Cultural-Differences-and-Strategies-of-Translation英语专业论文

PAGEPAGE17中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目:CulturalDifferencesandStrategiesofTranslation姓名：000000班级、学号：00000000000000000系(部)：经济管理系专业：商务英语指导教师：0000000000开题时间：2009年4月10日完成时间：2009年10月29日2009年目录毕业设计任务书…………………1毕业设计成绩评定表……………2答辩申请书……………………3-4正文……………5-6答辩委员会表决意见……………7答辩过程记录表…………………8课题CulturalDifferencesandStrategiesofTranslation课题(论文)提纲0.引言1.语言、文化和翻译之间的关系2.中西方之间的文化差异3.翻译时所遇到的困难4.语言学上对翻译看法的差异5.翻译整篇文章从翻译单词开始6.直译7.意译8.翻译时应注意部分和整体的衔接问题9.列举一些翻译的策略(1)怎样理解和翻译习语(2)翻译专有名词时应该注意些什么(3)怎样翻译术语二、内容摘要【摘要】语言是文化的载体,文化的形成离不开语言。因此,在翻译中,译者除忠于原文外,还应更好地把握特定的异域文化,加深对语言文化的理解和领悟,才能准确有效地传词达意。从中西文化差异入手,就对客观世界的认识、宗教信仰、文化表达等方面提出了翻译中存在的问题,指出在翻译中应该采用一定的翻译策略,进行合理得体的文化转换,以提高源语的可译度。参考文献［1］李源.英汉文化差异与语言翻译初探［J］.云南师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版，1998(2):78-82.［2］刘宓庆.当代翻译理论［M］.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999.［3］孙晶.直译、意译翻译与归化、异化［J］.齐齐哈尔医学院学报，2007（3）:336-337.［4］Toury,Gideon.DescriptiveTranslationStudiesandBeyond［M］.Shanghai;ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001,56.胡壮麟.语言教程［M］.北京：北京大学出版社，1988，362-363巴尔胡达罗夫。语言与翻译（蔡毅等译）。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，140Newmark,Peter.Atextbookoftranslation［M］.PrenticeHallInternational(UK)Ltd,1988Nida,E.A.Language,Culture,Translation［J］.外国语，1988（3）CulturalDifferencesandStrategiesofTranslation000【摘要】Translationiscommunicationbetweendifferentcultures.ThispaperanalysestheimportanceofunderstandingtheculturaldifferencesbetweenEasternandWesterncountries.Bygivingsomeexamples,italsoexplainstheinfluenceofculturaldifferencesontheunderstandingofwordmeaningsandsemanticinformationintranslation.Finally,theauthorpresentstheconcretestrategiesinpracticingEnglish-ChinesetranslationKeywords：language;culturaldifferences;translation;strategies.Contents0.IntroductionTranslationisacross-culturalcommunicationevent.Itconcernsnotonlythetransferbetweenlanguages,butalsothetransferbetweencultures.ProfessorWangZuoliangoncesaid,"Translationinvolveslanguageaswellasculture."Thatmeanstranslationisnotmerelyalinguisticactivity,butessentiallyaculturalcommunication.Traditionaltranslationstudiespaylessattentiontotheculturalphenomenaintheprocessoftranslation.Infact,languageisauniquefeatureofhumansociety.Itservesnotonlyasameansofconveyingideasandfeelings,butalsoasasemioticsystemtostoreinformation.Therefore,initsdevelopment,languagehasbeendeeplyingrainedwithtracesofaparticularsociety,reflectinguniqueculturalheritage.Themajortaskoftranslationistoturntheculturalcontentinonelanguageintoanother."Translationcannotbutencounterstheproblemofcultureanditsrepresentation."Culturalfactorsreflecttheconfrontationofculturaldepositsintheprocessoftranslatingfromonelanguagetoanother,makingitdifficulttorecapturetherelationshipbetweenthesourcetextandthesourceculture.Languageispartofacultureaswellasitscarrier.Sincetranslationisrealizedthroughthetooloflanguage,culturaldifferencesandtheirinteractionsareboundtobereflectedinthelanguagesinvolved.Tothosewhoareinterestedintranslationanimportanttopicforstudyingistheculturalvalueoflanguage.1.Language,CultureandTranslationLanguageandCultureLanguageexpressesculturalreality.Languageembodiesculturalreality.Languagesymbolizesculturalreality.Languageistheheartwithinthebodyofculture,anditistheinteractionbetweenthetwothatresultsinthecontinuationoflife-energy.Inthesamewaythatthesurgeon,operatingontheheart,cannotneglectthebodythatsurroundsit,sothetranslatortreatsthetextinisolationfromthecultureathisperil.Cultureorcivilizationmixwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.TranslationTranslationconsistsinreproducingtheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguageinthereceptorlanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.Translationisnotonlytranslationoflanguagebutalsotranslationofculture,anditisthelattercharacteristicthatplaysareallyimportantroleininterculturalcommunicationwhichpromotestheadvancementofthewholesociety.Translationisnotonlyanactivityoflanguagesandthoughts,butalsoasocialandculturalactivity.Alltheactivitiesintranslationsuchastheselectionoftext,thetransitionandtranslatingstrategyandtheissueoftranslationaremanipulatedandnormalizedbysuchouterelements.2.CulturalDifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishCultureisthegeneralconceptofart,belief,theoutlookofvalue,traditionandcustom,anditcansignificantlyreflectthecharacteristicsofsomesocieties,people,areas,orsomecountries.Amongthepartsofsomecertaincultures,theremustbealanguagebywhichpeopleexpressthemselvesandcommunicatewitheachother.Languageisalsoanimportantcarrierofculture,andthetwoareofgreatimportancetoeachother.Peoplefosteredbydifferentcultureswillshowtheircharacteristicwaysoflanguagespeakingandcommunicating，owingtotheirdifferentregimes,culturaltraditions,theoutlookofvalues,lifestyles,andwaysofthinking.Ifweneglectthedifferencesamongvariousculturesandspeaktowesternersinthewaysofourmothertongue,wemightcommitsomeinappropriatenessevenmisunderstandings,whichmaybringusunsuccessfulcommunication.Inotherwords,wewillnevermasterandhandlealanguageinwordanddeedunlessweunderstandthediscrepancies,thewaysanddisciplinesDuringtranslation,EnglishandChineseculturesoftenmeetvariousnegativefactorsoriginatedfromculturaldifferences.Itisthedifferencesthatcausethelimitationofinter-lingualtranslation.Similarly,translatingcannotbeseparatedfromculturalbackgroundknowledge.Intranslation,eventheverysimpleexpressionscannotbedealtwithwithoutanyconsiderationofspecificcontextandcustoms.3.ThedifficultyencounteredwhentranslatingAsweallknow,therearemanymeaningstowordsandexpressions.Howdoyouknowthewordsandexpressionsaresuitforthismeaning?Awordmaybethismeaninginthissentence,butititwillbeanothermeaninginothersentence.Therefore,thefirstdifficultywhatwewillencounteristhedifferentmeaningofwordsandexpressions.Thereareanothersituationthateveryonehassuffered.whileyouarelookingatasentence,youcanlookupthedictionarytomakedearnewwordsandgrammar.Howerer,it’snotenoughforustojustunderstandthese.Youstilldon’tunderstandhowtotranslatethissentence.Soit’stheseconddifficultywemayencounter.Sometimeswemaylackofsomegeneralknowledge.It’sbecomeabigproblemfortranslatingevenifwehaveskimedthroughthewholeessay.Inordertosolvethesedifficulties,weshouldcombinetranslationwithlanguage,culturalbackgroundandcontext.4.ThedifferenceoflinguisticsthesentenceinformationForsometimeCzechoslovakslinguistsdevotedattentiontotheproblemofanalyzingthesentencefromafunctionalpointofview.Theybelieveasentencecontainsapointofdepartureandagoalofdiscourse.Thepointofdepartureisequallypresenttothespeakerandtotheheater–itistheirrallyingpoint,thegroundonwhichtheymeet.ThisiscalledtheTHEME.Thegoalofdiscoursepresentstheveryinformationthatistobeimpartedtotheheater.ThisiscalledthePHEME.ItisbelievedthatthemovementfromtheThemetotheRhemerevealsthemovementoftheminditself.Languagesmayusedifferentsyntacticstructures,buttheorderofidealsremainsbasicallythesame.Basedontheseobservations,theyhavecreatedthenotionFUNCTIONALSENTENCEPERSECTIVEtodescribehowinformationisdistributedinsentences.FSPdealsparticularwiththeeffectofthedistributionofknowninformationandnewinformationindiscourse.TheKNOWNINFORMATIONreferstoinformationthatisnotnewtothereaderorhearer.TheNEWINFORMATIONiswhattobetransmittedtothereaderorhearer.5.ThebeginningoftranslationistotranslatewordsAllthesame,wedotranslatewords,becausethereisnothingelsetotranslate;thereareonlythewordsonthepages;thereisnothingelsethere.Wedonottranslateisolatedwords,wetranslatewordsallmoreorless(andsometimeslessratherthanmore,butnevernotatall)boundbytheirsyntactic,collocation,situational,culturalandindividualdialectalcontexts.Lexicographersareincreasinglycognizantofthefactthatthemeaningofawordisdependentonthesymptomatictermsthatformtheverbalcontextofusage.Infact,theprinciplethatinanysymbolicsystemtheroleofthecontextismaximizedandtheroleofthefocalelementisminimizedhasleadtotherecognitionthataworddoesnothavedozensofmeaningsthatarepointedtobythediversecontexts,butthatthefocaltermandthecontextformacrucialcognitiveunit…Themeaningofawordmustbedeterminedbythesymptomaticcontextsandtheculturalcontexts….Realmeaningisalwaystotalmeaning.6.LiteralTranslationTheSLgrammaticalconstructionsareconvertedtotheirnearestTLequivalentsbutthelexicalwordsareagaintranslatedsingly,outofcontext.Asapre_translationprocess,thisindicatestheproblemstobesolved.Freetranslationreproducesthematterwithoutthemanner,orthecontentwithouttheformoftheoriginal.Usuallyitisaparaphrasemuchlongerthantheoriginal,aso-called‘intralinguastranslation,’oftenprolixandpretention,andnottranslationatall.7.FreeTranslationTraditionally,thetwomajororientationsintranslatinghavebeenliteralandfree.Thiscontrasthasbeenprimarilyamatteroffocus.Sometranslatorshavebeenquitewillingtosacrificetheformalelementsofthetargetlanguageandeventheintelligibilityofthetargetlanguagetextforthesakeofpreservingwhattheyregardastheintegrityofthesourcetext.Suchanorientation(Literaltranslation)hasbeenparticularlypopularamongmanytranslatorsofclassicliterary,fortheyhavevaluedgreatlytheformofsuchtexts.Personsengagedinthetranslationofreligiousdocumentshavealsotentedtosacrificethetargetlanguageforthesakeofreflectingtheformofthesourcetext,sinceoftenreligiontendstopromotewordworship.Likewise,thosewhohavebeenassignedthetaskoftranslatingpoliticaldocumentsdefendtheirliteraltranslationsbecausetheydonotwanttobringintothetextanypossibleexcusefordivergentinterpretation.Thosewhofavorwhatisnormallycalled“freetranslation”haveusuallyoptedtosacrificetheformofthesourcelanguageforthesakeofeleganceandintelligibilityinthetargetlanguage.Ingeneralthesehavebeenthepersonsconcernedwithtranslatingtechnicaltexts,how-to-do-itmanuals,urgentnotices,popularnews.8.TheQuestionofthepartandthewholeLanguageishighlydialectical.Nothingisimmutableandisolated.Thechoiceofwordsinasentencesaswellasthesentenceitselfisaffectedbywhatgoesbeforeorcomesafter.InhisbookentitledBetterEnglishG.HVillainssaysthatwordscannotbetreatedinisolation.AndastheEnglishphilosopherWittgensteinputsit,Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage.Ithinktheyarequiteright.Takewordslike“Tableandchairforinstance”.Peoplewouldsaythemeaningofsuchwordsisquiteconcreteandfixed.Tablemeans桌子,andchairmeans椅子.Butevenwithwordsdenotingconcretethingsmuchdependonthecontextandontheiruseinthesentence.Whenwesaytableamotionorchairameeting,surelytablenolongermeanssomethingatwhichwehaveourmealsorchairsomethingwesiton.Ofcourseyoumayarguethattableandchairarenolongernounsbutverbs,andthatiswhythemeaningisdifferent.Well,howaboutthetableofcontentsandchairofphilosophyasinthesentence,SheholdsthechairofphilosophyatOxford.Andthenyouhavethetwelvetables(lawspromulgatedinRome451-450B.C.)themultiplicationtable,keepthetableamused,turnthetableonsomebodyandaboveorbelowthechair(ofaldermanwhohasorhasnotbeenmajor).Thewholeismadeofthepart.Themeaningofthepartisdeterminedbythatofthewhole.Naturally,thepartandthewholearerelativeterms.Sometimesaphraseorclauseorsentenceformsthewhole.Butatothertimestheyoftenformonlyapartofthewholeinawidercontext.9.StrategiesoftranslationTranslationisakindofactivitywhichinevitablyinvolvesatleasttwolanguageandculturaltraditions,i.e.,atleasttwosetsofnormsystemsoneachlevel.Thus,thevaluebehinditmaybedescribedasconstitutingoftwomajorelements:(1)Beingatextinacertainlanguage,andhenceoccupyingaposition,orfillinginaslot,intheappropriatecultural,orinacertainsectionthereof;(2)Constitutingareorientationinthatlanguage/culturalofanother,preexistingtextinsomeotherlanguage,belongingtosomeothercultureandoccupyingadefinitepositionwithinit.…(1)HowtounderstandanidiomNormally,idiomaticandfixedexpressionshaveindividualcollocationalpatterns.Theformcollocationswithotheritemsinthetextassingeunitsandenterintolexicalsetwhicharedifferentfromtheseoftheirindividualwords.Theunderstandingofidiomistounderstanditsrhetoricmeaning.Therearetwoobjectivesforpeopleusingidioms.Onepurposeistoexpressitsmeaning.Anotheristoexpressmorelivelyandimage.Therefore,moreattentionshouldbepaidtotranslateidioms.Ifyoutranslateidioms,whichcan’tpassonitsrhetoricmeaning,itwillbeafailtranslation.Therearefourmethodsfortranslatingidioms:Dissimilation1)word-for-wordtranslation2)literaltranslationandannotation.3)similarway4)borrowwayWhatshouldbetakennoteoftranslatingproperNoun.ProperNouncanbeindividual,country,geographicname,institutionandorganizationetc.SuchasAnderson,China,Rudenstine,HarvardUniversityWhenyouencounterProperNoun,youshouldlookdictionaryWebsterNewCollegiateanddependonmemoryfirstly.Don’tbeeagerintranslatingaccordingtoyourowncomprehension.Secondweoughttodistinguishsignificantandnon-significantofProperNoun.Forexample:theMediterraneanseaand“日月潭”isfullofsignificant,Panamacityand“昆仑山”ispartofsignificant.(3)HowtotranslatetechnicaltermsTechnicaltermsreferstowordsandexpressionsofspecialmeaningusedforafewactivity,professionandsubject.Whiletranslatingtechnicalterms,weshouldpayattentiontothreeproblems.Forsomefield,thoughthetechnicaltermsisalone,thespecializationdegreeofincommonusetechnicaltermsisdifferent.Youcan’ttakethewordstooliterally.Thereislittledifferenceforthesametechnicaltermstousespecializedsubject,youcan’tconfuseonethingwithanother.Whentranslatingtheidenticaltechnicalterms,youmustshownodifference.Andyoucan’tmakecontradictoryfrombeginningtoend.Conclusion:Translationisnotonlyanactivityoflanguagesandthoughts,butalsoasocialandculturalactivity.Duringtranslation,EnglishandChineseculturesoftenmeetvariousnegativefactorsoriginatedfromculturaldifferences.Thus,agoodmasteroftheculturebackgroundisessentiallyrequiredforaculturaltranslator.ThisthesismainlydiscussesabouttheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,andalsoitsinfluencesontranslation.What’smore,atthelastpartofthethesis,theauthorpresentssomecommoncountermeasuresfortheculturaltranslation.参考文献：［1］李源.英汉文化差异与语言翻译初探［J］.云南师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版，1998(2):78-82.［2］刘宓庆.当代翻译理论［M］.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999.［3］孙晶.直译、意译翻译与归化、异化［J］.齐齐哈尔医学院学报，2007（3）:336-337.［4］Toury,Gideon.DescriptiveTranslationStudiesandBeyond［M］.Shanghai;ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001,56.胡壮麟.语言教程［M］.北京：北京大学出版社，1988，362-363巴尔胡达罗夫。语言与翻译（蔡毅等译）。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，140Newmark,Peter.Atextbookoftranslation［M］.PrenticeHallInternational(UK)Ltd,1988Nida,E.A.Language,Culture,Translation［J］.外国语，1988（3）基于C8051F单片机直流电动机反馈控制系统的设计与研究基于单片机的嵌入式Web服务器的研究MOTOROLA单片机MC68HC（8）05PV8/A内嵌EEPROM的工艺和制程方法及对良率的影响研究基于模糊控制的电阻钎焊单片机温度控制系统的研制基于MCS-51系列单片机的通用控制模块的研究基于单片机实现的供暖系统最佳启停自校正（STR）调节器单片机控制的二级倒立摆系统的研究基于增强型51系列单片机的TCP/IP协议栈的实现基于单片机的蓄电池自动监测系统基于32位嵌入式单片机系统的图像采集与处理技术的研究基于单片机的作物营养诊断专家系统的研究基于单片机的交流伺服电机运动控制系统研究与开发基于单片机的泵管内壁硬度测试仪的研制基于单片机的自动找平控制系统研究基于C8051F040单片机的嵌入式系统开发基于单片机的液压动力系统状态监测仪开发模糊Smith智能控制方法的研究及其单片机实现一种基于单片机的轴快流CO〈,2〉激光器的手持控制面板的研制基于双单片机冲床数控系统的研究基于CYGNAL单片机的在线间歇式浊度仪的研制基于单片机的喷油泵试验台控制器的研制基于单片机的软起动器的研究和设计基于单片机控制的高速快走丝电火花线切割机床短循环走丝方式研究基于单片机的机电产品控制系统开发基于PIC单片机的智能手机充电器基于单片机的实时内核设计及其应用研究基于单片机的远程抄表系统的设计与研究基于单片机的烟气二氧化硫浓度检测仪的研制基于微型光谱仪的单片机系统单片机系统软件构件开发的技术研究基于单片机的液体点滴速度自动检测仪的研制基于单片机系统的多功能温度测量仪的研制基于PIC单片机的电能采集终端的设计和应用基于单片机的光纤光栅解调仪的研制气压式线性摩擦焊机单片机控制系统的研制基于单片机的数字磁通门传感器基于单片机的旋转变压器-数字转换器的研究基于单片机的光纤Bragg光栅解调系统的研究单片机控制的便携式多功能乳腺治疗仪的研制基于C8051F020单片机的多生理信号检测仪基于单片机的电机运动控制系统设计Pico专用单片机核的可测性设计研究基于MCS-51单片机的热量计基于双单片机的智能遥测微型气象站MCS-51单片机构建机器人的实践研究基于单片机的轮轨力检测基于单片机的GPS定位仪的研究与实现基于单片机的电液伺服控制系统用于单片机系统的MMC卡文件系统研制基于单片机的时控和计数系统性能优化的研究基于单片机和CPLD的粗光栅位移测量系统研究单片机控制的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