语言学考试要点(考试重点整理)

Chapter1Introduction Whatislinguistics? Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Thescopeoflinguistics:(1).phonetics语音学；phonology音位学；morphology形态学；syntax句法学；pragmatics语用学(2).sociolinguistics社会语言学；psycholinguistics心理语言学；appliedlinguistics应用语言学SomeimportantdistinctioninlinguisticsDescriptivevs.prescriptive描述性与规定性Ifalinguisticsstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;Ifthelinguisticsstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor”correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.(2)Synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历时性①Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.②Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.Langue&parole语言与会话①Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.②Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.(4)Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用①Alanguageuser'sunconsciousknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.②Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.(5)speechandwriting语言与文字Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.(6)traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistic传统语法与现代语言学Definitionoflanguage:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languageisasystem,i.e.,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticssymbolandwhatthesymbolstands.Languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.Theterm“human”inthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguageishuman-specific.Designfeaturesoflanguage(1)Arbitrariness任意性referstotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(soundsandmeanings)(2)Productivity(creativity)能产性Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.(3)duality双重性Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.(4)displacement移位性HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atmomentofcommunication.(5)culturaltransmission文化传承性Functionsoflanguage(1)referential(toconveymessageandinformation),(2)poetic(toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake),(3)emotive(toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions),(4)conative(topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests),(5)phatic(toestablishcommunionwithothers)(6)metalingual(toclearupintentionsandmeanings).①Informative(信息功能):togiveinformationaboutfacts.(ideational)②Interpersonal(人际功能):toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusinasociety.(age,sex,language,background,accent,status)③Performative(施为功能):languageisusedtodothings,toperformcertainactions.(name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare)④.Emotive/Expressive(情感功能):toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.⑤Phaticcommunion(寒暄交流):tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(health,weather)⑥Recreationalfunction(娱乐):theuseoflanguageforsheerjoy.(lyrics,poetry)⑦Metalingualfunction(元语言功能):totalkaboutlanguageitself.Chapter2PhonologyPhonetics（语音学）isthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds：broadtranscription（宽式标音）andnarrowtranscription（严式标音）Abroadtranscription（宽式标音）isthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.Anarrowtranscription（严式标音）isatranscriptionwithlettersymbolstogetherwithdiacritics.Phonology（音位学）isthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Thedifferencesbetweenphoneticsandphonology:（语音的正字表征）①Bothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage----thespeechsounds.Buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.②Phoneticsisofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromThecontextualismMeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized:Situationalcontext:spatiotemporalsituationLinguisticcontext:theprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocation.BehaviorismBehavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningas“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.LexicalmeaningSenseandreferencearebothconcernedwiththestudyofwordmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.Sense----isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.Reference----whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticwor