期末总复习语法归纳牛津译林版英语七年级下册

7B期末总复习：语法归纳一、基数词20以下的基数词0=zero7=seven14=fourteen1=one8=eight15=fifteen2=two9=nine16=sixteen3=three10=ten17=seventeen4=four11=eleven18=eighteen5=five12=twelve19=nineteen6=six13=thirteen20及20以上的基数词20=twenty21=twenty-one30=thirty22=twenty-two40=forty23=twenty-three50=fifty24=twenty-four60=sixty25=twenty-five70=seventy26=twenty-six80=eighty27=twenty-seven90=ninety28=twenty-eight100=hundred29=twenty-nine注意：20以上100以内的整十数，均以ty结尾；20以上的非整十数，书写时要在十位和个位之间加连字符。百位数(百=hundred)234twohundredandthirty-four注意：百位和十位之间要用and，and轻读。千位数(千=thousand)2,345twothousandthreehundredandforty-five注意：在非正式文体中，2,300也可以写作twenty-threehundred。1,000以上的较大数字(百万=million)23,456twenty-threethousandfourhundredandfifty-six234,567twohundredandthirty-fourthousandfivehundredandsixty-seven注意：在用阿拉伯数字记录较大数目时，通常用逗号或空格将大数目分隔，从个位开始，三个一组。二、序数词1st=first10th=tenth19th=nineteenth2nd=second11th=eleventh20th=twentieth3rd=third12th=twelfth30th=thirtieth4th=fourth13th=thirteenth40th=fortieth5th=fifth14th=fourteenth50th=fiftieth6th=sixth15th=fifteenth60th=sixtieth7th=seventh16th=sixteenth70th=seventieth8th=eighth17th=seventeenth80th=eightieth9th=ninth18th=eighteenth90th=ninetieth注意:1.一般的序数词的构成是在基数词词尾加上th，而first、second、third是特殊的。2.以ve结尾的基数词，ve要变f，再加th。如:five-fifth，twelve-twelfth。3.以ty结尾的基数词，y要变为ie，再加th。如:twenty-twentieth;，thirty-thirtieth。4.十位或百位的基数词，只将其个位上的基数词变为序数词。如:fifty-five一fifty-fifth，twohundredandsixty-one一twohundredandsixty-first。5.序数词也可以用以上表格中的缩写形式。如:fourth一4th，twenty-third一23rd。【举一反三】1.Therearedaysinaweek.A.thesevenB.seventhC.theseventhD.seven2.—David,howoldisyourfatherthisyear?—_______.Andwewillhaveaspecialpartyforhis_____birthdaynextweekend.A.Fortieth;fortyB.Forty;fortyC.Forty;fortiethD.Fortieth;fortieth3.Now,pleaseturntoPage______andlookatthe_______picture.A．Fifth；fiveB．Five；fifthC．Fifth；fifthD．Five；five4.TodayisJack'sbirthday.Heis________yearsoldnow.A．fourteenth B．fourteenC．thefourteenth D．thefourteen5.Heis________andhehasan________sister.A．ten-year-old;eightyearsold B．tenyearsold;eight-year-oldC．tenyearold;eight-years-old D．ten-year-old;eight-year-old6.Allofusstudyinabuildingwith____floorsandourclassroomisonthe_____floor.A．fifth,three B．fifth,third C．five,third D．five,three7.--Howoldisyoursister?--_______.Wehadaspecialpartyforher_______birthdaylastSunday.A.Nine;ninthB.Nine;nineC.Ninth;nineD.Ninth;ninth8.--Peopleinourtownplanted_______treesonTreePlantingDay.--Goodjob!Everyonecandosomethingtomakeourtowngreener.B.hundredofD.hundredsof三、一般将来时（will/shall）一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况，它常常由助动词、情态动词和动词来构成。它常和表示将来时间的短语连用，如：tomorrow,nextweek,nextmonth,thedayaftertomorrow,inthefuture,inafewdays等。一般将来时的主要结构：will+动词原形；shall+动词原形；begoingto+动词原形。Youwillfailthetestifyoudon’tworkhard.Wewillhaveacharityshownextweek.Shallwegoshopping?【注意】therebe句型的一般将来时“therewillbe…/thereis(are)goingtobe…”①There___________afootballmatchinourschoolnextweek.A.isgoingtohaveB.willhaveC.isgoingtobeDaregoingtobe②It_________mybrother’sbirthdaytomorrow.He________aparty.A.isgoingtobe;hasB.willbe;ishavingC.willbe;isgoingtohaveD.willhave;isgoingtobe【否定句和疑问句】否定句：will/shall+not+do(缩略形式：won’t/shan’t+do)am/is/are+not+goingto+do疑问句：Will/Shall+主语+do;Am/Is/Are+主语+goingtodo【举一反三】①Hewillinviteustohishome.他会邀请我们去他家。否：He______________ustohishome.疑：________________ustohishome?Yes,__________.No,___________.②Weshalltakeabustoschoolnextweek.我们下星期将乘公交车上学。否：We_____________abustoschoolnextweek.疑：_______________abustoschoolnextweek?Yes,___________.No,____________.③Heisgoingtomakeafire.他打算生火。否：He________________makeafire.疑：__________________makeafire?Yes,____________.No,____________.四、名词所有格1.’s所有格的构成方法：(1)一般情况单数名词的所有格形式是在其后加’s。thewoman’sdaughtertoday’snewspaper(2)以s或者es结尾的复数名词的所有格形式是在其后加上’。thetwins’parentsthestudents’hometown注意：带词尾s的单数名词，通常仍加’s。如：theboss’splan(3)带词尾s的人名在其后加上’s。Dickens’novelsCharles’sjob(4)不以s或es结尾的不规则变化的名词复数，其所有格形式是在后面加’s。Children’sDaythePeople’sRepublicofChina注意：①用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系，这时只在最后一个名词后加’s。ThisisLilyandhersister’sbedroom.②表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词在词尾都加’s。TheseareLily’sandLucy’sschoolbags.2.of所有格用法：凡不能加’s的名词，都可以与of构成短语来表示所有关系。Thereisatallmapletreeattheendoftheroad.3.双重所有格：指名词所有格或名词性物主代词与of构成的所有格，即“of+名词所有格”。afriendofmywife’safriendofJim’s五、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词我们常用形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词来表示人或物的所有关系。Thisismybook.=Thisbookismine.Theseareourbooks.=Thesebooksareours.注意：形容词性物主代词后一般带有名词。名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”。形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词归纳如下:六、冠词a/an/the冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词。不定冠词a/an常用来泛指某人或某物，定冠词the常用来指特定的某人或某物。我们在第一次提到某人或某物时，如果是可数名词单数，常在其前加不定冠词a/an。Look,hereisacat.Thereisanappletreeoverthere.注意：冠词a用于以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前，冠词an用于以元音音素开头的单数可数名词前，元音音素不等同于元音字母。我们在谈到之前提过的某人或某物，或特指某人或某物时，常在其前加定冠词the。Ihaveapen.ThepenisapresentfromBen.注意：一般在球类运动前不加冠词，在乐器名称前加定冠词。如playfootballplayvolleyballplaythepianoplaytheviolin七、方位介词我们常用方位介词来表示物体的位置。八、一般过去时（一）一般过去时的基本用法：谈论在过去发生的动作或存在的状态1.与一般过去时经常搭配的时间状语①yesterday或由其构成的短语。yesterdaymorning,thedaybeforeyesterday等。②由last开头构成的短语。lastyear,lastmonth等。③由ago结尾构成的短语。amomentago,anhourago等。④由“介词+过去时间”构成的短语。in2002,atthetime等。⑤其他词。then,justnow,once,theotherday（前几天）等。2.表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去时。这种情况下，往往没有表示过去时间的状语，而是通过上下文表示。FirstIfinishedmyhomework.ThenIplayedthepiano.NextIwateredtheplants.Afterthat,IwatchedafilmonTVwithmyfather.3.表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作，常与always,never连用。MrsGreenalwayscarriedanumbrella.（说明是过去的动作，不表明她现在是否带着伞）（二）动词过去式的构成规则（1）规则动词的过去式的构成=1\*GB3①在动词原形后直接加ed。listen―listenedopen―openedfinish―finished=2\*GB3②以不发音的e结尾的加d。like―likedclose―closeduse―used=3\*GB3③重读闭音节末尾仅有一个辅音字母的，先双写这个辅音字母，再加ed。drop―droppedplan―plannedstop―stopped=4\*GB3④以辅音字母+y结尾的，先变y为i再加ed。worry―worriedstudy―studied（2）不规则动词的过去式be―was/werecost―costput―putcome―camering―rangmake―madesend―sentdo―didbuy―bought（三）句型结构句型例句肯定句：主语+be的过去式（was,were）+其他Iwasverytriedlastnight.否定句：主语+be的过去式（was,were）+not+其他Iwasn’tbusytheotherday.疑问句：be的过去式（was,were）+主语+其他?--Wasyourmotherfreethismorning?--Yes,shewas./Noshewasn’t肯定句：主语+动词的过去式+其他ShestudiedRussiantwoyearsago.否定句：主语+didnot+动词原形+其他Hedidn’thaveclassesthismorning.疑问句：Did+主语+动词原形+其他?--Didhegothere?―Yes,hedid./No,hedidn’t.【举一反三】用be动词的正确形式填空1.We______athomelastnight.2.It______coldoutsideyesterdayandmoststudents______intheclassroom.3.There______afashionshownextSunday.yougoingtowatchit?4.IcouldspeakalittleEnglishwhenI-______elevenyearsold.5.Thedaybeforeyesterdaywesawafilm.It______interesting.6.There______aschoolmeetingnextWednesday.九、情态动词can,could,may的用法（1）can的用法can表示某人具有某种能力，意思为“能，会”，也表示客观的可能性，是“能够，可能”的意思。后接动词原形，适用于所有人称。①表示能力，意为“能，会”。Milliecanplaythepiano．②表示许可，意为“可以”。Youcanusemypen．③表示推测，意为“可能，会”,主要用于否定句和疑问句中。Canhebethere?Hecan’thavefinishedhiswork．（2）could的用法could为can的过去式，表示能力，意为“能，可以”；另外could可用来代替can，表示更为客气委婉的语气，用来提出要求，这时could不表示过去时态，回答时一般用can。Couldyouswimwhenyouwereyoung?No,Icouldn’t.(问能力)CouldIsmokehere?No,youcan’t.(表示委婉的请求)【注意】区分beableto（3）may的用法may较正式，表示许可或征求对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。--MayIsmokehere?--Yes,youmay/can./Yes,please./No,youcan’t/maynot./No,you’dbetternot.【注意】区分maybe与maybe【举一反三】1.--Listen!IsthatLindaplayingthepianointheroom?--No.It________beLinda.ShehasgonetoLondon.A.maynotB.needn’tC.can’tD.mustn’t2.--Ican’tfindmyphoneanywhere.--You________havelostitwhileshopping.A.mayB.canC.shouldD.would3.--Mum,mayIgotoseeafilmwithmycousin?--You________goifyouhavefinishedyourhomework.A.mustB.needC.shouldD.can4.--Whosecapisthis?IsitCindy’s?--It________behers.Don’tyouremembersheevendidn’tcometotheparty?A.can’tB.mightC.maynotD.must5.--Whoissinginginthenextroom?--It________beLisa,butI’mnotsure.A.mustB.mayC.need6.--WillSamgotothecinemawithustonight?--I'mnotsure.He________notbefree.A.mayB.shouldC.can7.--CanHuanghefootballteamwinthegame?--It________,butit’shardtosay.Theotherteamplaysquitewelltoo.A.canB.mustC.mayD.should十、感叹句的用法感叹句用来表示强烈的感情，能表达愤怒、悲哀、惊奇、厌恶和赞赏等。句末用感叹号“！”，读时用降调。在口语中常用省略句，后面的主语和谓语往往省略，有时只用一个词或词组表达。（1）以what开头的感叹句，句型：What（+a/an）+形容词+名词（+主语+谓语）!Whatacleverboy(heis)!Whataninterestingstory(itis)!Whatfineweatheritistoday!Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!（2）以how开头的感叹句，句型：How+形容词／副词（+主语+谓语）!Howbluetheskyis!Howkindyouare!常考的不可数名词：fineweather、usefuladvice、freshair、excitingnews、greatprogress【举一反三】1.________niceweatheritis!Let'sgoforapicnic,Frank.A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa2.--________wonderfulthemusicis!What’sitsname?--Victory.A.How B.HowaC.What D.Whata3.--HaveyouseenthebookTheOldManandtheSea?--Yes,Ihave.________interestingitis!Ihaveseenittwice.A.HowB.WhatC.Whatan4.GuanDongsavedanoldladyoutoftheYangtzeRiver.________greatcourageheshowed!A.WhataB.WhatC.HowaD.How5.________badnews!JackChangmade________manycarelessmistakesinthefilm.A.How;so B.Whata;soC.What;soD.What;such6.“________you'vemade!Butyoushouldstillworkhard，”theteachersaidtotheboy.A.WhatgreatprogressB.HowabigmistakeC.WhatabigmistakeD.Howgreatprogress十一、形容词形容词是用来修饰名词和代词，表示人和或事物的性质、特征、状态或属性的词。1、adj.+n.形容词修饰名词，放在名词前作定语。Itwasawindyday.Canyouhearastrangenoise?2、系动词+adj.形容词作表语，放在系动词后面。系动词有：一be,二保持keep,stay，三变become,turnget,五个感官look,smell,feel,sound,taste,等。Sheishonestandhelpful.Thegardenlookssobeautiful.3、不定代词+adj.作后置定语修饰不定代词。Thereisnothingwrongwithmycomputer.4、keep/make+宾语+adj.作宾语补足语Weshouldkeeptheroomclean.十二、不定代词我们常用不定代词指代某个不特定的人或物。不定代词some-常用于肯定句。疑问句中，如果希望得到对方肯定的回答，也会用some-。somebody/someone表示“某人”，something表