考研英语背诵

..整理doc整理doc.整理doc背诵：Completeforthrightnessisasignofvulnerabilityandnaviete,neitherofwhichwillearnapoliticianrespectamonghisorheropponents,andthatopponentswillusetoeveryadvantageagainstthehonestpolitician.Itiswrong-headedtoequatemoralbehaviorinpoliticswiththesimplenotionsofhonestyandputtingtheotherfellow’sneedsaheadofone’sown--orotherwaysthatwetypicallymeasurethemoralityofanindividual’sprivatebehavior.Thosewhoclaimtheeffectivenesspoliticiansneednotconcernthemselveswithmoralityfailtoappreciatethatsuccessfulpoliticalleadership,ifitistoendure,ultimatelyrequiresacertainmeasureofpublicmorality--thatis,servingthesocietywithitsbestinterestsastheleader’soverridingconcern.Passiveviewingofvideosorofwebpagesisnoindicationthatanysignificantlearningistakingplace.Bee-bopmusicpioneerTheloniusMonkwasrenownedforhiseccentricmannerofspeech,dress,andbehavior.Evenasayoungstudent,FrankLloydWrighttooktocarryingacaneandwearingatophatandacape.AndwhocouldarguethatmusiciansPrimeandMichealJackson,twoofthemostcreativeforcesinpopularmusic,arenothingifnon-conformingineveryway.Bydefinitioncreativityrequiresnonconformity.Inotherwords,anycreativeactisnecessarilyinnonconformancewithwhatexists.Artistsdrawinspirationnotfromotherartbutfromtheworldaroundthem-theessenceofwhichartistsattempttocaptureandconvey.Tothecontrary,greatartonlyservestoliftthehumanspiritinthefaceoftheso-called“progress”thatscientificaccomplishmentsbroughtabout.Inamyriadofotherrespectsscientificaccomplishmentshavediminishedourqualityoflife.Ourlawswouldnotreflectchangingsocietalvaluesandaddressnewlegalissuesfromourever-evolvingtechnology.Therearefarmorevitalconcernsthetechnologyseekstoaddress.Advancesinbiotechnologycanhelpcureandpreventdiseases;advancesinmedicaltechnologycanallowforsaferandlessinvasivediagnoses;advancesingeneticscanhelppreventbirthdefects;advancesinengineeringandchemistrycanimprovethestructuralintegrityofourbuildings,bridges,roads,andvehicles;informationtechnologyenableseducation,andcommunicationtechnologyfacilitatesglobalparticipationindemocraticprocess.Trueeducationamountstofarmorethangainingtheknowledgeandabilitytoexcelinone’smajorandone’sprofessionalcareer.Trueeducationalsofacilitatestheunderstandingofoneself,andtoleranceandrespectfortheviewpointofothers;providestheinsightandperspectiveregardingone’splaceinsocietyandinthephysicalandmetaphysicalworlds,providesanaestheticappreciationoftheworldaroundus.Educationistoaffordstudentsculturalperspectivesandacapacityforunderstandingopposingviewpoints,andtoencourageandnurturetheskillsofcriticalanalysisandskepticism—nottoindoctrinatestudentscertainideaswhilequashingothers.Popularcultureisamirrorofsociety’simpulsesandvalves.Withoutthebenefitofhistoricalperspectivegainedthroughtheearneststudyoftheartsandliteratureofthepast,itisimpossibleforustofullyunderstand,appreciateandcritiquetheartsandliteratureofthepresent.Thefalloutfromthe1992LosAngelesriotsaptlyillustratesthispoint.The“authority”thattherioterssoughttochallengewasthatofthelegaljusticesystem,whichacquittedpoliceofficersinthebeatingofRodneyKing.Themeansofchallengingthatauthorityamountstoflagrantdisregardforcriminallawonamassscale--bywayoflooting,arson,andevendeadlyassault.Thisviolentchallengetoauthorityresultedinafinanciallycrippledcommunityand,morebroadly,aturningbackofclockwithrespecttoracialtensionsacrossAmerica.Attemptstolegislatemoralityinvariablyfail,asillustratedbyProhibitioninthe1930sandmorerecently,failedfederallegislationtoregulateaccesstoadultmaterialviatheinternet.Consideridealistsuchasthe..整理doc整理doc.整理docAmerica’sfounders,orMahatmaGandhi,orMartinLutherKing.Hadtheseidealistsconcernedthemselveswithshort-termsurvivalandimmediateneedsratherthanwiththeirnotionsofanidealsociety,theUnitedStatesandIndiamightstillbethecoloniesofBritain,andAfricanAmericansmightstillberelegatedtothebacksofbuses.Researchistheexplorationoftheunknownfortrueanswerstoourquestions,andforlastingsolutionstoourenduringproblems.Researchisalsothechiefmeansbywhichwehumansattemptstosatisfyourinsatiableappetiteforknowledge,andourcravingtounderstandourselvesandtheworldaroundus.Artservestoliftthehumanspiritandtoputusmoreintouchwithourfeelings,foiblesandfates—inshort,withourhumanity.Withaheightenedsensitivitytohumancondition,webecomemoreother-oriented,lessself-centered,moregivingofourselves.Theartbreedscharitableconcernforthehungry,thehelpless,andthehapless.Theworldarounduspresentsaseamlesswebofphysicalandanthropogenicforces,whichinteractinwaysthatcanonlybeunderstoodinthecontextofavarietyofdisciplines.Whatweviewthroughcameralensprovidesonlyonedimensionofourlifeandtimes,writtendocumentationwillalwaysbeneededtoquantify,demystify,andprovidemeaningtotheworldaroundus.Inmyobservation,wehumanhaveapsychologicalneedforindividualidentity,whichwedefinebywayofourmembershipindistinctculturalgroups.Whenapeopletraditionbecomesextinct,theresultisadiminishedsenseofpride,dignity,andself-worth.Byinterveningtopreserveadyinglanguageagovernmentmightbedeployingitsresourcestofightalosingbattle,ratherthantocombatmorepressingsocialproblems—suchashunger,homelessness,disease,andignorance—thatplaguenearlyeverysocietytoday.Anoutwarddisplayoftraditionalcustomsanddistinctheritageisneededtoputtheworldonnoticethateachtribeisadistinctandautonomouspeople,withitsownheritage,values,andideas.Otherwise,thetriberiskstotalassimilationandlossofidentity.Themediagenerallyconsistsofprofit-seekingentities,whosechiefobjectiveistomaximizeprofitsfortheirshareholdersorotherowners.Moreover,ourcorporateculturehassanctionedthisobjectivebycodifyingitasanobligationofanycorporateexecute.Bettersocietyasonecharacterizedbygreatertoleranceofdifferingviewpointsandpeoplewhoaredifferentfromourselves,greaterrespectforindividualrights,andgreatercooperationacrossculturalandnationalboundaries.把我们的社会美化成一个能够对其他不同观点，不同于我们的人有更好的包容性，对个人权利的更大的尊重，让超越文化界限和地理界限的合作更好。（这段话慷慨激昂，很适用。。。）Theinitialpurposeofritualandceremoniesisrootednotinculturalidentitybutrathersuperstitionandspiritualbelief.Theoriginalpurposeofaritualmighthavebeentofrightenawayevilspirits,tobringaboutweatherconditionsfavorabletobountifulharvests,ortoentreatthegodsforasuccessfulhuntorforvictoryinabattle.历史的作用：studyinghistoryprovidesinspiration,innumerablelessonsforliving,andusefulvalue—clarificationandperspective—allofwhichhelpusdecidehowtolivetoday.Attemptstolegislatemoralityinvariablyfails,asaptlyillustratedbytheprohibitionexperimentintheU.S.duringthe1930s,andmorerecently,failedfederallegislationstoregulateaccesstoa..整理doc整理doc.整理docdultmaterialviatheInternet.道德立法从来都是失败的，比如1930年的禁止令，和现在的对通过互联网接触成人材料的管制。Somesocialillsspringfromfailingsandfoiblesthearepart-and-parcelofhumannature有些社会痼疾是来自于人类本性中的一些缺点。Statusquoaffordspeopleameasureofsecurityandpredictabilityintermsof…现状给了我们在某些方面的安全感和可预测性。Piqueourcuriosity…激发我们的好奇心Mores,values,andidealsofpastcultures.过去文化的习俗，价值观和理想Socialillsareheretostay.社会痼疾会一直存在Ampleempiricalevidencesuggestsso.Withrespectto…,theanswerisfarlessclear.Amorestrikingmarriagebetweentraditionandmodernizationis…更惊人的一个传统与现代相结合的例子是。。。Timelessaestheticideals永恒的美学理念Serveusefulpurposes产生有利作用Whilesthisasoundadvice,thisadviceshouldcarrywithitcertaincaveats.虽然某事是很好的建议，但是我们必须要注意几点（用于对某个政策的补充）Basicvaluesuponwhichanydemocraticsocietydepends.Motivatingforces激励Afirmcaneasilybecastaboutintheseaofcommercewithoutcleardirection,threateningnotonlythefirm’sbottomlinebutalsoitsverysurvival.Leaveformaleducatorstoequipstudentswithamoralcompassandballasttopreventthemfrombeingtossedaboutaimlesslyinaturbulentvocationalsea.Atfirstblush乍一看Mostpoliticiansseemdrivenbytheirinterestinbeingelectedandreelected—thatis,surviving—ratherthanbyanysenseofmission,orevenobligationtotheirconstituencyorcountry.Bearnoresemblanceto与。。。毫不相关Preservetraditionassociatedwithourhistoricstructure.Researchbecomesexpensiveandcomplexundertaking.研究几经成为一项耗钱又复杂的活动。Sthpalesinimportancecomparedtosth.某件事情在重要性方面不及另外一件事情。Sthlendfurthercredencetosth.某件事情给另外一件事情提供了更多的可信度Ononehandarethetwocompellingargumentsthat…一方面是两个有效的论据Dothesocietydisservice给社会带来不良后果。Progressispredicatedonrigorousscientificinquiry.进步是以严格的科学探索为基础的。Pavethewayforsth为。。。铺平道路Oppression,tyrannyandprejudicegounchecked.压迫，暴政和偏见就会毫无控制了。（这句话是为了讲某些教育失败，政策失败的后果。。。）Ourlawswouldnotevolvetoreflectchangingsocietalvaluesandtoaddressnewlegalissuesarisingfromourever-evolvingtechnology.我们的法律将会不适应由不断变化的高科技带来的法律问题，也不能反映一些社会价值。Observationandcommonsenseinformsmethat…观察和常识告诉我。。。(用于引出一些例证)Trytodosthvicariouslythroughsth.试图通过做。。。来做。。。Carefulscrutinyofthespeaker’sclaimrevealsthat对作者的论断例子审查表明。。。（首段用于转折性地表明自己观点）..整理doc整理doc.整理docConfusesobservationwithinterpretation把观察和解释混淆了Itistemptingtoaffordthespeaker’sclaimgreatermeritthanitdeserves.很容易给读者的论断赋予过多的优点。（首段用于转折性地反驳观点）Sbwillinalllikelihooddoessth.某些人很可能做某事Acertainquestionistiedupintheproblemofdefining…inthefirstplace.某个问题的解决必须要首先定义某个概念。（用于首段定义某概念，以开展论述）Supportingexamplesaboundinallareasofhumanendeavor.在人类奋斗的各个领域都充满了支持性的例子。Servesb’sinterests服务某人自己的利益Theauthor’sclaimisanunfairgeneralization.作者的观点是一个不公平的概括。（表明作者的观点大部分正确，但需要改进）Fromamundaneeconomicorpoliticalviewpoint.从一个世俗的经济或政治角度。Inthefaceofstharesth.在某事的对立面就是某事。Theparadigmaticexample…一个非常典型的例子Creativeexpressionisamarriageofone’scognitiveabilitiesandtheexpressionofone’sfeelingsandemotions.创造性的表达式认知能力和人的情感的结合。Atfirstglancethebalanceofempiricalevidencewouldseemtolendconsiderablecredencetothespeaker’sclaim.However,uponfurtherreflection,itbecomesclearthat…Takeprecedenceover…比。。。更重要Shouldneverbedeterminedindiscriminately应该不能一概而论Affordsthsth给某事赋予某事Theclaimisanunfairgeneralizationinthatitfailstoaccountforotherempiricalevidenceservingtodiscreditit.Athresholdclaimwiththespeaker’sclaimisthat…这个作者的观点的基础是。。。(用于分层次论证)Ifundamentallyagree;however,asthespeakerimplies,itisimportantnottooverstatethecomparativevalueofimagination.我基本同意，但是，就像作者暗示的，非常重要的是不要过分强调什么的重要性。。。（很好用，用于那些比较折中的观点的）Policeofficers警察。。。Forgothenear-termprofitsfortheprospectofmakinglastingcontributions.放弃短期利益为了长远利益。Lendingevenmorecredencetothestatementisthe…Addingfurthercredibilitytothestatementisthe…Thespeakermakesathresholdclaimthat…WhileIwholeheartedlyagreewiththethresholdclaim,theconclusionunfairlygeneralizesabout…虽然我全心全意接受这个基础论断，这个结论不公平的概括了。。。Bebetterabletodosth更能做好。。。Concedingthatstudentsmustlearnideasandconcepts,aswellasfactsrelatingtothem,inordertolearnanythingmeaningful,Ineverthelessdisagree…虽然我承认。。。。，我不同意。。。。（这个句式好用）Amountstolittlemorethansth简直就是。。。Amoreaccuratestatementwoulddrawadistinctionbetween…and…更准确度论断应该要在。。。和。。。之间做个辨别。Maximizetheshareholderprofits.最大化股东的利益。(有用。。。)Admittedlythisexamplebordersonhyperbole,虽然这个例子有点夸张。。。Principlesofphysics,chemistry,andmathematicsknownopoliticalboundaries.科学无国界。Withrespectstothearts,however,thisclaimisfarlessconvincing.在艺术方面，这个就更没有可信度了。Bythesametoken,..整理doc整理doc.整理doc…同样的。。。Renderanynation’ssecuritiessystemmorevulnerable.是任何国家的防御系统更加易受攻击。Haveachillingeffectonresearchandnewknowledge.对任何研究和新知识都是有害的。Iagreeinsofarasareasofresearchcertaintoresultinimmediateandsignificantbenefitsforsocietyshouldcontinuetobeapriority.Allavenuesofscientificresearch.科学研究的任何领域。Thespeakergoestoofarbyimplyingthat…作者不应该暗示。。。Therearefarmorevitalconcernsthattechnologyseekstoaddress.科学有更需要关注的东西。Participationinthedemocraticprocess.参与到民主过程中。Whatoneconsiderstobethechiefaimoftechnology.Wearemorepressedfortimethaneverisconvincing.ForsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanaTVset.Asidefromtheforgoingtwoprovisos,however,…除了以上的两个条件之外，然而。。。Thespeaker’sclaimisactuallythreefold:(1)….作者的观点有三重。Extendtenuouslyto….简单的推广到。。。Itisunconscionabletorelegatenormativedecisionsastowhichcitiesorculturaltraditionsaremoredeservingtoafewlegislators,whosenotionsaboutculturemightbemisguidedorunrepresentativeofthoseofgeneralpopulace.把合理的决定交给那些官员是不理智的，他们关于文化的概念就可能有问题，同时也有可能不能代表最广大人民。Inadequateresourcescallforrestrictions,prioritiesandchoices.不充分的资源，所以需要限制，优先和选择。。Unfairlygeneralizeabout…unfairlysuggests…不合理的概括了。。。不合理的建议了。。。Includingthelikeof…包括。。。Havelittlebearingon…与。。。关系不大。Inanumberofmoresignificantrespects，。。。.在一些更重要的方面。。。Thespeakerclaimsthat…,andasaresult,…whileIfindthesecondprongofthisdualclaimwellsupported,Itakeexceptionwiththefirstprong,asidefrom…虽然我觉得这个双重的宣告的前一部分很正确，但是，我怀疑他的第二层。Ifindtheclaimisfraughtwiththeproblemsofdefiningethics…我发现这个问题很复杂，需要定义伦理先。Inaddressingtheissueitishelpfultoconsiderinturnthreedistinctformsofleadership,business,political,andsocial-spiritual.要想好好解决这个问题，把三种不同的领导分开来看是有用的，政治领导，企业领导，社会精神领袖。Oneproblemthatistiedupintheproblemofdefining…inthefirstplace.Drawadistinctionbetween…and…;strikeabalancebetween…and…在两者之间作个区别，在两者之间取个平衡。Drivingforce;motivatingforce.推动力Totheextenttheoccuronamassscale,如果他们大范围的发生的话。。。Baseinstincts可鄙的本性。Findlesssupportfrom…从。。。更找不到支持。Work