考试段落总结(研究生英语多维教程熟谙)

Unit1从能力到责任Whentoday’shigh-schoolseniorsareaskedwhattheyplantodoaftergraduates,mostsaythattheyintendtogetabachelor’sdegree.Theyhavebeentoldthattheirgenerationhasonly“onewaytowin”-bygettingatleastatleastabachelor’sdegree,inthehopethatitwilleventuallyleadtoaprofessionaljob.Inarecentsurveyofhigh-schoolseniorsconductedbytheNationCenterforEducationStatistics,85percentoftherespondentssaidtheyplannedtogetabachelor’sdegree.And,although20yearsagoonly45percentofhigh-schoolgraduateswentontocollege,today68percentactuallymatriculate(注册),withthemajorityenrollinginfour-yearortwo-yearprogramsdesignedtoallowthemtransfertofour-yearinstitutions.Accordingtoconventionalwisdom,therapidriseinthenumberofstudentsattendingcollegeiscausefornationalcelebration.Butourresearchsuggeststhat,intenditmaybecausefornationalconcern.Why?Becauseformanyyoungpeople,the“onewaytowin”paradigm(例子)isnotrealistic,giventheiracademictalentsandthelabor-marketprojections.Studentsrankingbelowthetopthirdoftheirhigh-schoolgraduatingclasstoooftenfailtoearnasbachelor’sdegreeiftheyenrollincollege.Thecostofsuchfailure–inbothdollarsandunmetexpectations-isrisingandbeginningtoerodepublicconfidenceinoursystemofhigheducation.A1.（ArnodToynbeehassaidthatallprogress…）德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子的能力允许的范围内为他们开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。2.(Thesecondopportunitywecangiveourboys…)我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权力。德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢？美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。我们现在生活在一个外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。这些话听起来很刺耳，但都是残酷的事实。如果我们剥夺了孩子的失败权力，实际上我们就剥夺了他们如实地认识世界的机会。B1.（如今的大学生，尽管他们努力的想使自己成才，但对未来还是很模糊的）Today'suniversitystudentsarestrugglingtoestablishthemselves,buttheystillhaveambiguousfeelingsabouttheirfuture.2.（一个人如果不能找到自我以外的中心，就不能实现它的自我价值。所以，理想的本科教育必须使学生超越自我）Amancannotfindhimselfwithoutfindingacenterbeyondhi.Sotheidealismoftheundergraduateexperiencemusthelpthestudenttranscendhimself.3.（我们强烈的希望在大学所学到的知识在今后的工作与学习中能起到重要的作用）Weeagerlyhopethatthelessonsleanedintheuniversitywillrevealthemselvesinourperformanceintheworkplaceandfurthereducation.4.（四年的本科学习是走向成功生活的唯一道路，这种说法是无法接受的）Itcannotgounchallengedtosaythatthe4-yearundergraduateexperienceistheonlypathtosuccessinlife.5.（在对一个关键的问题做结论时，如果只相信所谓的专家而不相信自己，不根据调查的结果，不根据实验的数据，那是在冒险）Weruntheriskofmakingcriticaldecisions,notonthebasisofwhatweknow,thefindingsofinvestigations,andthedataofexperiments,butonthebasisofblindfaithinprofessedexperts.6.（我们的事业需要一批受过良好教育又能关心他人的年轻人，他们能团结一致，相互学习，积极参加四化建设）Ourtaskneedsalargegroupofwell-informed,caringyoungpeoplewhocanbandtogether,learnfromeachother,andactivelyparticipateinthefourmodernizations.7.（如果这所新学校要有生命力的话，它培养的学生不仅要有扎实的基础和熟练的专业技能，还要有奉献精神）Ifitistoendure,thenewschoolshouldhelpthestudentsnotonlyacquireasoldbasiceducationandbecomecompetentinaspecificfield,butalsobereadytocommitthemselvestoothers.8.（如果大学生对考试过于投入，就有可能把能力与奉献放到次要的地位，这样说一点也不过分）Itisnottoomuchtosaythatifundergraduatesexcessivelydevotethemselvestoexaminations,thewillpushcompetenceandcommitmenttothefringes.9.（我甚至没有跟他说话，当然更不用说与他讨论有关你们学校的改建问题）Ididn'tevenspeaktohim;muchlessdiscussthereconstructionofyourschoolwithhim.10.（有人认为考试是很重要的，但也有人认为考试有不少弊端。所以考试留下了一个未能解决的问题---考试对教育有什么影响？）Somepeoplethinkexaminationsaresecondtonone,butsomethinkexaminationshavealotofdisadvantages.Examinationsleaveusanopenessentialquestion---whatinfluencedoexaminationsexertoneducation?Unit2家庭企业：下一代的前景E.Asmallfamily-ownedcompany,Eisai,wasoneoftheoriginalmanufacturersofvitaminE,anditmaintainedastrongresearchcommitmenttonaturalpharmaceuticals.Overtheyears,itdevelopeddrugsforthetreatmentofcardiovascular,respiratory,andneurologicaldiseases.Thecompanyexperiencedsteady.Modestgrowth,andin1992salesreached197billionyenandprofitsapproached13billionyen.Althoughitwasthesixth-largestJapanesepharmaceuticalcompany,Eisaiwasarelativelysmallplayerinanindustryinwhichglobalcompetitionwasincreasingwhilegrowthinthedomesticmarketwasslowingdown.In1993,HaruoNaitotookoveraspresidentfromhisfather.Beforethat,hehadchairedEisai’sfive-yearstrategicplanningcommittee.Duringthattime,hehadbecomeconvincedthatthecompany’sfocusonthediscoveryandmanufactureofpharmaceuticalswasnotsustainableforlong-termgrowthagainstlarge,globalcompetitors.Twoyearsafterbecomingpresident,NaitoformulatedaradicalnewvisionforEisaithathecalledHumanHealthCare.Itextendedthecompany’sfocusfrommanufacturingdrugtreatmentsforspecificillnesstoimprovingtheoverallqualityoflife.Toaccomplishthatmission,Eisaidevelopedawidearrayofnewproducts.Andthat,inturn,wouldrequirebroadinvolvementandcommitment.Heencouragedinnovativeactivityandcreatedanenvironmentinwhichemployees’effortswouldbeacceptedandrewarded.Soontherewereproposalsfor130additionalHHCprojectsandbytheendof1996,intheJapanesedomesticpharmaceuticalindustry,andEisai’scustomersandcompetitorsviewthecompanyasaleaderinhealthcare.A1.(Owners/foundersareextremelydrivenanddynamic.Oftenthey…)业主/企业创建者不仅进取advancesinfuelqualityandefficiencyandintechnologywouldradicallyreducetheemissionsfromautomobiles.6.(在美国，高度发达的公路网使在各地之间来来往往成为可能)AhighlydevelopedhighwaynetworkhasmadepossibletheeasymovementfromcoasttocoastintheUnitedStates.7.(一想到这条林荫大道的建设速度，参观者都感到很吃惊：这条路不久前还在开挖及铺设排水管)Theverythoughtofthespeedatwhichthebeautifulavenuewasconstructedelectrifiedeveryvisitor;theroadhadonlyrecentlybeentornuptolaydrain-pipesnotlongago.8.(环境保护主义者严厉谴责了汽车，认为汽车是产生空气污染的主要因素)Environmentalistshavedenouncedautomobiles,believingtheyareamajorfactorintheproductionofdirtyair.9.(由于有便利的公共交通，在大都市的市郊，许多新建的住宅群拔地而起)Manynewresidentialcomplexeshaverisenupinthesuburbsofmetropolitancitiesbecauseoftheavailabilityofconvenientpublictransportation.10.(尽管非常喜欢汽车，许多人还是相信广泛的使用公共交通系统能缓解交通拥挤)Despitetheirloveforcars,manypeoplelendcredencetotheextensiveuseofthepublictransportsystem,whichcancutdownontrafficcongestion.Unit4无子女家庭：亘古生息的反叛D.Childrenarenowleavinghomeinlateadolescence-anearlieragethaninthepast.Adolescentarenolongerinvolvedinmakinganeconomiccontributiontothefamily.Infact,theirmajoreconomicimpactedisasconsumers.Therefore,thefamilyhaslittlereasontokeepthechildhomeasaneconomiccontribution.Itisbecomingincreasinglycommonforyoungpeopletoleavehomeforcollegeortolivewithsomeoneelsewhentheybecomeemployed.Notonlydofamilieshavefewerchildrenbuttheyhavetheminschoolandoutofthehomeatyoungeragesthaninthepast.Themostsurprisingfindingswithregardtochildrenshowanegativeimpactonmarriageduetochildren.Therehasbeenmuchevidencethatchildrencontributetogreaterconflictanduncertaintyinamarriage.Studiesshowthatgeneralifesatisfactionishighestforpeoplewhentheyareyoung,married,andchildless.OtherstudiesshowthatAmericancoupleswithchildrenathomelendtohavelowermaritalsatisfactionthanthosewithoutchildren.Forbothmenandwomen,reportsofhappinessandsatisfactiondrop-anddon’triseagainuntilthechildrenaregrownandabouttoleavethenest.A（Someobserverssuggestthatperhapswhatweareseeing…）1.一些观察家提出，我们正在看到的这种现象根本就不是什么重大变化，或许它和性革命一样，不是人们行为上的而是表达方式上的一种剧变。一位住在康涅狄格州的精神分析学家说，“也许，一直就有那么一群与众不同的人存着。只不过他们现在从隐蔽外走了出来，公开表明了他们的观点，就像同性恋者那样。我们这一时代的潮流就是干你想干的事而不是加以掩饰。这些人身上所反映的不是什么变革而是人们现在越来越坦率直言的这样一个现象。2.在最近几十年的时间里，人们渐渐地明白了一个事实，那就是：为数不多的妇女已不再接受并愿意扮演深居简出的传统母亲角色。许多人认为家庭的重要性正日益消失。妇女受教育程度的提高是造成这一文化的重要因素。如今，百分之八十的妇女完成了四年制的高中学习。而在1940年，完成这一阶段学习的妇女仅占百分之三十。这与现在美国妇女平均晚一年结婚有关。二十岁至二十四岁未婚者从1960年的28%上升到20世纪70年代的40%。人们推迟了生儿育女的时间，只有不到10%的妇女是在结婚后两年内生孩子。除此之外，越来越多的妇女不想要孩子。工作、晚婚、不要孩子是近年来妇女作用发生变化的主要表现。B1.(一些职业观察家认为，现在的年轻人不再对政治和事业感兴趣；他们越来越关注与他们自身关系更为密切的问题)Someprofessionalobserversbelievethatyoungpeopletodayarenolongerinterestedinpoliticsandcauses,butrather,havebecomeincreasinglypreoccupiedwithissuesclosertothemselves.2.(一个妇女所获得的教育程度越高，就越有可能走出小家庭这个环境，到社会上去实现自我)Thehigherawoman’seducationalattainment,themorelikelysheistogooutoftheprivatesettingofthenuclearfamilyandtorealizeherselfinthecommunity.3.(就我而言，一些已婚夫妇做出选择不要小孩的真正原因是他们非常自恋，以至于他们没有多余的爱给别人)AsfarasIamconcerned,whatreallyliesbehindthedecisionofsomemarriedcouplesnottostartafamilyisthattheyaresonarcissisticandhavenomarginoflovetospareothers.4.(这家公司甚至在未征求发明人同意的情况下，就将其一项注册过的新发明投放市场)Thecompanyputonthemarketaregisteredinventionevenwithoutaskingtheinventor’spermission,whichgoesagainstthepatentlaw.5.(在一些国家的敦促下，联合国对该国施加压力，迫使其放弃研制和使用核武器)Urgedbysomeothercountries,theUnitedNationshaspressuredthecountrytogiveupdevelopingandusingnuclearweapons.6.(按照每个会员必须是无子女这一规定，怀特先生及其太太只好退出Non-Parent协会，因为他们很快就要当父母了)Accordingtotherulethateverymembershouldremainchildless,Mr.AndMswhitehavenoalternativebuttowithdrawfromtheNon-ParentAssociation,fortheywillattainparenthoodsoon.7.(他期望通过上演一部肥皂剧来揭示现实生活所固有的复杂性)Heexpectstoreveal,bypresentingasoapopera,thecomplexityimplicitinreallife.8.(几乎在每个国家，嗜用麻醉品、酗酒和摧残儿童都有变为最令人深思的社会问题的趋势)Invirtuallyeverycountry,drugabuse,alcoholabuseandchildabuseloonasmostchallengingsocialproblems.9.(在接受采访时，这些老年人合理的解释了诶什么会对当今青年人产生矛盾心理的原因)Wheninterviewed,theseelderlypeoplerationalizedwhytheywereambivalentabouttoday’syoungpeople.10.(不少大学生更关心怎样在毕业后谋得一份报酬优厚的工作，怎样在这个充满竞争的社会里迅速得到提升)Manycollegestudentsarefarmoreconcernedwithhowtogetahighly-paidjobongraduationandhowtoreceiveaquickpromotioninthecompetitivesociety.Unit5三明治人－－生存在夹缝中的一代人D.Intheworld’srichcountries,whenyouretireat65youcanexpecttolive,onaverage,foranother15or20years.Ahundredyearsagoyouwould,onaverage,havebeenalreadydead.Thelate20thcenturyhasbroughttomanytheultimategift:theluxuryofaging.Butlikeanyluxury,agingisexpensive.Governmentsarefrettingabout(苦恼)thecostalready;Buttheyalsoknowthatfarworseistocome:Overthenext30or40years,thedemographicchangesoflongerlivesandfewerbirthswillforcemostcountriestorethinkinfundamentalwaystheirarrangementsforpayingforandlookingafterolderpeople.In199018%ofpeopleinOECDcountrieswereagedover60.By2030thatfigurewillhaverisentoover30%.Theshareofthe“Oldestold”(thoseover80),nowaround3%,issettodouble.Thevastmajorityoftheseolderpeoplewillbeconsumers,notproducers.Thankstostatetransfers,beingoldindevelopedcountriesmostlynolongermeansbeingpoor.Theoldpeoplewillexpectdecentpensionstoliveon;theywillmakeheavydemandsonmedicalservices;andsomewillneedexpensivenursingcare.Yetwhiletheirnumbersareexpandingfast,numbersofpeopleatwork-whowillhavetofootthebill-willstaymuchthesame,soeachworkerwillhavetocarryamuchheavierburden.Masssurvivaltoaripeoldagewillnotbeconfinedtorichcountries.Mostdevelopingcountries,whosepopulationsarenowmuchyoungerthanthedevelopedworld’s,arestartingtoagefast.A（Thenewcombinationofageandpovertyinseveralcountries…）在不少拉丁美洲和亚洲的国家,老年化和贫困将引起许多新问题,而这些问题对于工业化国家来说并不陌生,但是这些国家拥有资源少得多。在使用有限资源时所遇到伦理道德问题将更为突出,为医疗保健和养老金提供资金可能成为这些国家面临的一件棘手的事。在许多国家,老年人的人数太少,政治上多半相当被动,以致无法成为一个能对长期政策施加有效压力来促进自身利益的团体。但随着其数量增多,这种状况正在改变，他们知道需要集结政治力量。到2030年将没有一个政治家大胆到敢于忽略三分之一这部份老年选民——特别老年选民一般参加投票的人数要比其他选民多。B1.(总的来说，人变得越来越有同情心；不少家庭收养了来自市孤儿院的孤儿)Generally,peoplehavebecomemorecompassionateandquiteafewfamilieshavetakeninanorphanfromthemunicipalorphanage.2.(一个有工作的妇女既要照顾她的孩子和老人，又要设法保有这份工作，是一件非常困难的事情)Itisademandingtaskforaworkingwomantolookafterherparentsandherchildrenwhileholdingdownajob.3.(起先，我们对他们初次在异国他乡生活感到担忧，但是结果他们在那个