美国文学史复习资料

PAGEPAGE4美国文学史复习（colonialism)第一部分

殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives日记b、journals游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）theirvoyagetothenewland2)Adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3)AboutdealingwithIndians4)Guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices净化信仰和行为方式2)Wish

torestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）lookuponthemselvesaschosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod'swillandisnottobeaccepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam他们的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、William的宗教观点：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：AnneBradstreet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.学习指南：1、CouldyougiveadescriptionofAmericanPuritans?关于美国清教徒的描绘

LiketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtothe"purity"ofthefirst-centurychurchasestablishedbyJesusChristhimself.Tothemreligionwasamatterofprimaryimportance.TheymadeittheirchiefbusinesstoseethatmanlivedandthoughtandactedinawaywhichtendedtothegloryofGod.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod,allthatJohnCalvin,thegreatFrenchtheologianwholivedinGeneva2、Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietywerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.3、Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.4、TheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,

French,SpaniardsItalian,andPortuguese.

美国文学史复习2（reasoning

and

revolution)(2009-01-1715:54:25)一、美国的性质：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica.联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。二、代表作家：1、BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林

1706-17901）"PoorRichard'sAlmanac"穷人理查德的年鉴annualcollectionofproverbs流行谚语集Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin'sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation2)FoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3）establishedAmerica'sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege--UniversityofPennsylvania.建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学—就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。4）firstappliedtheterms"positive"and"negative"toelectricalcharges.5)AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultynegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。6）Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、7）TheWaytoWealth致富之道

TheAutobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传

2、ThomasPaine托马斯·佩因

1737-1809

"GreatCommonofMankind"最平凡的人1）famouspamphlet"CommonSense"

著名的政治小册子《常识》itboldlyadvocateda"DeclarationforIndependence",andbroughttheseparatistagitationtoacrisis.拥护独立宣言，使分裂活动发展成最后危机。2）"AmericanCrisis"《美国危机》，signed"CommonSense"(p31,第一段）TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise税务员问题；CommonSense常识；AmericanCrisis美国危机；RightsofMan人的权利：DownfallofDespotism专制体制的崩溃；TheAgeofReason理性时代

3、ThomasJefferson托马斯·杰弗逊1）draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.起草了独立宣言2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。AllMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofhappiness.人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。4、PhilipFreneau菲利普·费瑞诺

poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者1）perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.2)hasbeencalledthe"FatherofAmericanPoetry"美国诗歌之父③“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“TheRaven”《乌鸦》thetitlepoemofacollection,“TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque”《述异集》firstcollectionofshortstories.第一部短篇小说集。④oftenusegrotesqueorfantasticevents.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。5、RalphWaldoEmersion拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生①beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland,是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。②Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism个人主义,independenceofmind思想独立,andself-reliance自强.③作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》、“TheAmericanScholar”《美国学者》,ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。④hismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”《代表》and“EnglishTraits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》⑤摘自《论自然》：Standingonthebareground,-myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball.人形的约束没有了。

6、HenryDavidThoreau亨利.戴维.梭罗①Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。②“InWalden”《沃尔登》成名作。“CivilDisobedience”《平民反抗》essay随笔。非暴力不合作③教义：Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighbor’sorhisparents.我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。★7、NathanielHawthorne纳萨尼尔.霍桑①background:oneofhisancestorswasJudgeHawthorne,whoharmaperson.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。②“TheHouseoftheSevenGables”七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。③herevealsthedepthofhisconcernwiththedarksideofPuritanism,theharshnessandthepersecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。④“MossesfromanOldManse”《古厦青苔》、“TheMarbleFaun”《玉石神像》⑤特点⑴uniquegiftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature.独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。⑵hisabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsappearsstronglyinhisshortstories.短篇小说里，通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。⑶tomakeastoryexistinitsownrightbutatthesametimeappearasamoralsymbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。⑥（课堂笔记提及的）“TheScarletLetter”《红字》⑴女主角honest,calmlyfacefault诚实，坦然的面对罪过。⑵弗洛伊德人格理论：Id本我→欲望，只要快乐→Roger女主角的丈夫Ego自我→分辨对错，受约束，符合现实→Hester女主角Superego超我→→Dim女主角的情人，牧师⑶女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Egogrowthandredeembyherownofprocess⑦“TheScarletLetter”analysis分析：itnotapraiseofaHestersinning,butahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanwhensinnedagainst.YoungHesterbordersonbeinglicentious.Herdriveissexual.Shedoesherbesttokeepherholdonthemagicchainhumanity.HerlifeeventuallyacquiresarealsignificancewhenshereestablishesameaningfulrelationshipwithherfellowmenSymbolicofhermoraldevelopmentisthegradualimperceptiblechangewiththescarletletterundergoesinmeaning.Atfirstitisatokenofshame,“Adultery”butthenthegenuinesympathyandhelpHesterofferedtoherfellowvillagers’changesitto“Able”.Laterinthestory,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying“Angel”.ThereisreasontoagreewiththecriticalobservationthatAmayrepresentAdamic,orprehistoric,anarchetypalvicesuggestiveof“originalsin,”Dimmesdale,ontheotherhand,banisheshimselfformsociety.Deeplypreoccupiedwithhimself,helivesastrangeramonghisadmirers.Theresultisthat,whereasHesterisabletoreconstructherlifeandwinamoralvictory,Dimmesdaleundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualdisintegration.BetweenhimandHestertheypointtoamoralasHawthornemayintendthemtodo,thatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honest,andeverreadytoshowone’sworsttotheoutsideworld.

★8、HermanMelville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔①“MobyDick”《白鲸》，atremendouschronicleofwhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。②Thebookissteepedinsymbolism.本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。④在书中说：towriteamightybookyoumusthaveamightytheme.写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。⑤故事人物：CaptainAhab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格，wasafriendlyperson；⑥therebelliousstruggleofCaptainAhabagainsttheoverwhelming,mysteriousvastnessoftheuniverseanditsawesome,sometimesmercilessforces.Thefittingsymbolforhisthemewasthe“glidinggreatdemonoftheseasoflife.”阿哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争，他同那些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争，他们令人毛骨悚然，有时还冷酷无情。他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为“生命海洋中滑行的恶魔”。⑦“MobyDick”：oneofthemajorthemesinMelvilleisalienation,whichhesensedexistinginthelifeofhistimeondifferentlevels,betweenmanandman,manandsociety,andmanandnature.CaptainAhabseemstobethebestillustrationofitall.Thevoyageitselfisametaphorfor“searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience.”HehadAhabtopmostinhismind.InasenseAhabembodiesalloftheevilheonceconsignedtoMobyDick.9、HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗poet诗人①itwouldbehard,also,tooverestimatetheimportanceofhisanthology“ThePoetsandPoetryofEurope”.Hisownpoetrybecameameansofteachingreadersofhisdaysomethingofthepossiblerangeofpoeticsubjectmatterandtechniques,ancient,medieval,andmodern.《欧洲诗人及诗》不能把这部作品估计过高。他自己的诗歌成为了他教学的材料，在书中他讲述了诗的主题和一些写作技巧。从古代的，中世纪的一直到现代的诗歌，他都一一作了阐述。②殊荣：hebecametheonlyAmericantobehonoredwithabustinthePoet’scornerofWestminsterAbbey.朗费罗被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。③Thegentleness,sweetness,andpurityforhispoetrywaspopularduringhislifetime.他的诗歌因高雅宜人、纯正有韵味而大受欢迎。④hewasconsistentlyhigh-mindedbutconventional,anduntouchedbythereligiousandsocialstrugglesthatdisturbedhiscontemporaries.他接受正统的思想，但并不保守。他的思想没有受到当时社会、宗教和各种政治斗争的影响。⑤特点：exercisedagreatinfluenceinbringingEuropeanculturetotheU.S.,andlikewisedidmuchtopopularizeAmericanfolkthemesabroadwherehisworkwasimmenselypopularandwidelytranslated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用，也把美国民间文化传播到国外，他的作品还被翻译成多种文字，在海外受到高度评美国文学史复习4（Realism）(2009-01-1719:44:25)一、Background1）Mechanization机器化2）Urbanization城市化3）Industrialization工业化4）Federalgovernment(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克·吐温的《镀金时代》开始5）Railwaysystem工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用二、文化特征：1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多2）开始关注Midclass3）现实主义（realism）-->NewYorkreplacedBostonasthenation'sliterarycenter.纽约成为新的文化中心。一、时期综述：1、镀金时代：TheGildedAge,anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。2、AlthoughAmericanscontinuedtoreadtheworksofIrving,Cooper,Hawthorne,andPoe,thegreatageofAmericanromanticismhadended.Bythe1870stheNewEnglandRenaissancehadwaned.新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：19世纪末,theliterarynaturalistswhofollowedthem,rejectedtheportrayalofidealizedcharactersandevents.Instead,theysoughttodescribethewiderangeofAmericanexperienceandtopresentthesubtletiesofhumanpersonality,toportraycharacterswhowerelesssimplyallgoodorallbed.反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。

4、Realism：（现实主义）appearedintheUnitedStatesintheliteratureoflocalcolor,anamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingswasimmediatelyobservable.thedialects,customs,sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点

5、Naturalism：自然主义anewandharsherrealism,新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派，产生于theendofthecentury十九世纪末，因为Perceptionofsociety’sdisorders对社会无序的感知。Presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thereligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。

Deterministic决定论，宿命的，代表作家：StephenCrane史蒂芬.克莱恩,

FrankNorris弗朗克.诺里斯,

JackLondon

杰克.伦敦,

TheodoreDreiser西奥多.德莱塞.6、Darwinism:达尔文主义:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。

7、WilliamDeanHowells

威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，

①Thearbiterof19thcenturyliteraryrealisminAmerica。十九世纪美国现实主义文学泰斗，提拔许多年轻作家

②Hisdefinedrealism:nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.

不加一分，不减一分，百分之百描写现实。

③中央视角：anobjectivepointofview

二、代表作家：1、WaltWhitman

沃尔特.惠特曼

①★freeverse(自由诗体)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚

②“LeavesofGrass”草叶集1870

thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美国历史上第一部真正的史诗

Poem’s特点：mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGr6ass”areaboutmanandnature.

③关注点：Inhispoetry,hecombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual

④诗人职责：heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhis

expressionsofthetruth.表达真理的前提下，引导社会发展。

2、EmilyDickinson

爱米丽.狄金森

①作品：“IdiedforBeauty”我为美而死（诗歌）

Beauty/Truth/Goodnessareultimate(终极)thesame

“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath”我不能等候死神Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径

②特点：herpoetryinuniqueandunconventionalinitsownway.Herpoemshavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.

3、HarrietBeecherStowe哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托

小说家onlyonefemaleprosewriter(散文作家)in19thcentury

代表作：“UncleTom’sCabin”汤姆叔叔的小屋

关注农奴制度

Payattentiontoserf'ssystem

4、MarkTwain

马克.吐温

①美国现实主义文学的代表作“AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)

②特点：localcolorist地方特色:auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism,itreferstotheparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregion.

③contribution贡献：colloquialspeechacceptedasliterarymedium口语化被文学界接受

④代表作：“TheGildedAge”70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。

“TheAdventuresofTomSawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写

“LifeontheMississippi”

5、O.Henry

欧.亨利

shortstory短篇小说

①特点：tellaboutthelivesofpoorpeopleinNewYork关注下层人;usuallyshort简单;plotsareexceedinglycleverandinteresting，humorabounds情节极度聪明有趣并富于幽默;theendisalwayssurprising结尾意外;containagreatdealofslangandcolloquialexpressions使用大量的俚语和口语.

②代表作：“TheFourMillion”《四百万》小说集、“TheGiftoftheMagi”《麦琪的礼物》单部小说

★6、HenryJames

亨利.詹姆斯

novelist小说家；Literaturetheoretician文学理论家，从小受欧洲教育

①心理现实主义的开创者：thefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Theliterarycareerofhimisgenerallydividedintothreeperiods,inthefirstperiods,Jamestookgreatinterestininternationaltheme;exemplifythematureandformidablestyleofathirdliteraryperiod,whichcriticshavecometopraiseas“TheMajorPhase”.

②特点：(1)deeplyintotheindividualpsychologyofhischaracters,writinginarichandintricatestylethatsupportedhisintensescrutinyofcomplexhumanexperience.深刻探讨人物人性心理，用深厚、复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行揣摩

(2)1stpersonand3rdpersonnarration，第一和第三人称的叙述

(3)omniscient全视角是不真实的;

③家庭背景：father:philosopher哲学家,富有；brother:psychologist,philosopher心理学家,哲学家；

④创作原则：TheartofFiction小说的艺术;artvs.life,bringsthemeaningoflife;

⑤贡献contribution：inhiscriticalcommentaries,hemademajorcontributionstotheartoffictionitself,helpingtotransformthenovelfromitsalliancewithjournalismandromanticstory-tellingintoanartfromofpenetratinganalysisofindividualsconfrontingsociety,chronicles