犊牛：不同饲喂条件下犊牛胃解剖组织学结构的比较

1犊牛论文：不同饲喂条件下犊牛胃解剖组织学结构的比拟研究【中文摘要】本实验选择新生的健康荷斯坦公犊牛15头,每5头一组,随机分为三组:牛奶和犊牛料自由采食,以下简称自由采食组(Ⅰ组);牛奶和犊牛料按比例定量采食,以下简称定量采食组(Ⅱ组);全牛奶饲喂,以下简称全乳饲喂组(Ⅲ组)。饲喂3个月后,用大体解剖学和组织学方法,对三组犊牛胃的黏膜上皮颜色、黏膜形态及各胃室的重量大小比例进行观察测定,并对各胃室黏膜的组织结构进行比拟分析,旨在探讨三种不同饲喂条件对犊牛胃解剖组织形态学发育的影响,为哺乳动物胃的比拟发育学研究积累形态学资料,为动物生理与营养学,动物医学等学科提供有价值的参考资料。实验共包括两个局部:1.三种不同饲喂条件下犊牛胃解剖形态结构的比拟研究本研究结果显示:自由采食组犊牛胃的前胃黏膜上皮颜色较深,呈现明显的深褐色或黑色,定量采食组与自由采食组根本相似,只有瓣胃黏膜上皮颜色稍浅,略显白色,而全乳饲喂组的前胃与皱胃黏膜上皮颜色均为乳白色。自由采食组、定量采食组的犊牛胃黏膜乳头和黏膜皱褶发育正常,与成年牛的解剖形态特征根本一致,全乳饲喂组的前胃黏膜乳头略显退化,黏膜皱褶发育缓慢,但皱胃比前两组兴旺。自由采食组瘤胃重量最大,定量采食组次之,全乳饲喂组最小,而且前两组瘤胃重量占犊牛胃总重的比例较大,分别为52.76%和49.78%,到达总重量的一半左右,而全乳饲喂组为40.42%,占胃总重的相比照例较小。因此,三组试验中全乳饲喂条件下犊牛的前胃发育受到明显抑制,而牛奶与犊牛料自由采食或定量采食条件下的犊牛胃形态发育根本正常。2.三种不同饲喂条件下犊牛胃组织形态结构的比拟研究本研究结果说明:三组犊牛胃瘤胃乳头的高度和宽度数据显示,自由采食组瘤胃乳头最高,宽度最大,定量采食组次之,全乳饲喂组最差,但黏膜上皮的角化程度稍有差异:自由采食组和全乳饲喂组前胃的黏膜层比拟厚,其黏膜上皮角化程度较高,而定量采食组较差,黏膜上皮的角化层厚度以全乳饲喂组最厚,自由采食组次之,定量采食组最薄。三组犊牛皱胃腺区腺体细胞的形态与数量在三组间差异不大,胃体和幽门处体部细胞主要为主细胞,颈黏液细胞较少,无壁细胞;胃底腺区以主细胞最多,但壁细胞较大,胞质红染,形态比拟明显。三组犊牛胃各胃室的肌层厚度以自由采食组最厚,定量采食组次之,全乳饲喂组最薄;但网胃和皱胃幽门处的肌层厚度为全乳饲喂组最厚,其次为自由采食组,定量采食组最薄。因此,三组试验中自由采食条件下犊牛胃前胃的组织形态发育较好,定量采食条件下犊牛前胃组织形态发育根本正常,全乳饲喂条件下前胃发育受到抑制,但三组犊牛皱胃的组织形态结构根本一致。【英文摘要】ThefifteenhealthyHolsteinmalecalveswerechoseninthestudyanddividedintothreegroupsrandomly.Milkandcalffeedingfreedomeat,hereinafterreferredtoasfreeintakegroup(Ⅰgroup);milkandcalffeedintakeinproportiontothequantitative,hereinafterreferredtoasquantitativeintakegroup(Ⅱgroup);wholemilkfeeding,hereinafterreferredtoasfullMilkfedgroup(Ⅱgroup).Threemonthsfeedingexperimentswerecarriedoutbythreedifferentfeedingmethods.Thethreegroups’gastricmucosaepithelialcolor,themorphologicalchangesandweightsizescaleanalysisandcomparisonwereobservedbyusinggrossanatomymethod,andtostudythestomachroommucosalmorphologicalstructurewasanalyzed.Recentlytodiscussthreedifferentfeedingconditionsonthestomachtissuemorphologydevelopmentcalves,alsocanaffectthestomachformammalscomparativedevelopmentstudiesforanimals,morphologicaldataaccumulatedphysiologicalandnutrition,animalmedicine,andotherdisciplinesprovidevaluablereferencematerialandexperimentaltheorybasis.Experimentconsistsoftwoparts:1.ThestudyaboutmorphologicalanatomyofcalfstomachonthedifferentfeedingconditionsTheresultofstudyshowthat:Thecolorofforestomachgastricmucosaepithelialwasdarkerinfreedomfeedinggroup,presentdarkbrownorblack,andthelimitedfeedinggroupbasicsimilar,onlygastricmucosalepitheliumcolorofomasumleafletalittleshallow,presentslightlywhite,andtheabomasummucosalsurfacesofwholemilkfeedinggrouppresentmilkywhitecolorisoverallgastricmucosalepithelium,thecolordidn’tbechanged.Themorphologicalcharacteristicsofgastricmucosawerebasicallycoincidedtheliteratureofthestomachinadultcattlebetweenthefreedomfeedinggroupandlimitedfeedinggroup,thestomachmucosanippleofwholemilkfeedinggrouphadbeendegraded,butthedevelopmentofabomasumwasbetterthantheothers.Theweightofrumeninfreedomfeedinggroupwasthelargest,thenthelimitedfeedinggroupandwholemilkfeedinggroup;Therumenweightratiooftotalweightcalfstomachwasrespectively52.76%and49.78%infreedomfeedinggroupandlimitedfeedinggroup,abouthalfthetotalweight,andinwholemilkfeedinggroup,onlyfor40.42%ratio,thetotalweightoftherelativeproportionstomachsmaller.Soforestomachofthewholemilkfeedinggroupdevelopmentwasrestrained,andmorphologicaldevelopmentoffreefeedandquantitativegatherthefoodgroupwerebasicallynormal.2.ThestudyaboutmorphologicalstructureofcalfstomachonthedifferentfeedingconditionsTheresultsofthestudyindicatethat:Theheightandwidthofrumennippleinthemucosalsurfacescalvesstomachistendtoheightenbasedonthewholemilkfeedinggroup-limitedfeedinggroup-freedomfeedinggroup,butthedegreeofcornificationwasslightlydifferent:Thecuticleofgastricmucosalepitheliumwerethickerbetweeninthefreedomfeedinggroupandthewholemilkfeedinggroup,butthedegreeofcornificationwaspoorerinlimitedfeedinggroup,Thecuticleofgastricmucosalepitheliuminthethicknessofthewholemilkfeedinggroupswasthemostthick,freedomfeedinggroupless,andlimitedfeedinggroupwasthemostthin.Theglandscellofabomasumglandareahadalittledifferencesbetweeneachgroup,thecellsofbodyweremainlychiefcellsingastricbodyandpylorus,mucousneckcellswereless,andnoparietalcells;Thisistheglandareastochiefcellsmost,buttheparietalcellsisbigger,thecytoplasmicwasdyedred,sotheformwasmoreapparent.Themuscularlayerthicknessoffreedomfeedinggroupwasthemostthick,limitedfeedinggroupwaslass,thewholemilkfeedinggroupwasthemostthingroup(themuscularlayerofreticulumandabomasumpylorusforthicknessthewholemilkfeedinggroupswasthemostthick,followedbyfreedomfeedinggroup,andlimitedfeedinggroupwasthin).Inthemorphologicalstructureofabomasumgastricwall,therewasthecircularmuscleinsideandthelongitudinalmuscleoutside,buttheobliquemusclewasnotbeingseen.Sothemorphologicaldevelopmentsoffreedomfeedingandlimitedgroupwerebasicallynormal,forestomachofthewholemilkfeedinggroupdevelopmentwasrestrained,andthemorphologicalcharacteristicsofabomasumwerebasicallycoincidedinthesethreegroups.【关键词】犊牛胃形态发育【英文关键词】calvesstomachmorphologydevelopment【目录】不同饲喂条件下犊牛胃解剖组织学结构的比拟研究摘要5-6Summary6-71文献综述8-201.1犊牛胃的解剖组织结构特征8-111.1.1犊牛胃的解剖结构特征8-91.1.2犊牛胃的组织结构特征9-111.2犊牛胃的生长发育及功能特点11-141.2.1犊牛胃的生长发育特点11-131.2.1.1犊牛胃生长发育的解剖学特点111.2.1.2犊牛胃生长发育的组织学特点11-131.2.1.2.1黏膜上皮的颜色变化121.2.1.2.2黏膜皱褶形态变化12-131.2.1.2.3各胃室胃壁厚度和肌层厚度变化131.2.2犊牛胃的功能特点13-141.3不同饲喂条件对犊牛胃生长发育的影响14-191.3.1不同饲料成分对犊牛胃生长发育的影响14-191.3.1.1饲喂全乳对犊牛胃生长发育的影响14-151.3.1.2饲喂精料对犊牛胃生长发育的影响15-161.3.1.3饲喂粗饲料对犊牛胃生长发育的影响16-171.3.1.4不同比例混合饲料对犊牛生长发育的影响17-181.3.1.5其他饲料成分对犊牛生长发育的影响18-191.3.2不同饲喂方式对犊牛胃生长发育的影响191.3.2.1放牧条件下犊牛胃生长发育的影响191.3.2.2圈养条件下犊牛胃生长发育的影响191.4小结19-202研究背景20-213材料与方法21-253.1实验材料21-223.1.1实验动物213.1.2实验试剂、仪器213.1.3实验设备21-223.2实验方法22-253.2.1分组与饲喂22-233.2.2样品的固定方法233.2.3犊牛胃的大体解剖233.2.4组织切片23-243.2.6石蜡切片与染色方法243.2.7图像与数据分析方法24-254结果与分析25-414.1解剖学实验结果25-304.1.1犊牛各胃黏膜上皮颜色的比拟观察25-264.1.2胃黏膜皱褶形态结构特征的比拟观察26-284.1.3各胃室大小比例及重量的观察与测定28-294.1.4瘤胃乳头高度与宽度的测定29-304.2组织切片光镜观察分析30-414.2.1犊牛各胃黏膜的组织学结构的比拟分析30-354.2.1.1瘤胃黏膜面和瘤胃乳头的组织形态比拟30-314.2.1.2网胃初级皱襞的黏膜组织形态比拟31-324.2.