2019届高考英语二轮增分策略：第二部分-主旨大意题(含解析)

考纲解读高中英语教学大纲明确规定“侧重提高阅读能力”，这为我们的备考指明了方向。分析近几年的高考英语试题，我们不难看出，阅读理解是高考试题中难度最大，区分度最高的题型，自始至终占据着主导地位。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能，它不仅考查对语篇的整体把握能力，而且考查快速捕捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力。不仅要准确理解文章表层的意思，还要通过表层去推理、判断。除此之外，还涉及非语言因素，如：对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等。考情分析纵观近几年各地英语试卷，阅读理解题有如下特点：1．突出语用，体裁多样，题材丰富阅读理解题体裁分布包括记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文等，涉及的话题新颖广泛，体现了其多样化、现代化和生活化的特点，综合反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面，具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点，体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。2．信息密集，句子优美，结构复杂阅读理解题每篇都是以简约的语言负载高含量的信息，要求准确迅速地从特定的语篇中有目的地获取信息。阅读理解文章的句子原汁原味、语言地道、纯正优美，而且篇章结构和句子结构都有一定的难度。各篇或在时间顺序上，或在空间顺序上，或在逻辑推理上，均使用了较高级的组篇手段。结构复杂的长句、倒装句、省略句以及插入语等也随处可见。3．细节为主，推理随后，主旨突出阅读理解题型分布合理，以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，主旨大意题几乎每年都考。各个题型的分布已逐步成熟且趋于平稳。阅读理解分为五大题型：主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题和篇章结构题。考点1主旨大意之精确归纳标题真题解密Doctorsareknowntobeterriblepilots.Theydon’tlistenbecausetheyalreadyknowitall.Iwaslucky：Ibecameapilotin1970，almosttenyearsbeforeIgraduatedfrommedicalschool.Ididn’trealizethen，butbecomingapilotmakesmeabettersurgeon.Ilovedflying.AsIflewbigger，fasterplanes，andinworseweather，Ilearnedaboutcrewresourcemanagement(机组资源管理)，orCRM，anewideatomakeflyingsafer.Itmeansthatcrewmembersshouldlistenandspeakupforagoodresult，regardlessofpositions.IfirstreadaboutCRMin1980.Notlongafterthat，anattendingdoctorandIwereflyinginbadweather.Thecontrollerhadusturntoolatetogetourlandingready.Theattendingdoctorwasflying；Iwassafetypilot.Hewassobusybecauseofthebadturn，hehadforgottentoputthelandinggear(起落架)down.Hewasabetterpilot—andmyboss—soitfeltunusualtospeakup.ButIhadto：Ourliveswereindanger.Iputasidemyuneasinessandsaid，“Weneedtoputthelandinggeardownnow！”ThatwasmyfirstreallessoninthepowerofCRM，andI’veuseditintheoperatingroomeversince.CRMrequiresthatthepilot/surgeonencourageotherstospeakup.Itfurtherrequiresthatwhenopinionsarefromtheopposite，thedoctordoesn’toverreact，whichmightpreventfellowdoctorsfromvoicingopinionsagain.SowhenI’mintheoperatingroom，Iaskforideasandhelpfromothers.Sometimesthey’renotwillingtospeakup.ButIhopethatifIcontinuetoencouragethem，somedaysomeonewillkeepmefrom“landing_gear_up”． (2019·新课标全国Ⅱ，A)36．Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutdoctorsingeneral?A．Theylikeflyingbythemselves.B．Theyareunwillingtotakeadvice.C．Theypretendtobegoodpilots.D．TheyarequicklearnersofCRM.答案B解析细节理解题。从文中第一段的第一、二句“Doctorsareknowntobeterriblepilots.Theydon’tlistenbecausetheyalreadyknowitall.”可知，作者认为医生一般都不愿意听取意见，所以答案为B项。37．TheauthordeepenedhisunderstandingofthepowerofCRMwhen________.A．hesavedtheplanebyspeakingupB．hewasinchargeofaflyingtaskC．hisbosslandedtheplanetoolateD．hisbossoperatedonapatient答案A解析推理判断题。文中第二段首句提到“IfirstreadaboutCRMin1980.”这是作者首次接触CRM，此后不久，在一次飞行事故中，作者的老板在操作飞机降落时忘记把起落架放下来，这时作者主动向老板提出“我们现在需要把起落架放下来”，从而拯救了机组成员。其他选项均不符合题意。38．Inthelastparagraph“landinggearup”probablymeans“________”．A．followingflyingrequirementsB．overreactingtodifferentopinionsC．listeningtowhatfellowdoctorssayD．makingamistakethatmaycostlives答案D解析词义猜测题。“landinggear”在文中给出了中文释义，意为“起落架”，“landinggearup”意为“把起落架收起来”，结合该词组在文中出现的语境，可以知道在飞机降落时把起落架收起来是有生命危险的，所以keepmefromlandinggearup意为“让我避免犯此类会带来生命危险的错误”。39．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．CRM：ANewWaytoMakeFlyingSafeB．FlyingMakesMeaBetterDoctorC．TheMakingofaGoodPilotD．APilot­TurnedDoctor答案B解析标题归纳题。文中第一段提到“...butbecomingapilotmakesmeabettersurgeon.”，在第二段中作者讲述了其在一起飞行事件中的经历和从中得到的教训，作者将这一经验应用到手术室中，从而使他成为一个更好的医生，所以B项正确。技巧归纳(1)利用主题段来概括标题主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。(2)利用主题句来概括标题解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。趁热打铁Argentinainthelatenineteenthcenturywasanexcitingplace.Around1870，itwasexperiencinganeconomic(经济的)boom，andthecapital，BuenosAires，attractedmanypeople.Farmers，aswellasafloodofforeignersfromSpainandItaly，cametoBuenosAiresseekingjobs.Thesejobsdidn’tpaywell，andthepeoplefeltlonelyanddisappointedwiththeirnewlifeinthecity.Astheunhappynewcomersmixedtogetherinthepoorpartsofthecity，thedanceknownasthetango(探戈舞)cameintobeing.Atthebeginningthetangowasadanceofthelowerclasses.Itwasdancedinthebarsandstreets.Atthattimethereweremanyfewerwomenthanmen，soifamandidn’twanttobeleftout，hisonlychoicewastodancewithanothermansothathecouldattracttheattentionofthefewavailablewomen.Gradually，thedancespreadintotheupperclassesofArgentineansocietyandbecamemorerespectable.InEuropeatthistime，stronginterestindancefromaroundtheworldwasbeginning.ThisinterestininternationaldancewasespeciallyevidentinParis.Everykindofdancefromballet(芭蕾舞)tobellydancingcouldbefoundonthestagesoftheParistheaters.AftertangodancersfromArgentinaarrivedinEurope，theybegantodrawtheinterestofthepublicastheyperformedtheirexcitingdanceincafes.Thoughnoteveryoneapprovedofthenewdance，sayingitwasalittletooshocking，thedancedidfindenoughsupporterstomakeitpopular.Thepopularity(流行)ofthetangocontinuedtogrowinmanyotherpartsoftheworld.SoldierswhoreturnedtotheUnitedStatesfromWorldWarⅠbroughtthetangotoNorthAmerica.ItreachedJapanin1926，andin2003theArgentineanembassyinSeoulhiredalocaltangodancertoactasakindofdanceambassador，andpromotetangodancingthroughoutSouthKorea.(2019·安徽，E)72．Theoriginofthetangoisassociatedwith________.A．bellydancersB．AmericansoldiersC．aSpanishcityD．thecapitalofArgentina答案D解析细节理解题。由第一段可知，阿根廷首都布宜诺斯艾利斯是探戈舞的发源地。73．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthetango?A．ItwascreatedbyforeignersfromSpainandItaly.B．Peopleoftheupperclasseslovedthetangomost.C．Itwasoftendancedbytwomalesinthebeginning.D．AdancerinSeoulbecametheArgentineanambassador.答案C解析细节理解题。由第二段中的“...soifamandidn’twanttobeleftout，hisonlychoicewastodancewithanotherman...”可知。74．BeforeWorldWarⅠ，thetangospreadto________.A．America B．JapanC．France D．SouthKorea答案C解析细节理解题。由第三段中的“ThisinterestininternationaldancewasespeciallyevidentinParis...”可知。75．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．HowtoDancetheTangoB．TheHistoryoftheTangoC．HowtoPromotetheTangoD．TheModernTangoBoom答案B解析标题归纳题。本文主要讲述了探戈舞的发展史。考点2主旨大意之概括文章大意真题解密“Indeed，”GeorgeWashingtonwroteinhisdiaryin1785，“somekindoffly，orbug，hadbeguntoeattheleavesbeforeIlefthome.”ButthefatherofAmericawasnotthefatherofbug.WhenWashingtonwrotethat，Englishmenhadbeenreferringtoinsectsasbugsformorethanacentury，andAmericanshadalreadycreatedlightning­bug(萤火虫)．ButtheEnglishweresoontostopusingthebugsintheirlanguage，leavingittotheAmericanstocallabugabuginthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies.TheAmericanbugcouldalsobeaperson，referringtosomeonewhowascrazyaboutaparticularactivity.Althoughfanbecametheusualterm，sportsfansusedtobecalledracingbugs，baseballbugs，andthelike.Orthebugcouldbeasmallmachineorobject，forexample，abug­shapedcar.Thebugcouldalsobeaburglaralarm，fromwhichcomestheexpressiontobug，thatis，“toinstall(安装)analarm”．Nowitmeansasmallpieceofequipmentthatpeopleuseforlisteningsecretlytoothers’conversations.Sincethe1840s，tobughaslongmeant“tocheat”，andsincethe1940sithasbeenannoying.Wealsoknowthebugasaflawinacomputerprogramorotherdesign.ThatmeaningdatesbacktothetimeofThomasEdison.In1878heexplainedbugsas“littleproblemsanddifficulties”thatrequiredmonthsofstudyandlabortoovercomeindevelopingasuccessfulproduct.In1889itwasrecordedthatEdison“hadbeenupthetwopreviousnightsdiscovering‘abug’inhisinventedrecordplayer.” (2019·辽宁，D)68．WelearnfromParagraph1that________.A．AmericanshaddifficultyinlearningtousethewordbugB．GeorgeWashingtonwasthefirstpersontocallaninsectabugC．thewordbugwasstillpopularlyusedinEnglandinthenineteenthcenturyD．bothEnglishmenandAmericansusedthewordbugintheeighteenthcentury答案D解析细节理解题。根据第一段第三句可知选D项。69.Whatdoestheword“flaw”inthelastparagraphprobablymean?A．Explanation. B．Finding.C．Origin. D．Fault.答案D解析词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“‘littleproblemsanddifficulties’”可判断选D项。70．Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith________.A．themisunderstandingofthewordbugB．thedevelopmentofthewordbugC．thepublicviewsofthewordbugD．thespecialcharacteristicsofthewordbug答案B解析主旨大意题。文章主要围绕bug一词的发展过程以及不同含义来展开的，故B项符合文章主旨。技巧归纳(1)做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。(2)在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。趁热打铁We’veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline：hiringlinestanders，buyingticketsfromscalpers(票贩子)，orpurchasingline­cuttingprivilegesdirectlyfrom，say，anairlineoranamusementpark.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeue(waitingyourturn)withthemoralsofthemarket(payingapriceforfasterservice)．Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthings，andeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.Themoralsofthequeue，“Firstcome，firstserved，”haveanegalitarian(平等主义的)appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilege，power，anddeeppockets.Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsale，Ihavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalong，simplybecauseit’sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivities，properlygovernedbydifferentstandards.Sometimesstandardschange，anditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecordedmessageyouhear，playedoverandover，asyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:“Yourcallwillbeansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.”Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It’sasifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness.Butdon’ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Today，somepeople’scallsareansweredfasterthanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniesto“score”incomingcallsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping.Ofcourse，marketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymerit，othersbyneed，stillothersbychance.However，thetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeues，andothernon­marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue­jumpingschemeswe’veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparks，incallcenters，doctors’offices，andnationalparks—arerecentdevelopments，scarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcern，butthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered. (2019·江苏，B)58．Accordingtotheauthor，whichofthefollowingseemsgovernedbytheprinciple“Firstcome，firstserved”？A．Takingbuses.B．Buyinghouses.C．Flyingwithanairline.D．Visitingamusementparks.答案A解析细节理解题。由第三段第一句“Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.”可知。59．TheexampleoftherecordedmessageinParagraphs4and5illustrates________.A．thenecessityofpatienceinqueuingB．theadvantageofmoderntechnologyC．theuncertaintyofallocationprincipleD．thefairnessoftelephonicservices答案C解析细节理解题。由第四段第一句“Sometimesstandardschange，anditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.”及第五段第一句“Butdon’ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.”可推出。60．Thepassageismeantto________.A．justifypayingforfasterservicesB．discussthemoralsofallocatingthingsC．analyzethereasonforstandinginlineD．criticizethebehaviorofqueuejumping答案B解析主旨大意题。整篇文章主要探讨了如何分配的道德标准。而A、C、D三项只涉及到文中的部分内容。考点3主旨大意之总结段落大意真题解密EPPortableHeaterWeallknowthatthecostofheatingourhomeswillcontinuetobeasignificantburdenonthefamilybudget.NowmillionsofpeoplearesavingontheirheatingbillswiththeEPportableheater.Withoveronemillionsatisfiedcustomersaroundtheworld，thenewEPheatsbetterandfaster，savesmoreonheatingbills，andrunsalmostsilent.TheEPhasnoexposedheatingpartsthatcancauseafire.TheoutsideoftheEPonlygetswarmtothetouchsothatitwillnotburnchildrenorpets.TheEPwillnotreduceoxygenintheroom.Withotherheaters，you’llnoticethatyougetsleepywhentheheatcomesonbecausetheyareburningupoxygen.TheadvancedEPalsoheatstheroomevenly，walltowallandfloortoceiling.Itcomfortablycoversanareaupto350squarefeet.Otherheatersheatroomsunevenlywithmostoftheheatconcentratedtothecenteroftheroom.Andtheyonlyheatanareaafewfeetaroundtheheater.WiththeEP，thetemperaturewillnotvaryinanypartoftheroom.TheEPcomeswitha3­yearwarranty(保修)anda60­day，noquestionsasked，satisfactionguarantee.Ifyouarenottotallysatisfied，returnitatourexpenseandyourmoneywillbegivenbacktoyou.Nowwehaveaspecialofferfor10days，duringwhichyoucanenjoyahalfpricediscountandafreedelivery.Ifyouorderafterthat，wereservetherighttoeitheracceptorrejectorderrequestsatthediscountedprice.Takeactionrightnow！ (2019·北京，A)56．WhatismainlydiscussedinParagraph2?A．TheheatoftheEP.B．ThesafetyoftheEP.C．TheappearanceoftheEP.D．ThematerialoftheEP.答案B解析段落大意题。第二段说EP裸露的部分不会引起火灾，且EP的外表不会烫伤孩子们及宠物，故第二段讲了EP的安全性。57．Fromthepassage，wecanlearnthattheEP________.A．doesn’tburnupoxygenB．runswithoutanynoiseC．makespeoplegetsleepyD．isunsuitableforchildrenandpets答案A解析细节理解题。由第三段提到的“TheEPwillnotreduceoxygenintheroom.”可知选A项。58．Theunderlinedword“evenly”inParagraph4probablymeans“________”．A．continuously B．separatelyC．quickly D．equally答案D解析词义猜测题。由第四段最后两句“Andtheyonlyheatanareaafewfeetaroundtheheater.WiththeEP，thetemperaturewillnotvaryinanypartoftheroom.”可知EP可使房间均匀受热，即equally。59．Themainpurposeofthepassageisto________.A．persuadepeopletobuytheproduct B．advisepeopletosaveonheatingbillsC．reportthenewdevelopmentofportableheatersD．comparethefunctionsofdifferentheaterbrands答案A解析写作目的题。全文讲述了EP的优点，由打折销售可知文章目的在于劝说人们购买该产品。技巧归纳段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。趁热打铁DoesFameDriveYouCrazy?Althoughbeingfamousmightsoundlikeadreamcometrue，today’sstars，feelinglikezooanimals，facepressuresthatfewofuscanimagine.Theyareatthecenterofmuchoftheworld’sattention.Paparazzi(狗仔队)campoutsidetheirhomes，camerasready.Tabloids(小报)publishthrillingstoriesabouttheirpersonallives.Justimaginenotbeingabletodoanythingwithoutbeingphotographedorinterruptedforasignature!AccordingtopsychologistChristinaVillarreal，celebrities—famouspeople—worryconstantlyabouttheirpublicappearance.Eventually，theystarttolosetrackofwhotheyreallyare，seeingthemselvesthewaytheirfansimaginethem，notasthepeopletheywerebeforeeveryoneknewtheirnames.“Overtime，”Villarrealsays，“theyfeelseparatedandalone.”Thephenomenonoftrackingcelebritieshasbeenaroundforages.Inthe4thcenturyB．C.，paintersfollowedAlexandertheGreatintobattle，hopingtopicturehisvictoriesforhisadmirers.WhenCharlesDickensvisitedAmericainthe19thcentury，hissold­outreadingsattractedthousandsoffans，leadinghimtocomplain(抱怨)abouthislackofprivacy.Tabloidsofthe1920sand1930sranarticlesaboutfilm­starsinmuchthesamewaythatmoderntabloidsandwebsitesdo.Beingapublicfiguretoday，however，isalotmoredifficultthanitusedtobe.Superstarscannotmoveaboutwithoutworryingaboutphotographerswithmoderncameras.Whentheysaysomethingsillyordosomethingridiculous，thereisalwaystheInternettospreadthenewsinmin