世界历史之文明的起源英文版课件

WorldHistoryUnit1

TheRiseofCivilizationsChapter1,Section1DiscoveryofEarlyHumansinAfrica7/2/20231ObjectiveofLesson1-1Understandhowrecentarchaeologicalfindshavecontributedtoourunderstandingofhumanorigins.Understandthatthemigrationsofprehistoricpeoplesresultedintheirspreadthroughouttheworld7/2/20232KeyVocabularyHominids:thehumansandhuman-likecreaturesthatprecededthem.Anthropologists:thescientificstudyofhominidsusingbonesandotherremains.Paleontologists:thestudyoffossilremainstodeterminethecharacteristicsofprehistoricperiodsArchaeologists:investigateprehistoriclifebyunearthingandinterpretingtheobjectsleftbehindbyprehistoricpeople.Artifacts:objectsthatwereshapedbyhumanhandsandotherremainsofhumanlifesuchascharcoal.Radiocarbondating:theprocessofmeasuringtherateofdecayofradioactivecarboninorganicremains.7/2/20233PeopletoMeetGenSuwaTimD.WhiteDonaldC.JohnsonLouisLeakeyMaryLeakey7/2/20234PlacestoLocateAramisHadarOlduvaiGorge7/2/20235DiscoveryofEarlyHumansinAfrica--OverviewPrehistoricFindsinAfricaHumanOriginsTheIceAgesHumanCultureDatingEarlyArtifactsPaleolithicHunter-Gatherers7/2/20236DatingEarlyArtifactsArchaeologistsandphysicalanthropologistsfacetheproblemofassigningadefiniteagetoremains.AmongthetechniquesfordeterminingtheageofremainsareradiocarbondatingandDNAanalysis.7/2/20237DatingEarlyArtifactsRadiocarbondatingOrganicmatterincludesoncelivingthingsSmallamountsofcarbonsabsorbedbylivingthingsisradioactiveRadioactivecarbondecaysatacertainrate,thusindicatingwhenplantoranimaldiesGoodonlyformatterlessthan50,000yearsold7/2/20238PrehistoricFindsinAfricaIn1992,paleontologistGenSuwa,inEthiopia,discovered4.4million-year-oldfossilsbelongingtotheoldestdirecthumanancestorknown.In1974,againinEthiopia,twoscientistsuncoveredanearlycompleteskeletonofa3.2million-year-oldhominidnicknamed“Lucy”.In1994areasonablycompleteskullofaLucy-likehominidprovidedevidencethatLucy-likehumanoidscouldwalkupright.7/2/20239PrehistoricFindsinAfricaDiscoveryofLucyDiscoveredbyDonaldC.JohnsonandTomGrayDiscoveredatHadarNamedafterpopularBeatlessongMostnearlycompleteskeletonofuprightwalkingprehumanfoundtothattimeAchinbonediscoveredinKenyaindicateduprightwalkingat4millionyearsago7/2/202310TheFirstHominidsAustralopithecus,thefirstprehumanhominid,livedineasternandsouthernAfricaabout4.4millionyearsago.ScientistsdivideHomo—thegenusofhumans—intothreespecies:Homohabilis,Homoerectus,andHomosapiens.7/2/202311TheFirstHominidsAustralopithecuslivedinhumidforestsofeasternandsouthernAfricaAtefruit,leaves,andfishNomadic—constantsearchforfoodNoevidenceforuseoftools7/2/202312HominidGroupsScientistsusedtheLatinwordHomo—orhuman—tonamehominidsandlaterhumansScientistsstillnotsurewhenhumansbecamehumanGenreofhumansdividedintothreegroupsSomewhatdifferentbodystructuresArrivedatdifferenttimes

7/2/202313HominidGroupsHomohabilis:“personwithability,”firstofthegroupofhominidsthatlivedabout3-4millionyearsago.Homoerectus:“personwhowalksupright.”Livedabout1.5millionyearsago.Homosapien:“personwhothinks.”Livedabout200,000yearsago.Allpeopletoday.7/2/202314TheIceAgesBetween2millionand10,000yearsago,earthexperiencedfourperiodscalledtheIceAges,duringwhichonlythemiddlelatitudeswerewarmenoughtosupporthumanandanimallife.EarlyhumanbeingsadaptedtotheIceAgesbymigratingtowarmerplacesordevelopingstrategiesforkeepingwarm.7/2/202315TheIceAgesManypartsoftheworldfelltobelowfreezingGlaciersspreadoverseveralareasOnlymiddlelatitudesremainedwarmenoughforanimallifeBetweenglacialperiods,theearthwarmed7/2/202316TheIceAgesAsglaciersgrewandoceansloweredby300feet,landbridgesformedJapanandKoreaGreatBritainandIrelandMalayPeninsulaandIndonesiaIslandsAsiaandNorthAmerica7/2/202317MigrationsHomoerectusmigratestoEuropeandAsiaReachedIndonesianIslands1.6millionyearsago.

7/2/202318HumanCultureCultureincludestheknowledgeapeoplehave,thelanguagetheyspeak,thewaysinwhichtheyeatanddress,theirreligiousbeliefs,andtheirachievementsinartandmusic.Oneoftheearliestculturaldevelopmentswastheuseofstonetools,whichhasledhistorianstoapplythename“StoneAge”totheperiodbeforewritingwaswidelyestablished.7/2/202319TheStoneAgeThreeperiodsbasedontoolmakingtechniquesPaleolithic:OldStoneAge(2millionyearsagoto12,000B.C.)Mesolithic:MiddleStoneAge(12,000to8,000B.C.)Neolithic:NewStoneAge(8,000to5,000B.C.)7/2/202320PaleolithicHunter-GatherersHomehabilis,wholivedduringthePaleolithic,aretheoldesthominidsknowntohavemanufacturedtools.Homeerectus,whobeganasfoodgatherersbutbecamehuntersbydevelopingweapons,usedfireandmadeclothingfromanimalskins.ScientistsdisagreeonwhenprehistoricpeoplesmigratedoutofAfrica,butthereisgeneralagreementthatHomoerectuswasestablishedinChinaandEuropebyabout400,000yearsago.By50,000B.C.prehistoricpeopleshaddevelopedlanguage,whichallowedthemtoexchangeideasandpasstheirknowledgeontothenextgeneration.7/2/202321HomoHabilisLivedinAfrica2.5millionto1.5millionyearsagoResearchcreditedtoLouisandMaryLeakeyandlatertheirson,OlduvaiLeakey7/2/202322HomoErectusFrom1.5millionto250,000yearsagoFromAfricatoEuropetoAsiaWomengatheredfruits;menscavengedfor“killed”meatMenlaterbecamehuntersusingspearsandclubs—about500,000yearsago

7/2/202323HomoErectusLearnedtomakefireProtectionfromanimalsCouldliveincaves—droveotheranimalsoutwithfireCookfoodKeepwarmMadeclothingfromanimalskins

7/2/202324MigrationsScientistsdisagreewhetherHomoHabilisorHomoErectusmigratedtoEuropefirstHomoErectusreachedAsiaandEuropeBonesshowHomoErectusreachedJavaabout1.6to1.8millionyearsagoSkeletalremainsshowHomoerectusclearlyestablishedinChina460,000yearsago7/2/202325LanguageHomoErectusmayhavebeentalkingtoeachotherabout500,000yearsagoLanguage—oneofhumanitiesgreatestachievementsExchanginginformationonhowtosurviveandpassalongculturalContinuanceofculture7/2/202326Section2:TheAppearanceofHomoSapiens—OverviewTheNeanderthalsHomoSapiensSapiensTheNeolithicRevolution7/2/202327OverviewofSection2HomoerectusimprovedmanyaspectsoflifeHomosapiens,thefirstmodernhumanspecies,movedthehumanconditionforwardatafasterpaceDiscoveryinZaire,Africa,showshumansusedtoolsmuchearlierthanthought—80,000yearsago7/2/202328ObjectiveofLessonSection2Knowsomeoftheachievementsoftheearliesthumans.Earlyhumansproducedtoolsanddomesticateanimalsandcrops.7/2/202329KeyVocabularyDomesticate:Tamingananimalforhumanpurposes.Deity:Neolithicpeoplesbelievedinmanygodsorgoddesses7/2/202330PeopletoMeetNeanderthalsCro-magnons7/2/202331PlacestoLocateNeanderValleyLascauxVallon-Pont-d’ArcJerichoCatalHuyuk7/2/202332TheNeanderthalsStoodabout5.5feettallBrainslargerthanmodernhumansStockybuild—muscularAbletoadapttocolderclimatesNomadichuntersandgatherersMoresophisticatedtools7/2/202333TheNeanderthalsNeanderthals,probablythefirstHomosapiens,beganspreadingintoEuropeandAsiaabout100,000yearsagofromAfricaTheirtoolmakingabilitywasmoresophisticatedthatHomoerectus.Mostlivedingroupsof35-50people,eitherinopen-aircampsorinnon-permanentdwellingssuchascaves.Theywereculturallyadvancedintheircareforthesickandagedandtheirtreatmentofthedead.7/2/202334HomoSapiensSapiensHomosapienssapiensmovedfromAfricaandintoEuropeandAsiaIntermarriedNeanderthalsGraduallyabsorbedthemNeanderthalbecameextinct,leavingHomosapienssapienstheonlyhominidsleftonearth7/2/202335HomoSapiensSapiensMostscientistsbelievethatmodernhumans,orHomosapienssapiensinEurope,originatedinAfricaabout50,000yearsagoandsooncametodominatealmosteverycontinent.TheCro-Magnons,theearliestHomosapienssapiens,broughtwiththemimprovedtechnologyandamoresophisticatedculture.TheadvancestheCro-Magnonsmadeintoolmakingtransformedhumanlifebymakinglong-distancetravelpossibleandincreasingthesupplyoffood.7/2/202336HomoSapiensSapiensCro-Magnonsweretaller,butnotasrobustBetterhuntingandgatheringtechniques—moregrouporientedBetterhuntingandthenfishinginstrumentsBetterstoneaxesallowedthemtomakecanoesandtravelinthemlongdistancesInventedlongdistanceweapons—bowandarrow,etc7/2/202337HomoSapiensSapiensTheCro-Magnons’increasedfoodsupplyhadpoliticalandsocialconsequences,includingthecooperationofunrelatedbandsofCro-Magnonsandtheevolutionofrule-makingandleadership.Cro-Magnonsatfirstlivedintemporarystructures,butastheirhuntingmethodsadvanced,theybuiltpermanentcommunitiesTheCro-Magnonswereaccomplishedcavepaintersandsculptors.Moresophisticatedburials7/2/202338HomoSapiensSapiensCavepaintingsincludedaccomplishedartistryfoundincavesinLascauxandVallon-Pont-d’Arc,FranceHistoriansdisagreeonpaintingrationaleToeducateyoungstersonthefinerhuntingpointsReachingouttothespiritualforhelpintheirhuntingactivities7/2/202339HomoSapiensSapiensBetterfoodsupplybroughthigherpopulationBy15,000B.C.,thereweretwomillionpeopleontheearth7/2/202340TheNeolithicRevolutionTheendofthelastIceAgebringsgreen—forrestsandgrassesDuringtheNeolithicperiod—namedforitstremendouschanges--andimmediatelyafter,peoplegraduallyshiftedfromgatheringandhuntingfoodtoproducingfood.TheMesolithicperiod,duringwhichpeopleofdomesticatedanimalsanddevelopedfarmingtools,wasaforerunneroftheNeolithicRevolution.7/2/202341TheNeolithicRevolutionIndifferentpartsoftheworld,theNeolithicRevolutiontookplaceatdifferenttimesandinvolveddifferentcropsandanimals.Farmingassuredasteadyfoodsupplyandenabledpeopletostaylongerinoneplace,butitalsorequiredharderandlongerwork.Withthedevelopmentofagriculture,peoplebegantosettleinagriculturalvillagesinsteadofwanderingasnomads.7/2/202342TheNeolithicRevolution:TheDawnofAgricultureNeolithicfarmersmadeagriculturalworkeasierandmoreproductivebyinventingtheplowandfertilizingtheirfields.Therelativelysteadyfoodsupplyquickenedthepaceoftechnologicaladvanceandledtothedevelopmentofcalendars,landownership,andwarfare.Neolithicpeoplebelievedindeitieswiththepowertohurtorhelppeople.7/2/202343TheNeolithicRevolution:TheDawnofAgricultureNeolithicRevolutionbuiltslowlyBeganatdifferenttimesindifferentpartsoftheworldMiddleEast(8000yearsago)China(5000yearsago)7/2/202344TheNeolithicRevolution:TheFirstVillagesFoodproductionincreasespopulationBy4000B.C.,worldpopulationisestimatedat90,000,000PeoplecouldsettleincommunitiesWheresoilwasfertileandwaterabundantJericho:oneofearliestvillages;IsraeloccupiedWestBank;8000B.C.CatalHuyuk:earlyvillage;Turkey;6300-7000B.C.;largestvillagediscoveredsofar7/2/202345TheNeolithicRevolution:TechnologicalAdvancesInventedtheplowandtrainedanimalstopullInventedtheloomandthewheelBakedclaytoconstructbuildingsHammeredmetalsforjewelryandweaponsTheIcemanCalendarscreatedtotrackagriculature7/2/202346TheNeolithicRevolution:TechnologicalAdvancesBoundariesbecameimportantandwarfareoverboundarieswasprobableBelievedindeities,godsandgoddesses7/2/202347SECTION3,EMERGENCEOFCIVILIZATIONRiverValleyCivilizationsTheEconomyofaCivilizationTheRiseofCitiesSystemsofValues

7/2/202348Lesson1-3ObjectivesUnderstandthattheearliestcivilizationsbeginwiththeevolutionoffarmingsettlementsintothefirstcities.Knowthekindsofeconomic,political,andsocialchangesthatresultedfromtheriseofcities.7/2/202349KeyVocabularyCivilization:ThetermcomesfromtheLatinterm“civitas”meaning“city.”Acivilizationisahighlyorganizedsocietywithanadvancedknowledgeoffarming,trade,government,artandscience.Economy:Thewaysinwhichpeopleusetheirenvironmenttomeettheirmaterialneeds.Artisan:Workersskilledinacraft.Artisansusuallyworkwiththeirhands.7/2/202350KeyVocabularyCulturaldiffusion:Theexchangeofgoodsandideaswhenculturescomeincontactwithoneanother.Myth:Traditionalstoriesabouthowtheearthwasformed,howpeoplecameintobeing,andwhattheyowedtheircreator7/2/202351RiverValleyCivilizationsManyearlycivilizationsarosefromfarmingsettlementsinrivervalleys.Earlyrivervalleycivilizationsdependedonthespecializationoflabor,advancedtechnology,agovernmenttocoordinatedlarge-scalecooperativeefforts,andasharedsystemofvaluesandbeliefs.Somesocietiesremainedassmallagriculturalvillagesorhunter-and-gathererbands.7/2/202352RiverValleyCivilizationsFourrivervalleycivilizationsTheNileRiver:northeastAfrica,presentdayEgyptTheTigrisandEuphratesRivers:presentdayIraqIndusRiver:SouthAsia,presentdayIndiaHuangHe:EastAsia,presentdayChinaWhatgaverivervalleystheupperhandindevelopingintocivilizations?

7/2/202353TheEconomyofaCivilizationAneconomyisthewaypeopleusetheirenvironmenttomeettheirmaterialneedsEconomydependsonfarmersgrowingsurplusfood7/2/202354TheEconomyofaCivilization:FirstIrrigationSystemsFarmerscoulddevelopasurplusofcropsbecauseearlycivilizationsbuiltmassiveirrigationsystemsanddikesanddamstopreventflooding.7/2/202355TheEconomyofaCivilization:SpecializedlaborWorkersskilledinacraft,calledartisans,becameincreasinglyproductiveandcreative.TheperiodthatfollowstheStoneAgeisknownastheBronzeagebecausebronzereplacedstoneasthechiefmaterialforweaponsandtools.Expensive,bronzewasusedbykings,priests,andsoldiers.7/2/202356TheEconomyofaCivilization:SpecializationofLaborJewelry,eatingutensils,weaponsandothergoodswerehammeredoutofcopper,lead,andgoldAlloysweremadefromvariousmetalmixtures—bronzewasthemostimportant—madefromcopperandtinWeaponsTools7/2/202357TheEconomyofaCivilization:Long-DistanceTradeAtfirsttradingwithowncommunitiesLandroutesemergedLong-distancetradeaccompaniedtheriseofearlycivilizations.Peoplebecamead