2023年职称英语-职称英语(卫生类)考试历年高频考点卷摘选版带答案

长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海。2023年职称英语-职称英语(卫生类)考试历年高频考点卷摘选版带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.单项选择题(共10题)1.Weneedto→extract←therelevantfinancialdata.A.storeB.saveC.reviewD.obtain2.下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。PromisingResultsfromCancerStudyA.newexperimentalvaccine(疫苗）hasshownpromisingresultsinthefightagainstlungcancer.InasmallTexas-basedstudy，avaccinedevelopedbyscientistsatBaylorUniversityMedicalCentreinDallas，USA，curedlungcancerinsomepatientsandslowedtheprogressofthediseaseinothers.Researchershavereportedencouragingfindingsfromthissmallstudy.Forty-threepatientssufferingfromlungcancerwereinvolvedinthesetrials.Tenofthesepatientswereintheearlystagesandthirty-threeintheadvancedstagesofthedisease.Theywereinjectedwiththevaccineeverytwoweeksforthreemonths,andwerecarefullymonitoredforthreeyears.Inthreeofthepatientsintheadvancedstagesofcancer，thediseasedisappearedandintheothers,itdidnotspreadforfivetotwenty—fourmonths.However，nogreatdifferencewasseeninthepatientsintheearlystagesoftheillness.Thisnewvaccineusesthepatient’sownimmunesystem.Itismadespecificallyforeachpatientandisinjectedintothearmorleg.Itstimulatesthebody’simmunesystem,whichthenrecognizesthatthecancercellsareharmful,andattacksanddestroysthem.Thevaccinecouldbeelectiveagainstotherformsofcancer.Itoffersgreathopeforthetreatmentofqanceringeneral，althoughfurtherstudiesareneededbeforesuchtreatmentcanbewidelyused.Patientsintheearlystagesofthediseaserecoveredmorequicklyinthetrial.B.RightC.WrongD.Notmentioned3.Therulesaretoo→rigid←toallowforhumanerror.A.generalB.inflexibleC.complexD.direct4.ImmuneFunctionsTheimmunesystemisequalincomplexitytothecombinedintricaciesofthebrainandnervoussystem.Thesuccessoftheimmunesystemindefendingthebodyreliesonadynamicregulatorycommunicationnetworkconsistingofmillionsandmillionsofcells.Organizedintosetsandsubsets，thesecellspassinformationbackandforthlikecloudsofbeesflyingaroundahive（蜂巢）.Theresultisasensitivesystemofchecksandbalancesthatproducesanimmuneresponsethatisprompt，appropriate，effective，andself-limiting.Attheheartoftheimmunesystemistheabilitytodistinguishbetweenselfandnonself.Whenimmunedefendersencountercellsororganismscarryingforeignornonselfmolecules，theimmunetroopsmovequicklytoeliminatetheintruders（入侵者）.Virtuallyeverybodycellcarriesdistinctivemoleculesthatidentifyitasself.Thebody’simmunedefensesdonotnormallyattacktissuesthatcarryaself-marker.Rather，immunecellsandotherbodycellscoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasself-tolerance.Whenanormallyfunctioningimmunesystemattacksanonselfmolecule，thesystemhastheabilityto“remember”thespecificsoftheforeignbody.Uponsubsequentencounterswiththesamespeciesofmolecules，theimmunesystemreactsaccordingly.Withthepossibleexceptionofantibodies（抗体）passedduringlactation（授乳期），thissocalledimmunesystemmemoryisnotinherited.Despitetheoccurrenceofavirusinyourfamily,yourimmunesystemmust“learn”fromexperiencewiththemanymillionsofdistinctivenonselfmoleculesintheseaofmicrobes（微生物）inwhichwelive.Learningentailsproducingtheappropriatemoleculesandcellstomatchupwithandcounteracteachnonselfinvader.Anysubstancecapableoftriggeringanimmuneresponseiscalledanantigen（抗原）.Antigensarenottobeconfusedwithallergens（过敏源），whicharemostoftenharmlesssubstancesthatprovoketheimmunesystemtosetofftheinappropriateandharmfulresponseknownasallergy.Anantigencanbeavirus,abacterium,orevenaportionorproductofoneoftheseorganisms.Tissuesorcellsfromanotherindividualalsoactasantigens;becausetheimmunesystemrecognizestransplantedtissuesasforeign,itrejectsthem.Thebodywillevenrejectnourishingproteinsunlesstheyarefirstbrokendownbythedigestivesystemintotheirprimary,nonantigenicbuildingblocks.Anantigenannouncesitsforeignnessbymeansofintricateandcharacteristicshapescalledepitopes（抗原表位），whichprotrude（突出）fromitssurface.Mostantigens，eventhesimplestmicrobes，carryseveraldifferentkindsofepitopesontheirsurface;somemayevencarryseveralhundreds.Someepitopeswillbemoreeffectivethanothersatstimulatinganimmuneresponse.Onlyinabnormalsituationsdoestheimmunesystemwronglyidentifyselfasnonselfandexecuteamisdirectedimmuneattack.TheimmunecellsandothercellsinthebodycoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasA.balance.B.harmony.C.tolerance.D.self-tolerance.5.6.

FoodSafetyandFoodborneIllness

Foodsafetyisanincreasinglyimportantpublichealthissue.Governmentsallovertheworldareintensifyingtheireffortsto_______(51)foodsafety.Theseeffortsareinresponsetoanincreasingnumberoffoodsafetyproblemsand_______(52).consumerconcems.

Foodbomeillnessesaredefinedasdiseases,usuallyeitherinfectiousortoxic（有毒的）innature，causedbyagentsthat_______(53)thebodythroughtheingestion（摄取）offood.Everypersonis_______(54)riskoffoodbomeillnesses.

Foodbomediseasesareawidespreadandgrowingpublichealth_______(55)，bothindevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Theglobalincidenceoffoodbornediseasesisdifficultto______(56)，butithasbeenreportedthatin2005alone8millionpeoplediedfromdiarrhoeal（腹泻）diseases.Agreatproportionofthese______(57)canbeattributedtocontamination（污染）offoodanddrinkingwater.Additionally，diarrhoeaisa

_______(58)causeofmalnutrition（替养不良）inihfantsandyoungchildren.

Inindustrializedcountries，thepercentageofthepopulationsufferingfromfoodbomediseaseseachyearhasbeen___(59)tobe10%upto30%.IntheUnitedStatesofAmerica，forexample,around76millioncasesoffoodbomediseases，resulting_____(60)325,000，hospitalizationsand5,000deaths，areestimatedtooccureachyear.

_______(61)lesswelldocumented，developingcountriesbearthebrunt（首当其冲）oftheproblemduetothepresenceofawide_______(62)offoodbomediseases，includingthosecausedbyparasites（寄生虫）.Thehighprevalenceofdiarrhoealdiseasesinmanydevelopingcountriessuggestsmajor_______(63)foodsafetyproblems.

Inpartnershipwithotherstakeholders，WHOisdeveloping_______(64)thatwillfurtherpromotethesafetyoffood.Thesepolicies→

←(65)theentirefoodchainfromproductiontoconsumptionandwillmakeuseofdifferenttypesofexpertise（专长）. A.compareB.estimateC.explainD.reduce7.弟一篇

TheWorkfsBest-Se川ngMedicine

Sinceancienttimes，peopleallovertheworldhaveusedw川owtostoppain.Thewillowtreecontainssalicyticacid(水杨酸）.Thisstopspain，butthereisoneproblem.Salicylicacidalsohurtsthestomach.In1853，aFrenchscientistmadeamixturefromwillowthatdidnothurtthestomach.However,hismixturewasdifficulttomake，andhedidnottrytoproduceorsellit.

In1897,inGermany,FelixHoffmannalsomadeamixturewithsalicylicatcid.Hetriedithimselffirstabouthengaveittohisfatherbecausehisfatherwasoldandinalotofpain.Hisfather'spreventaway,andthemixturedidnothurthisstomach.

HoffmannWorkedforBayer,aGermancompany.Heshowedhisnewdrugtohismanage,whotestedthedrugandfoundthatitworkedwell.Bayerdecidedtomakethedrug.TheycalleditaspirinandputtheBayernameoneverypill.

Aspirinwasanimmediatesuccess.Almosteveryonehaspainofsomekind，soaspirinanswereda

trueneed.Aspirinwascheap,easytotake，andeffective.Italsoloweredfevers.Aspirinwasawinderdrug.

Atfirst,Bayersoldthedrugthroughdoctors，whothensoldittotheirpatients.In1915,thecompanystaredtosellaspirinindrugstores.IntheUnitedStates，Bayerhadapatent（专利权）onthedrug.Othercompaniescouldmakesimilarproductsandselltheminothercountries，butonlyBayercouldmakeandsellaspirinintheUnitedStates.Intime，BayercouldnolongerownthenameaspirinintheUnitedStates.Othercompaniescouldmakeitthere，too.However，Bayeraspirinwasthemostwellknown，andformanyyears,itwasthemarketleader.

By

the1950snew

painkillerswereonthemarket.Aspirinwasnolongertheonlywaytotreatpainandreducefever.Bayerandothercompanieslookedforotherdrugstomake.However,inthe1970stheygotasurprise.Doctorsnoticedthatpatientswhoweretakingaspirinhadfewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.ABritishresearchernamedJohnVanefoundthereasonaspirinhelpedtopreventheartattacks.In1982，hewontheNobelPrizeforhisresearch.Doctorsstartedtotellsomeoftheirpatientstotakeaspirineverydaytopreventheartattacks.Ithasmadelifebetterforthemanypeoplewhotakeit.IthasalsomadealotofmoneyforcompanieslikeBayerthatproduceandsellit!Whathashappenedtoaspirinsincenewpaink"lerscameonthemarket?AItsnewusehasbeendiscovered.BCompanieshavestoppedsellingit.CIthasbecomethebest-sellingpainkiller.DDoctorshavesoldittopatients.8.GrossNationalHappinessInthelastcentury,newtechnologyimprovedthelivesofmanypeopleinmanycountries.However,onecountryresistedthesechanges.HighintheHimalayanmountainsofAsia,thekingdomofBhutanremainecTseparate.ItspeopleandBuddhist(佛教）culturehadnotbeenaffectedforalmostathousandyears.Bhutan,however,wasapoorcountry.Peoplediedatayoungage.Mostofitspeoplecouldnotread,andtheydidnotknowmuchabouttheoutsideworld.Then,in1972，anewrulernamedKingJigmeSingyeWangchuckdecidedtohelpBhutantobecomemodern,butwithoutlosingitstraditions.KingWangchucklookedatothercountriesforideas.HesawthatmostcountriesmeasuredtheirprogressbytheirGrossNationalProduct(GNP).TheGNPmeasuresproductsandmoney.Whenthenumberofproductssoldincreases,peoplesaythecountryismakingprogress.KingWangchuckhadadifferentideaforBhutan.Hewantedtomeasurehiscountry’sprogressbypeople’shappiness.Ifthepeople’shappinessincreased，thekingcouldsaythatBhutanwasmakingprogress.Todecideifpeoplewerehappier,hecreatedameasurecalledGrossNationalHappiness(GNH).GNHisbasedoncertainprinciplesthatcreatehappiness.Peoplearehappieriftheyhavehealthcare,education,andjobs.Theyarehappierwhentheyliveinahealthy,protectedenvironment.Theyarehappierwhentheycankeeptheirtraditionalcultureandcustoms.Finally,peoplearehappierwhentheyhaveagood,stablegovernment.NowthereissomeevidenceofincreasedGNHinBhutan.Peoplearehealthierandarelivinglonger.Morepeopleareeducatedandemployed.Twenty-fivepercentofthelandhasbecomenationalparks,andthecountryhasalmostnopollution.TheBhutanesecontinuetoweartheirtraditionalclothingandfollowtheirancientBuddhistcustoms.Bhutanhasalsobecomeademocracy.In2008，KingWangchuckgavehispowertohisson.Althoughthecountrystillhadaking,ithelditsfirstdemocraticelectionsthatyear.Bhutanhadpoliticalpartiesandpoliticalcandidatesforthefirsttime.Finally,BhutanhasconnectedtotherestoftheworldthroughtelevisionandtheInternet.Bhutanisasymbolforsocialprogress.ManycountriesarenowinterestedinBhutan’sGNH.Thesecountriesareinvestigatingtheirownwaystomeasurehappiness.Theywanttocreatenewpoliciesthattakecareoftheirpeople,cultures,andland.BrazilmaybethenextcountrytousetheprinciplesofGNH.BrazilianleadersseetheprinciplesofGNHasasourceofinspiration.Brazilisalargecountrywithadiversepopulation.IfhappinessworksasameasureofprogressinBrazil,perhapstherestoftheworldwillfollow.WhowasJigmeSingyeWangchuck?A.Apresident.B.ABuddhistpriest.C.Aking.D.Ageneral.9.AreYouGett丨ngEnoughSleep?Whathappensifyoudon'tgetenoughsleep?RandyGardner,ahighschoolstudentintheUnitedStates,wantedtofindout.Hedesignedanexperimentontheeffectsofsleeplessforaschoolscienceproject.Withdoctorswatchinghimcarefully，Gardnerstayedawakefor264hoursand12minutes.That’selevendaysandnightswithoutsleep!WhateffectdidsleeplessnesshaveonGardner?After24hourswithoutsleep，Gardnerstartedhavingtroublereadingandwatchingtelevision.Thewordsandpicturesweretooblurry(模糊).Bythethirdday，hewashavingtroubledoingthingswithhishands.Bythefourthday,Gardnerwashallucinating(产生幻觉）.Forexample，whenhesawastreetsign，hpthoughtitwasaperson.Healsoimaginedhewasafamousfootballplayer.Overthenextfewdays,Gardner'sspeechbecamesoslurred(不清楚）thatpeoplecouldn’tunderstandhim.Healsohadtroublerememberingthings.Bytheeleventhday，Gardnercouldn'tpassacountingtest.Inthemiddleofthetesthesimplystoppedcounting.Hecouldn'trememberwhathewasdoing.WhenGardnerfinallywenttobed,hesleptfor14hoursand45minutes.Thesecondnighthesleptfortwelvehours，thethirdnighthesleptfortenandone-halfhours,andbythefourthnight,hehadreturnedtohisnormalsleepschedule.EventhoughGardnerrecoveredquickly，scientistsbelievethatgoingwithoutsleepcanbedangerous.TheysaythatpeopleshouldnotrepeatRandy’sexperiment.Testsonwhiteratshaveshownhowserioussleeplessnesscanbe.Afterafewweekswithoutsleep，theratsstartedlosingtheirfur(皮毛）.Andeventhoughtheratsatemorefoodthanusual，theylostweight.Eventuallytheratsdied.Duringyourlifetime,youwillprobablyspend25yearsormoresleeping.Butwhy?Whatisthepurposeofsleep?Surprisingly，scientistsdon’tknowforsure.Somescientiststhinkwesleepinordertoreplenish(补充）braincells.Otherscientiststhinkthatsleephelpsthebodytogrowandtorelievestress.Whateverthereason，weknowthatitisimportanttogetenoughsleep.19IttookfourdaysforGardnertorecover什omtheeffectsoftheexperiment.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned10.InYourFaceWhyisthismansoangry?Wedon’tknowthereason,butwecanseetheemotioninhisface.Whatevercultureyoucomefrom,youcanunderstandthefeelingthatheisexpressing.Fortyyearsago,psychologistPaulEkmanoftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,becameinterestedinhowpeople’sfacesshowtheirfeelings.HetookphotographspfAmericansexpressingvariousemotions.ThenheshowedthemtotheForepeople,wholiveinthejungleinNewGuinea.MostoftheForehadneverseenforeignfaces，buttheye