南京中山陵英文导游词

南京中山陵英文导游词南京中山陵英文导游词

Mydearfriends,whenyoucometoacity,youprobablywanttovisitthemostfamousscenicspotsofspecialinterest.Nanjinghasmanyplaceofhistoricinterestsandhasbeencapitalforsix"dynasties.'ButifyouleaveNanjingwithoutvisitingDr.SunYat-sen`sMausoleum,undoubtedlyyouhavemissedthemostarrestingandfamoustouristattractionofthecity.

TalkingabouttheMausoleumweshouldhaveanideaaboutSunYat-sen,thegreatpioneerofChinesedemocraticrevolution.Mr.Sun`soriginalnameisSunWenandstyledhimselfYat-sen.Soforeignfriendswouldcallhim"Dr.SunYat-sen'.Sincehetook"WoodcutterinZhoushan'ashisaliaswhenhetookpartintherevolutionaryactivities,hewasrespectfullyandwidelycalledMr.SunZhongshaninChina.OnOctober12,1866,Mr.Sunwasborninafarmer`sfamilyinCaihengvillageofXiangshancounty(thepresent-dayzhongshangCity),GuangdongProvince.Whenhewasstillyoung,hehadgreatexpectations.HestudiedmedicineinHonolulu,HongKongandsomeotherplacesandaftergraduationheworkedasapractitionerinGangzhou,MacaoandotherplacesLaterhegaveupmedicineashisprofessiontotakepartinpoliticalactivities.In1905,hesetupChinaAllianceOrganizationinJapanandhewaselectedpresident.Heputforwardthefamousguidingprinciple-"drivingtheinvadersout,restoringthesovereigntyofChina,establishingarepublicandequalizingthelandownership'andtheThreePeople`sPrinciples-"Nationalism,DemocracyandthePeople`sLivelihood.'OnOctober10,1911,theWuchanguprisingbrokeoutandDr.SunaselectedInrterimPresidentoftheRepublicofChinabyrepresentativesfromseventeenprovinces.OnthefollowingNewYear`sday(January1,1912)Mr.SuntooktheoathofofficeinNanjing.Fromthenon,Mr.SunexperiencedYuanShikai`susurpation,theSecondRevolution,"CampaignProtectingtheInterimConstitution.'In1921,Mr.SuntookthepositionofPresidentinUnusualTimesinGuangzhou.AtthefirstNationalCongressofKuomintangheldinQuangzhouin1924,heperfectedtheoriginalThreePeople`sPrinciplesandputforwardThreepeople`sNewPrinciples.Healsoproposedthepoliciesof"MakinganalliancewithRussiaandtheCommunistPartyofChinaandhelpingthefarmersandworkers.'InNovember1924,inspiteofhisillness,Mr.SunwentuptoBeijingtodiscussstateaffairswithGeneralFengYuxiang.

Unfortunately,hebrokedownfromconstantoverworkandpassedawayonMarch12,1925.

ThelocationoftheMausoleumwaschosenbyMr.Sunhimself.Hereisexactlyagoodplacetobuildamausoleum.Youmaywonder:Mr.SunwasborninGuangdongbutdiedinBeijing.ForhiswholelifehetraveledthroughoutChinafortherevolution.WhydidhechooseNanjingasthevenueofhistomb?

ItissaidthatfarbeforeMr.Suntookofficein1912,theabbotofLinguMonasteryhadrecommendedhimthathisplaceisgoodforfengshui,becauseitfacestheplainandisbackedupbygreenmountainsasitsprotectivescreen.OnMarch31,1912Mr.UnresignedasapoliticalcompromiseforthesakeoftheunionoftheNorthChinaandtheSouthChina.OnedayoftheearlyApril,hewenthuntingwithHuHanminaroundthePietyTombofMingDynasty.TheytookarestintheplacewehretheMausoleumislocatednow.Mr.Sunlookedaroundandsaid"IFpossibleIwouldlikemycountrymentoallowmetohavethisplacetoburymycoffin.'Surely,thefengshuioftheZijingMountainisnotthebasicreasonforthelocationofMr.Sun`smausoleum.Thebasicreasonisthat,hesaidondying"Aftermydeath,youcanburymeatthefootoftheZijinMountaininNanjinginmemoryoftheRevolutionof1911,becauseNanjingiswherethetemporarygovernmentwasfounded.'SoalthoughMr.SunstayedinNanjingnotalongtime,ithadaspecialmeaningtohim.Fundamentallyspeaking,thereasonhechoseZijingMountainashispermanentresting-placeistocommemoratetherevolutionof1911andtoencouragetherevolutionaries.

InordertorespectMr.Sun`swish,thePreparatoryCommitteeofSunYat-sen`sFuneral,includinghiswifeSongQinglingandhissonSunke,examinedtheareaandchosethesitefortheMausoleum.Theydelimited2000muandofferedarewardinnewspaperforthebestdesignoftheMausoleum.Amongallthecontribution,youngarchitectLuYanzhi`sdesign,adesignintheshapeofabell,washighlypraisedandgainedthefirstprizeandhehimselfwasinvitedtosupervisethewholeprojectaswell.

OnMarch12,1926,thefirstanniversaryofMr.Sun`sdeath,theprojectgotstartedand3yearslater,itwascompletedinspringof1929.Itcost1.5millionsilvercollarstotally.

Unfortunately,LuYanzhi,theyoungarchitectwithgreatgift,sufferedwhensupervisingtheproject,anddiedat35,justbeforethecompletionoftheMausoleum.ThecompletionceremonywasheldonJune1,1929andMr.Sun`sremainswastransportedfromBeijingtoNangjing.Fromthenon,Mr.Sunhassleptherefornearly70years.

TheconstructionofDr.SunYat-sen`sMausoleumwasanimportanteventinthehistoryofNanjing.InordertomeetMr.Sun`scoffin,thefirstasphaltroadwasbuiltfromZhongshanPortinthewesttoZhongshanGateintheeast;itis12kilometresinlengthandalsocalledZhongshanRoad.Uptotoday,ZhangshanRoadisstilloneofthemostimportantmainroads.Atthesametime,thecitygateChaoyangGatewhichwasbuiltinMingDynastywasrenovatedandChangeditsnametoZhongshanGate.BetweenZhongshangGateandDr.SunYat-sen`sMausoleum,aroadcalledtheMausoleumRoadwasbuilt.JustasthepeopleofParistakeprideoftheirlesChamps-ElyseesandthepeopleofNewYork,theFifthAvenue,thenanjingpeopleareprondoftheirboulevards.Andthe3kilometerslongMausoleumRoadisundoubtedlythebestrepresentativeoftheseboulevards.Alongbothsidesofthe"greencorridor'growsthemainkindoftreeinNanjingasparasolsUsuallyChinesepeoplecallthemFrenchplanetrees,infacttheyareChineselocalproducts.JustbecauseFrenchmentookthemfromYunnanProvincetoFranceandlatertheytransplantedthemintheirleasedterritoryinShanghai,thatiswhytheygotsuchaname.

Now,wearegoingoutoftheZhongshanGateanddrivingalongtheMausoleumRoad.Thedestinationaheadisasquareinshapeofcrescent,AccordingtoLuYanzhi`sdesign,theplaceoftheMausoleumislikea"duo',abigwoodenbell,whichwasusedtoannounceapolicy,decreeorawarinancienttime.Duo`ssoundisloudandclear,implyingtomakethewholeworldpeacefulandhappy.ThedesignremindsthepeopleofDr.SunYat-sen`swell-knownsaying"Therevolutionisfarfromsuccessandweshouldcontinueworkinghard.'Thissayingalsoservessanalerttothelatergeneration.Thecrescent-shapedsquareisthebottomofthe"BellofFreedom'.

Now,pleaselooktothesouth.ThereisaoctagonplatformstructuredwithreinforcedconcretebutcoveredwithJinshanstoneofSuzhou.Theplatformisdividedintothreelayersandeachlayerisenclosedbystonerails.Thecopper"ding'(anancientcookingvessel)withtwoloopedhandlesandtwolegsweighs5000kg.ITis4.25metershighanditsdiameteris1.23meters.Itisoneoftheconstructionformemoryofthemausoleum.The"ding'wasbuiltinautumn,1933withdonationofstudentsandteachingstaffoftheZhongshanUniversityandMr.Daijitao.Onesideofthe"ding'isengravedwiththreecharacters"Intelligence,HumanityandBrevity'.ThesethreewordsaretheschoolinstructionofZhongshanUniversity.Insideofthe"ding'standsahexagoncoppertabletonwhichDaiJitao`smother`shandwritingofthe"FilialPiety'isengraved.Tothebell-shapedmausoleumthe"ding'isjustlikethependulum.Itseemstoservetoalarmthewholenationbystrikingthebell.

Steppingonthesteps,wewillseeasoaringmemorialarchwaywithfourcolumns.Thearchwaywasbuiltbetween1931and1933,12metershightand17.3metersinwidth.ItismadeofhugeGranitefromFujianProvince,butitsstructureisinChinesetraditionalwoodstructurestyle.Now,lookupattheshiningwordsinscribedonthehorizontalboard.ThewordinEnglishmeanfraternity.TheywerewrittenbyDr.SunYat-sen.ThewordaretakenfromaTangDynastypoetHanYu`s"Fraternityishumanity'.ItissaidthatMr.Sunverymuchlikedtowritethesetwowordstoothers.Dr.Sundevotedhiswholelifetobourgeoisdemocraticrevolutionwithgreatfraternityandstruggledforthenationalindependenceandfreedomfroscoresofyears.Sowecansaythat"fraternity'isthebestgeneralizationofhislife.

FurtherfromtheFraternityArchway,thereisaroadleadingtothemausoleum.Theroadis480meterslonganddozensofmeterswide.ThewholedesignofthemausoleumgivesprominencetoChinesetraditionalstyle,grand,solemnandspecific.InordertoembodythegreatnessofMr.Sun,theMausoleumfollowedtheexampleofancientmausoleumsandwasbuiltagainstmountainsandthecoffinchamberwasplacedatthetopofthemountainthatis160metershigh.Inaddition,theplantsoftheMausoleumaresymmetric,whichmakeitfeelmoresolemn.Now,pleaselookforwardtothenorth,alongthehillside,situatethemausoleumGate,theStelePavilion,theMemorialHallandthecoffinchamberrightbehind.Thepines,cypresses,ginkgoesandmaplesonthebothsidesoftheroadrepresentMr.Sun`srevolutionaryspiritandloftyquality.Theytaketheplaceofstatuesandstonebeastswhichusuallyflankedthesacredroadinancienttimes.Amongthetrees,cedarisoneofthe"fourkindsoftreeforappreciation'andhasbeenhonoredasthetreeofNanjingCity.ThegrandarchwayattheendoftheMausoleumRoadistheformalbeginningofthemausoleumarea.ITis16metershigh,27meterswideand8.8metersdeep.ItismadeofgranitefromtheFujianProvince,too.InscribedonthehorizontalboardofthemiddlepassageisDr.SunYat-sen`shandwriting.Itmeansthatthestatedoesn`tbelongtoonefamilybutbelongstotheentirenationandthecommonpeople.ThisisthegoalforwhichMr.SunstruggledforhiswholelifeanditisalsotheexcellentexplanationoftheDemocracyoftheThreePeople`sPrinciples.WehavepassedthegateoftheMausoleum,theninfrontofusistheStelePavilion.The9-meterhighsteleinthemiddleofthepavilionwasengravedwith24gold-platingcharactersofYanZhenqingstyle,"ChineseKMTburiedPremierSunhereonJune1,18thyearoftheRepublicofChina'.ThesewordswerewrittenbyoneofthefoundermembersofKMT,TanYankai.Whentalkingaboutsettingupastele,WangJingweiandHuHanminwerearrangedtowriteaninscriptionforMr.Sun,buttwoyearspassed,yetnothingtheycouldwrite.BecausetheythoughtthatMr.Sun`smeritscouldn`tbegeneratedbyword,thentheychosetousethepresentfromtopraiseDr.Sunwithoutengravinganinscription.

Goingoutofthepavilion,we`llseenumerouslayersofsteps.ThepeopleofNanjingoftensaythatthestepsintheMausoleumwareasnumberasthestonelionsonLugouBridge(knownforWesternersasMarcoPoloBridge).Sowhencomingheretouristsusuallyask,"howmanystepsoneartharethereintheMausoleum?'Myfriends,ifyouareinterestedyoucancountthem.

Nowwearecomingnearthetopplatform.Look,therearetwobigcopper"ding'.TheywerecontributedbyShanghaimunicipalgovernmentofthattime.Now,pleaselookcarefully.Therearetwoholesinthebottomoftheleft"ding'.Why?Justletmetellyou.Inlate1937,whentheJapanesearmyattackedNanjing,theirshootinglefttwoholesintheleftding.Now,althoughthecircumstanceshavechanged,thetwoholesalwaysremindChinesepeoplenottoforgetthenationalhumiliation.Notfaraway,therearetwobronzedingsinancientstyle.TheyarepresentedbyMr.Sun`ssonSunKeandhisfamily.

Ascendingthesteps,nowwehavereachedthetopoftheplatform.Herewecanhaveabird-viewofwhatitisinthedistance.TheMemorialHallisthehalfwayuptothemountainandtherearealtogether392stepscoveredifyoucountfromthearchwayofFraternity.Theverticaldistanceis70metersbuttheplanedistanceis700meters.IfyoucountthestepsfromtheStelePavilion,thenumberofstepsis290.Inordertoavoidmonotone,thearchitectdividedthe392stepsinto10partsandeveryparthasaplatformandtherearetotally10suchplatforms.Moremarvelous,ifyoulookupfromthebottom,youcanseethatthestepsextendtothetopwithoutstopandyoucantseeanyplatform.Butifyoulookdownfromthetop,youonlyseetheplatforms.Thenumberofthesteps,392,isnotarandomnumber,itimpliedthenumberofChinesepopulationatthattime-392million.

NowweareinfrontoftheMemorialHallandthecoffinChamber.TheyarethemajorpartsoftheMausoleum.TheconstructionofthesetwobuildingwassupervisedthenbyLuYanzhi,thegiftyoungdesigner.Ifiswhenhewasdoingthesetwobuildinghediedofcancer.Sowhenthelatergenerationmentionhimtheywouldoftensay,"Itisagreatpityhediedbeforehiscompletesuccess.'ThestructureoftheSacrificedHallisofaancientwoodenpalacestyle.Itis30meterslong,25meterswideand29meterhigh,surroundedbysmallerconstructionsoffortressstyleandtwo12.6-meter-highcloudcolumns.Itsroof,withdouble-eavesandnineridges,iscoveredwithblueglaretiles.TheoutsideofwalliscoveredwithgranitefromHongkong.Theinscriptiononthehorizontalboardisengravedwithsealcharacterscutinrelief-"Naturalism'"Democracy'and"Thepeople`slivelihood'.ThesearethemostbasicandgeneralguidingprinciplesofMr.Sun`srevolutionaryactivities.Above"Democracy',thereisahorizontalinscriptionboardwithSun`shandwritingonit,"FilltheWorldwithJustice'.

PleasefollowmeintotheMemorialHall.TheflooriscoveredwithwhiteandblackmarblefromYunnanProvince.ThecolorsofwhiteandblackareamongthetraditionalcolorforburialceremoniesinChina.Thereare12blackstonecolumns,with0.8meterasthediameterforeach.Youwillseethattheinteriorsofthewallsaroundareinsetwithblackmarble.NowyoucanhavealookatMr.SunYat-seen`shandwritingof"ProgrammeforFoundingaState',engravedontheeastandwestwalls.ThemaincolorsoftheHallareblack,whiteandblue,whichareusedtoexpressfilialpietyinChina.Theinsidewindowsareinlaidwithsmaltos.Theypresentwesternflavorsespeciallywithfloodsofsunshine.ThestyleofthewholestructureisablendoftheEastandtheWest,representingthewellblendeddoctrineofDr.SunYat-sen.

InthemiddleisthesittingstatueofDr.SunYat-seninarobe.Itis4.6metershighandthebottomis2.1meterswide.ItwassculptedbythefamousFrenchsculptorPaulArinskywhosenativecountryisPoland.HewasentrustedbythecommitteeofDr.SunYat-sen`sFuneralforsculptingit.HechosetheItalianmarbleasthematerialforthestatue.In1930,thesculpturewassenttotheMausoleumfromParis.Itstotalcostwas1.5millionfrancs.ThesicreliefbelowarepicturesdepictingMr.Sun`slifeandrevolutionaryactivities.

PassingthroughtheHall,wehavecometotheCoffinChamber.Therearetwodoorsthatyouneedtogetthrough.TheouterdoorconsistsoftwoAmerican-madesafetydoorleafswhicharemadeofcopper.ThenailsonthemandthemysteriousbeastsonthecopperloopsaretypicaloftraditionalChinese.Thehorizontalinscriptionboardwasengravedwith"Thenoblespiritwillneverperish'whichwasSun`shandwritingforthe72martyrs`tombinHuanghuaMoundofGuanzhou.Thesecounddoorisasinglecopperleafengravewithsevencharacters"Mr.SunYat-sen`stomb'whichwerewrittenbyZhangJingjiang.

Thetombisahalfglobeinshape.ThedesignofKMTemblemismosaickedinthevaulteddome.Theflooroftheroundroomiscoveredwithmarble.Theroom`sdiameteris18metersandtheheightis11meters.Thewallsarecoveredwithpinkmarbles.Thecircularmarblepitis1.7metersdeepand4.35metersindiameter.Itisenclosewith1-meter-highwhitemarblerails.InthepitlaysDr.SunYat-senlyingstatueinZhongshanSuit.ThisissculptedinaccordancetoMr.Sun`sremainsbyaCzechoslovakiansculptor.Hiscoppercoffinislyingabout5metersbelowthesculpture.YoumayaskwhyonearththeclothesDr.Wearsforthesittingstatuearetotallydifferentfromthoseforthelyingone?Inthoseyears,theleftistsandtherightistsinsideoftheKMThadsevereconflicts.Therightists,headedbyChangKai-shekwantedtorestoretheancientwaysandopposedrevolution.TheyinsistedthatMr.Sunshouldwearlongrobe,whiletheleftistsinsistedhewearZhongshanSuit.Sincetheyhaddifferentopinionsthusthetwostatueshavedifferentclothesstyles.

Myfriends,I`mafraidyoumustbeconcernaboutwhetherMr.Sunremainsareinthetombornot.Infact,hisremainshadaunusualexperience.Afterhisdeath,hisremainweredealtwithantisepticandplacedinBiyunMonasteryinBeijinginMarch,1925.WhenthewarlordZhangZongchangwasdefeatedbytheNorthExpeditionaryArmyandwithdrewtoBeijingin1926,heascribedhisfailuretoMr.Sun`sremainsanddecidedtoburnthem.ItisthepatrioticgeneralZhangXuelianwhosenttroopstoprotecttheremains.Unfortunatelytheywereonceexposedtotheairthoughtheyweresafeagain.OnMay28,1929,Mr.Sun`scoffinwassenttoPukoufromBeijingbyJinpuRailway,andonJune1itreachedtheMausoleum.AftertheGrandCeremonyofFeng`an,thecoffinandtheremainswereputintothepitandusedcementtoconcreteit.Thebottomofthetombisgranite.Underthecoppercoffin,thereisaspeciallymadewoodenpadandenclosingthecoffinisawell-sealedcrystalbox.AfterthebreakoutoftheResistanceWaragainstJapan,KMTgovernmentplanedtotransporttheremainstoChongqingandattheendoftheliberationwar,ChangKai-shekplanedtotransportittoTaiwanthistime.Becauseitwasnotaeasyjobtotakethecoffinoutandtheworkmightdodamagetotheremainsaswell,thisplanwasfiercelyattackedbytheengineeringfieldandtheleftwingoftheKMT.AtlastChanggaveupthe