选项A.sleeponlywhentheyareveryyoungB.cannotaffordtosleepverymuchC.usuallydreamwhileawakeD.taketurnssleeping问题4选项A.bemoreawareofdangerB.makenoiseatthewrongtimesC.failtogrowproperlyD.beabletocatchmorefood3.翻译题PutthefollowingpassagesintoChinese:

Thenextsourceoflawthathastobeconsiderediscaselaw,theeffectivecreationandrefinementoflawinthecourseofjudicialdecisions.ItshouldberememberedthattheUnitedKingdom'slawisstillacommonlawsystemandeveniflegislationisofeverincreasingimportance,thesignificanceandeffectivenessofjudicialcreativityshouldnotbediscounted.Judicialdecisionsareasourceoflawthroughtheoperationofthedoctrineofjudicialprecedents.Thisprocessdependsontheestablishedhierarchyofthecourts,andoperatesinsuchawaythatgenerallyacourtisboundbytheratiodecidendiorruleoflawimplicitinthedecisionofacourtaboveitinthehierarchyandusuallybyacourtofequalstandinginthehierarchy.Wherestatutelawdoescoveraparticularareaorwherethelawissilentgenerallyitwillbenecessaryforacourtdecidingcasesrelatingtosuchanareatodeterminewhatthelawisand,insodoing,thatcourtwillinescapablyandunarguablybecreatinglaw.Thescopeforjudicialcreativityshouldnotbeunderestimatedanditshouldberememberedthatthetaskofinterpretingtheactualmeaningoflegislationinparticularcasesalsofallsinthejudiciaryandprovidesitwithafurtherimportantareaofdiscretionaiycreativity.Thecharacteristicterritorialunitservedbytheprosecutor’sofficeisthecounty:inafewstates,largerdistricts,composedofseveralcounties,arefound.Manycountieshavesolittlecriminalbusiness(otherthanminorviolationsprosecutedbylocalorstatepolicewithouttheaidoftheprosecutor)that,evenwhenthecivillitigationtowhichthecountyisaparty,aswellasothercountylegalwork,areaddedtotheprosecutor’sfunctions,astheycommonlyare,thepostofcountyattorneyisstillonlyapart-timeonewithcompensationofteninadequatetoattractisstillonlyapart-timeonewithcompensationofteninadequatetoattracttheestablishedlawyersofthecounty.Thepostthustendstofalltoapoliticallyactiveyounglawyerstillengagedinbuildinghispractice;anditisnotsurprisingthatheoftentendstoregarditasprimarilyashort-termmeansofprofessionalorpoliticaladvancement.Underthesecircumstances,anythinglikeacareerofficial’sapproachtotheofficeisunlikely.Thecurewouldseemtobeinplacingtheprosecutor'sofficeonadistrictinsteadofacountybasis,thedistrictbeinglargeenoughtowarrantafull-timeprosecutorwithadequatecompensationandadequatestaff.4.单选题Geneticallymodifiedcropsareeverywhere.ItseemseveninEurope,strictlawsdesignedtokeeptheEuropeanUnionfreeofGMcropsarenotworking,insteadareposingproblemsfortheEU:Farmers’srepresentativessaythatsuppliesofanimalfeedforpoultryandpigsarebeingrefusedentryatEuropeanportswhenfoundtocontaineventraceamountsofGMmaterial.UnderEurope’s“zero-tolerance”lawsonGM,introducedin2007,thepresenceofevenafewseedsofGMmaterialwillruleoutanentireshipment.TheanimalfeedindustrysaysthelawsareunworkablebecauseGMmaterialisalmostunavoidable,giventoday’sglobalsupplychain.“ThoughweunderstandtheconsumerconcerninEurope,wedon'tunderstandzerotolerancebecauseitclosesdowntrade.”saysPekkaPesonen,secretarygeneralofCopa-Cogeca,afederationofgroupsrepresenting15millionEUfarmersintotal.HeclaimsthatEuropeanpigandpoultryfarmerswillgooutofbusinessunlesstheEUadoptsamorepracticalcheckingapproachbysettingastandard―say0.5percent—beneathwhichGMistolerated.Pesonensayssuch“tolerances”operateforotherpollution,includingpesticidesandheavymetals.SowhynotforGMmaterial,muchofwhichhasbeenclearedforhumanconsumptionelsewhereintheworld?Lastyear200,000tonsofconventionalanimalfeed―mainlysoyandcom―wererefusedentrytotheEUwhentheywerefoundtocontainsmallamountsofGMcomvarieties.ThenflaxfromCanadawasfoundtocontaintracesofaGMvarietynamedCDCTriffidthatwaswithdrawnfromcommercialsalein2001.Followingaprohibitiononflaxmorethan100shipmentswererejected,buttradeisslowlyresuming.Therejectedtonnagesisonlyasmallpartofthe32milliontonsoffeedimportedeachyear.Butitleadstodelaystosubsequentcontracts,higherpricesandreluctancebyimporterstoriskfurthershipments.Priceswillbehigherstillthisyear,saysPesonen.owingtonaturaldisasterinSouthAmericaandagrowingmarketforAmericanfarmerssellingcropstoAsia,whichacceptsmixedshipments.IncreasingnumbersofGMcropvarietiesareontheway.Atpresent,around30varietiesaregrownaroundtheworld,blitthatispredictedtodoubletwiceby2015.makingscreeningmoredifficultthanever.AfurtherconflictarisesbecausealltheEuropeanofficialsareduetobereplacedinFebruary.Aspokeswomanforthehealthcommission,whichintroducedthezero-tolerancepolicytosatisfywidespreadquestioningsinEuropeaboutthesafetyofGMcrops,saysthatintensivediscussiononfeedimportshavealreadytakenplace.“Oncethenewcommissionisestablished,itwillhavetoconsiderhowtoproceedonthismatter.”shesays.1.EuropeanlawsagainstGMproducts（

）.2.Takingtoday’sglobalsupplychainintoaccount,theanimalfeedindustrythinksthat（

）.

3.WhatisEuropeanfarmers’attitudetoGMaccordingtoPekkaPesonen?4.Aftersomeshipmentsarerefusedtobeimported,

（

）.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whydidthehealthcommissionintroducethezero-tolerancepolicy?问题1选项A.managetofunctionwellB.bringtroublestofarmersC.helpfarmersalotD.allowfoodwithGMmaterial问题2选项A.GMmaterialispossibletobepreventedB.EuropeanlawsareimpracticalC.OnlytheinternationalsupplychaincanworkD.GoodsshouldbeprohibitedonceanyGMstuffisfound问题3选项A.Theythinkit’sreasonableforpeopletoworryaboutGM’sinfluence.B.Theythinkit’sunderstandabletosetanabsolutelimitonGMproducts.C.TheywillbebrokenifEUhelpthemtolimitGMeffect.D.Theythink0.5percentistoohighastandard.问题4选项A.TradeisgoingdownallthewayB.PeoplestillsigntradeontimeC.GoodsaregettingmoreexpensiveD.Merchantstryriskingtradingagain问题5选项A.BecausetheEuropeanofficialsaretobereplacedB.Becausethepolicyistheresultoftheintensivediscussion.C.BecauseitwantstoeliminatethedoubtsabouttheGMcrops’safety.D.BecausethepriceofGMcropsisveryhigh.5.单选题Over350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheir（

）language.问题1选项A.nativeB.motherC.femaleD.national6.单选题Acameratakeslightrays（

）offsubjectsandfocusesthemonasheetoffilm.问题1选项A.disguisedB.definedC.bouncedD.incorporated7.单选题Shewasso（

）fortheknowledgethatshehadtaughtherselfallthecoursesbeforeshewenttocollege.问题1选项A.graveB.greedyC.anxiousD.worried8.单选题Thepromiseoffindinglong-termtechnologicalsolutionstotheproblemofworldfoodshortagesseemsdifficulttofulfill.Manyinnovationsthatwereonceheavilysupportedandpublicized,suchasfish-proteinconcentrateandproteinfromalgaegrownonpetroleumsubstrates:hassincefallenbythewayside.Theproposalsthemselvesweretechnicallyfeasible;buttheyprovedtobeeconomicallyunviableandtoyieldfoodproductsculturallyunacceptabletotheirconsumers.Recentinnovationssuchasopaque-2maize,Antarctickrill,andthewheat-ryetriticaleseemmorepromising,butitistooearlytopredicttheirultimatefate.Onecharacteristiccommontounsuccessfulfoodinnovationshasbeenthat,evenwithextensivegovernmentsupport,theyoftenhavenotbeentechnologicallyadaptedorculturallyacceptabletothepeopleforwhomtheyhadbeendeveloped.Asuccessfulnewtechnology,therefore,mustfittheentiresocio-culturalsysteminwhichitistofindaplace.Securityofcropyield,practicalityofstorage,palatability,andcostsaremuchmoresignificantthanhadpreviouslybeenrealizedbytheadvocatesofnewtechnologies.Forexample,thebetterproteinqualityintortillasmadefromopaque-2maizewillbeofonlylimitedbenefittoafamilyonthemarginofsubsistenceifthenewmaizeisnotculturallyacceptableorismorevulnerabletoinsects.Theadoptionofnewfoodtechnologiesdependsonmorethanthesetechnicalandculturalconsiderations;economicfactorsandgovernmentalpoliciesalsostronglyinfluencetheultimatesuccessofanyinnovation.EconomistsintheAnglo-Americantraditionhavetakentheleadininvestigatingtheeconomicsoftechnologicalinnovation.Althoughtheyexaggerateinclaimingthatprofitabilityisthekeyfactorguidingtechnicalchange—theycompletelydisregardthesubstantialeffectsofculture—theyarecorrectinstressingtheimportanceofprofits.Mosttechnologicalinnovationsinagriculturecanbellyusedonlybylargelandownersandareonlyadoptediftheseprofit-orientedbusinesspeoplebelievethattheinnovationwillincreasetheirincomes.1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwasabletoassessthetruthofwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutopaque-2maize?2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingasfactorsimportanttothesuccessofanewfoodcropEXCEPTthe（

）.3.Accordingtothepassage,theuseofAntarctickrillasafoodisaninnovationwhosefutureis（

）.

4.Thefirstparagraphofthepassagebestsupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?问题1选项A.Itcanbestoredaseasilyasothervarietiesofmaize.B.Itismorepopularthanthewheat-ryehybridtriticale.C.Itproducestortillasofgreaterproteincontentthandoothervarietiesofmaize.D.Itismoresusceptibletoinsectsthanareothervarietiesofmaize.问题2选项A.practicalityofstorageofthecropB.securityofthecropyieldC.qualityofthecrop'sproteinD.culturalacceptabilityofthecrop问题3选项A.basicallygloomybutstilluncertainB.somewhatpromisingbutverytentativeC.generallybrightandvirtuallyassuredD.tiedtotheSuccessofopaque-2maize问题4选项A.Toomuchpublicitycanharmthechancesforthesuccessofanewfoodinnovation.B.Innovationsthatproduceculturallyacceptablecropswillgenerallybesuccessful.C.Afood-productinnovationcanbetechnicallyfeasibleandstillnotbeeconomicallyviable.D.Itisdifficulttodecidewhetherafood-productinnovationhasactuallybeenasuccess.9.单选题Mothertoldmethatthemostimportantthingofchoosingapieceofclothisits（

）.问题1选项A.styleB.textureC.textileD.content10.单选题Thementalcommoditymostdemandwillbepracticalwisdomratherthanspecialized（

）.问题1选项A.experimentB.expertiseC.witnessD.cleverness11.单选题Livinginpoverty,shesoldfor1000dollarsthe（

）ofherfather’sfirstwork,whichmadehimfamous.问题1选项A.manuscriptB.documentC.fileD.duplicate12.单选题To（

）theriskoftheft,installagoodalarmsystem.问题1选项A.decreaseB.minimizeC.limitD.eliminate13.单选题Noverysatisfactoryaccountofthemechanismthatcausedtheformationoftheoceanbasinshasyetbeengiven.Thetraditionalviewsupposesthattheuppermantleoftheearthbehavesasaliquidwhenitissubjectedtosmallforcesforlongperiodsandthatdifferencesintemperatureunderoceansandcontinentsaresufficienttoproduceconvectioninthemantleoftheearthwithrisingconvectioncurrentsunderthemidoceanridgesandsinkingcurrentsunderthecontinents.Theoretically,thisconvectionwouldcarrythecontinentalplatesalongasthoughtheywereonaconveyorbeltandwouldprovidetheforcesneededtoproducethesplitthatoccursalongtheridge.Thisviewmaybecorrect;ithastheadvantagethatthecurrentsaredrivenbytemperaturedifferencesthatthemselvesdependonthepositionofthecontinents.Suchabackcoupling,inwhichthepositionofthemovingplatehasanimpactontheforcesthatmoveit,couldproducecomplicatedandvaryingmotions.Ontheotherhand,thetheoryisimplausiblebecauseconvectiondoesnotnormallyoccuralonglines,anditcertainlydoesnotoccuralonglinesbrokenbyfrequentoffsetsorchangesindirection,astheridgeis.AlsoitisdifficulttoseehowthetheoryappliestotheplatebetweentheMid-AtlanticRidgeandtheridgeintheIndianOcean.Thisplateisgrowingonbothsides,andsincethereisonintermediatetrenchthetworidgesmustbemovingapart.Itwouldbeoddiftherisingconvectioncurrentskeptexactpacewiththem.Atlantictheoryisthatthesinkingpartoftheplate,whichisdenserthanthehottersurroundingmantle,pullstherestoftheplateafterit.AgainitisdifficulttoseehowthisappliestotheridgeintheSouthAtlantic,whereneithertheAfricannortheAmericanplatehasasinkingpart.Anotherpossibilityisthatthesinkingplatecoolstheneighboringmantleandproducesconvectioncurrentsthatmovetheplates.Thislasttheoryisattractivebecauseitgivessomehopeofexplainingtheenclosedseas,suchastheSeaofJapan.Theseseashaveatypicaloceanicfloor,exceptthatthefloorisoverlaidbyseveralkilometersofsediment.TheirFloorshaveprobablybeensinkingforlongperiods.Itseemspossiblethatasinkingcurrentofcooledmantlematerialontheuppersideoftheplatemightbethecauseofsuchdeepbasins.Theenclosedseasareanimportantfeatureoftheearth’ssurfaceandseriouslyrequireexplanationbecause,inadditiontotheenclosedseasthataredevelopingatpresentbehindislandarcs;thereareanumberofolderonesofpossiblysimilarorigin;suchastheGulfofMexico,theBlackSea.andperhapsthenNorthSea.1.Accordingtothetraditionalviewoftheoriginoftheoceanbasins,whichofthefollowingissufficienttomovethecontinentalplates?2.Theauthorreferstoa“conveyorbelt”(Lines5,Para.1)inorderto（

）.3.Theauthorregardsthetraditionalviewoftheoriginoftheoceanbasin（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingareseparatedbyaplatethatisgrowingonbothsides?问题1选项A.Spreadingofoceantrenches.B.Movementofmid-oceanridges.C.Sinkingofoceanbasins.D.Differencesintemperatureunderoceansandcontinents.问题2选项A.illustratetheeffectsofconvectioninthemantle.B.showhowtemperaturedifferencesdependonthepositionsofthecontinentC.demonstratethelinearoftheMidAtlanticRidgeD.describethecomplicatedmotionsmadepossiblybybackcoupling问题3选项A.guardedskepticismB.absoluteindifferenceC.indignantangerD.completedisbelief问题4选项A.ThePacificOceanandtheSeaofJapan.B.TheSouthAtlanticRidgeandtheNorthSeaRidge.C.TheGulfofMexicoandtheSouthAtlanticRidge.D.TheMidAtlanticRidgeandtheIndianOceanRidge14.翻译题当前我国经济发展的势头良好，经济增长基本做到了速度、质量和效益的平衡。但是，我们应该淸醒地看到，世界上没有一个国家的经济发展会长盛不衰，会永远保持高速度，中国也不例外。改革开放取得的成就是有目共睹的，但是，随着经济形势的变化，又出现了一些新的矛盾和问题，比如，国企改革问题、失业率高问题、金融风险问题以及生态环境破坏问题等。这些问题都需要我们高度重视，尽快找到有效的解决办法。15.单选题Sincethecouplecouldnot（

）theirdifference,theydecidedtogetadivorce.问题1选项A.reconcileB.complyC.coincideD.resign16.单选题NineofthetencampusesoftheUniversityofCalifornia—ledbyBerkeley―onceagainmadeitintoanannualrankingoftheworld’sleadinguniversities.All’swellinCaliforniahighereducation,itmightseem.ButthatisnotwhatPatBrownorClarkKerrwouldsay,weretheyalivetoday.Theywere,respectively,governorofthestateandpresidentoftheUniversityofCaliforniain1960,whenCaliforniaadopteda“masterplan''thatbecameaninternationalmodel.Theiraimwasnotonlytohaveexcellentpublicuniversities,buttogivethestate’spopulationnearlyuniversalandfreeaccesstothem.Somepupilswouldso-calledcommunitycollegesforatwo-yearvocationalprogramme,othersoneofthe(now23)campusesoftheCaliforniaStateUniversity,andthebestmightgotoaUCcampus.Inordertoassureaccessforall,tuitionchargeswerebanned—only“fees”forsomecostsotherthaneducationwereallowed.Mostfundingwastocomefromtaxpayers.Thepremisewasthathighereducationwasapublicgoodforthestate,whichwasnursingitsownfutureentrepreneursandtaxpayers.AsMr.Kerrputit,theuniversitieswere“bait”tobehunginfrontofindustry,withdrawingpowergreaterthanlowtaxesorcheaplabor.’’Thatconsensushasbeenoverturned.In1990,thestatepaid78%ofthecostofeducatingeachstudent.Thatratiodroppedto47%lastyear,andwillfallevenmoreduringthecurrentacademicyear,afterthelatestroundofbudgetcuts,overseenbyJerryBrown,thecurrentgovernorandsonofPatBrown.Insomeways,CaliforniahasnowinvertedtheprioritiesoftheolderBrown’sera.Spendingonprisonspassedspendingonuniversitiesinaround2004.Thishasledtoconcernsthatpublicuniversitiesmightlosetheirexcellence.Ittakesmoneytoattractthebestprofessors,andthebeststudentsfollowthem.Analternativetoworsepublicuniversities,however,isquasi-privatizedones.ThatseemstobetheroutetakeninCalifornia.Thusstudentswillthisyear,forthefirsttime,paymorefortuitionthanthestategivesinfunding.ThisfollowsyearsoftuitionfeeincreasesfarsteeperthantheaverageatAmericanpublicuniversities.AplaceataUCcampuscaneasilynowcost$13,000,or$31000includinghousing,givenCalifornia’shighcosts.Toraiseotherrevenues,thevariouscampusesalsoadmitevermoreout-of-statestudents(whopaythreetimesmore)and,targetrichgraduatesformoredonations.Ledbythebusinessandlawschools,theybehaveincreasinglylikeprivateuniversities,inotherwords.Thisstrategyretainspocketsofexcellence.Butitalsorunscountertothephilosophyofthemasterplan,bypricingevermoreCalifornianfamiliesoutofaplace.Thestatenowranks41stinthenumberofcollegedegreesawardedforevery100ofitshighschoolgraduates.1.PatBrownandClarkKerrattemptedtosetupexcellentpublicuniversities,aswellas（

）.2.WhatdoesMr.Kerrimplybysaying“bait”tobehunginfrontofindustry(Line4,Para.3)?3.Whatistheconcernonthepublicuniversitiessincethestatespendingonuniversitieshasdropped?4.CampusesinCaliforniareceivestudentsfromotherstatesforthepurposeof

（

）.

5.WhatcanweinferfromthepassageabouthighereducationinCalifornia?问题1选项A.buildinganinternationalmodelofuniversitiesaroundtheworldB.competingwiththeso-calledcommunitycollegesinthestateC.offeringcommonandfreeaccesstouniversitiestothestate'spopulationD.providingatwo-yearvocationalprogramforthestate'spopulation问题2选项A.Theuniversitiesfosterto-beelitesforindustryB.ThetuitionfeesarebannedintheuniversitiesC.ThehighereducationisastatewelfareD.Theuniversitiesaremoreattractivethanlowtaxesorcheaplabor.问题3选项A.TobeunabletoattractthebestprofessorsB.TobeunabletomaintaintheirexcellenceC.Tobehigh-pricedD.Tobequasi-privatized问题4选项A.gettingmoredonationsB.behavinglikeprivateuniversitiesC.makingupshortageofgraduatesD.improvingotherearnings问题5选项A.ChildrenfromCalifornianfamiliescan’tobtaintheeducationduetothehighcosts.B.Ithasmovedtowardsprivateuniversitiesalongwithitsdevelopment.C.Itisonlynursingitsownfutureentrepreneursandtaxpayers.D.Itproducesfewercompanyfounders,inventorsandtaxpayers.17.单选题CampaigningontheIndianfrontierisanexperiencebyitself.Neitherthelandscapenorthepeoplefindtheircounterpartsinanyotherportionoftheglobe.Valleywallsrisesteeplyfiveorsixthousandfeetoneveryside.Thecolumnscramthroughamazeofgiantcorridorsdownwhichfiercesnow-fedtorrentsfoamunderskiesofbrass.Amidthesescenesofsavagebrilliancytheredwellsaracewhosequalifiesseemtoharmonizewiththeirenvironment.Exceptatharvest-time,whenself-preservationrequiresatemporarytruce,thePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarrior,apoliticianandatheologian.Everylargehouseisarealfeudalfortressmade,itistrue,onlyofsun-bakedclay,butwithbattlements,turrets,loopholes,drawbridges,etc.Complete.Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitsvendetta;everyclan,itsfeud.Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgotten,andveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid.Forthepurposesofsociallife,inadditiontotheconventionaboutharvest-time,amostelaboratecodeofhonourhasbeenestablishedandisonthewholefaithfullyobserved.Amanwhoknewitandobserveditfaultlesslymightpassunarmedfromoneendofthefrontiertoanother.Theslightesttechnicalslipwould,however,befatal.ThelifeofthePathanisthusfullofinterest;andhisvalleys,nourishedalikebyendlesssunshineandabundantwater,arefertileenoughtoyieldwithlittlelabourthemodestmaterialrequirementsofasparsepopulation.Intothishappyworldthenineteenthcenturybroughttwonewfacts;therifleandtheBritishGovernment.Thefirstwasanenormousluxuryandblessing;thesecond,anunmitigatednuisance.TheconvenienceoftheriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyatfifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewvistaofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.Onecouldactuallyremaininone'sownhouseandfileatone'sneighbournearlyamileaway.Onecouldlieinwaitonsomehighcrag,andathithertounheard-ofrangeshitahorsemanfarbelow.Evenvillagescouldfireateachotherwithoutthetroubleofgoingfarfromhome.Fabulouspriceswerethereforeofferedforthesegloriousproductsofscience.Rifle-thievesscouredallIndiatoreinforcetheeffortsofthehonestsmuggler.Asteadyflowofthecovetedweaponsspreaditsgenialinfluencethroughoutthefrontier,andtherespectwhichthePathantribesmenentertainedforChristiancivilizationwasvastlyenhanced.TheactionoftheBritishGovernmentontheotherhandwasentirelyunsatisfactory.Thegreatorganizing,advancing,absorbingpowertothesouthwardseemedtobelittlebetterthanamonstrousspoil-sport.IfthePathanmadeforaysintotheplains,notonlyweretheydrivenback(whichafterallwasnomorethanfair),butawholeseriesofsubsequentinterferencestookplace,followedatintervalsbyexpeditionswhichtoiledlaboriouslythroughthevalleys,scoldingthetribesmenandexactingfinesforanydamagewhichtheyhaddone.Noonewouldhavemindedtheseexpeditionsiftheyhadsimplycome,hadafightan