2022年河北省正定高三英语上学期第二次考试试卷旧人教版会员独享

欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助!欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助!感谢阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助!感谢阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助!欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助!感谢阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助!河北正定中学2010—2011学年第一学期第二次考试高三年级英语试卷说明：一、本试卷共l2页，包括三部分，共150分。其中第一部分和第二部分为选择题，包括65个小题：第三部分为非选择题。考试时间l20分钟。二、答题前请仔细阅读答题卡上的“注意事项”，按照“注意事项”的规定答题。三、做选择题时，如需改动，请用橡皮将原选涂答案擦干净，再选涂其他答案。四、考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分英语知识运用(共三节，满分50分)第一节语音知识(共5小题：每小题l分，满分5分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。例：have A．gave B．save C．hat D．made答案是C。1.couchA.cough B.doubt C.through D.tough2.attemptA.become B.celebrate C.Chinese D.hotel3.child A.lively B.childrenC.machine D.brick4.person A.silence B.pause C.sugar D.treasure5.tongue A.language B.morning C.hungry ngle第二节语法和词汇知识(共15小题；每小题l分，满分l5分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。例：WeLastnight，butwewenttotheconcertinstead． A．musthavestudied B．mightstudy C．shouldhavestudied D．wouldstudy答案是C。6.Hawkingis_________success,_________disabledmanthoughheis.A．a；/ B．/；a C．the；a D．a；the7.Itisuncertainsideeffectthemedicinewillbringabout,althoughabouttwothousandpatientshavetakenit. A．that B．what C．how D．whether8.—Doyouthinkweshouldacceptthatoffer?—Yes,weshould,forwe___suchbadluckuptillnow,andtime__out.A.havehad;isrunning B.had;isrunningC.have;hasbeenrun D.havehad;hasbeenrun9.Thepatientissupposedtogotothehospitalfor___________checks.A.common B.normal C.regular D.usual10.Witouttheairtoholdsomeofthesun’sheat,theearthatnight________,toocoldforustolive.A.wouldbefreezingcold B.willbefreezingcoldlyC.wouldbefrozencold D.canfreezecoldly11.—Wouldyou_______adrink?—No,thanks.Ihavegivenupdrinking.A.careabout B.carefor C.careof D.takecareof12．Whatsurprisedmealotwasthathedidn’tknow_________thedifferencebetween“sayand“speak”lay.A．what B．that C．where D．which13．Itisthehotel_________locatedinthedowntown_________heappliedtoforajob.A．that；that B．which；that C．that；where D．/；that14．Everystudentaswellassometeacherswho_________tovisittheForbiddenCity_________askedtobeatschoolgatebefore6:00inthemorning.A．are；are B．is；is C．is；are D．are；is15．Trytospendyourtimejustonthethingsyoufind_________.A．worthdoingthem B．worthbeingdoneC．themworthdoing D．worthdoing16．—Timeflies!Thewonderfulpartyisover.We'llhavetopart.—Noneedtofeelblue._________A.Astilltonguemakesawisehead.B.Asingleflowerdoesnotmakeaspring.C.Allgoodthingscometoanend.D.Allthatglittersisnotgold.17.Ihavetoldyouthetruth.Ikeeprepeatingit? A.Must B.Can C.May D.Will18.Thelivingroomiscleanandtidy,withadiningtablealready______foramealtobecooked. A.laid B.laying C.tolay D.beinglaid19.Joiningthefirmasaclerk,hegotrapidpromotion,andasamanager.A.endedup B.droppedout C.cameback D.startedoff20.Thetrafficrulesaysyoungchildrenundertheageoffourand____lessthan40poundsmustbeinachildsafetyseat.A.beingweighed B.toweigh C.weighed D.weighing第三节完形填空(共20小题；每小题l．5分，满分30分)阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。“Areyoutoostupidtodoanythingright？”Thesewords—saidbyawomantoalittleboywhowasobviouslyherson—werespoken21hehadwalkedawayfromher.Theyboyreturned,hiseyesdown-cast.Nota22moment,perhaps,23smallmomentssometimeslastaverylongtime.Andafewwords—thoughtheymean24atthetimetothepeoplewhosaythem—canhavegreat25.IrecentlyheardastoryfromamannamedMalcolmDalkoff.Forthelast24yearshehasbeenaprofessional26.Hereiswhathetoldme:AsaboyinRockIsland,Dalkoffwasterribly27.Hehadfew28andnoself-confidence.Oneday,hisEnglishteacher,RuthBrach,gavetheclassanassignment（作业）.ThestudentshadbeenreadingToKillaMockingbird.Nowtheyweretowritetheirownchapterthatwould29thelastchapterofthenovel.Dalkoffwrotehischapterandturnedit30.Todayhecannotrecallanything31aboutthechapterhewrote,orwhat32Mrs.Branchgavehim.WhathedoesrememberisthefourwordsMrs.Brachwroteinmargin（空白处）ofthepaper：“Thisis33writing.”Fourwords.They34hislife.“35Ireadthosewords,IhadnoideaofwhoIwasor36Iwasgoingtobe.”hesaid.“Afterreadinghernote,Iwenthomeandwroteashortstory,somethingIhadalwaysbeen37ofdoingbutneverbelievedIcoulddo.” Overtherestofthatyearinschool,hewrotemanyshortstoriesandalwaysbroughtthemtoschoolforMrs.Brachtoevaluate.Shewas38,toughandhonest.“ShewasjustwhatI39.”Dalkoffsaid. Hisconfidence40.Dalkoffbelievesthatnoneofthiswouldhavehappenedifthatwomanhadnotwrittenthosefourwordsinthemarginofhispaper.21．A．where B．why C．because D．when22．A．wonderful B．difficult C．funny D．big23．A．yet B．although C．for D．therefore24．A．much B．little C．more D．most25．A．meaning B．power C．force D．sense26．A．writer B．player C．poet D．singer27．A．sorry B．proud C．sick D．shy28．A．books B．ideas C．friends D．chances29．A．follow B．match C．decide D．improve30．A．on B．in C．out D．down31．A．more B．again C．special D．different32．A．honors B．remarks C．prizes D．grade33．A．poor B．serious C．good D．silly34．A．changed B．damaged C．affected D．improved35．A．Unless B．Until C．When D．While36．A．what B．how C．where D．which37．A．tired B．fond C．proud D．dreaming38．A．strict B．kind C．encouraging D．praising39．A．feared B．needed C．expected D．loved40．A．grew B．lifted C．appeared D．returned第二部分阅读理解(共25小题。第一节每小题2分，第二节每小题l分；满分45分)第一节阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AHowdoapologylanguageswork?Haveyouevertriedtoapologize,onlytoberefused?Itmaybethatyouwereofferingapartialapologyina“language”,thatwasforeigntoyourlistener.Thefivelanguagesofapologyinclude:ApologyLanguage1:“Iamsorry.”Listthehurtfuleffectsofyouraction.Not“Iamsorryif…”,but“Iamsorrythat…”.Youmightaskiftheywanttoaddanypointsthatyouhavenotrecognized.ApologyLanguage2:“Iwaswrong.”Nameyourmistakeandacceptfault.Notethatitiseasiertosay“Youareright”than“Iamwrong”,butthelattercarriesmoreweight.ApologyLanguage3:“WhatcanIdotomakeitright?”Howareyounow?HowshallImakeamends(弥补)toyou?HowcanIrestoreyourconfidencethatIloveyou—eventhoughIwassohurtfultoyou?ApologyLanguage4:“I’lltrynottodothatagain.”Engageinproblem-solving.Don’tmakeexcusesforyourselfsuchas,“Well,mydaywasjustso…”Instead,offerwhatyouwillchangetopreventyourselffromputtingtheminthesamebadsituationagain.ApologyLanguage5:“Willyoupleaseforgiveme?”Bepatientinseekingforgiveness.TheymayneedsometimeorgreaterclarificationofyourinputfromApologyLanguages1-4.Finally,yourapologymaynotbeaccepted,butatleastyouknowthatyouhavebeenfaithfulinofferingasincereolivebranchofpeace.41.Thepassagemainlytalksabout___________A.5tipsforapologiesthatworkB.5waysofrefusingapologiesC.thefunctionofapologylanguagesD.theimportanceofapologylanguages42.AccordingtoParagraph1,yourapologymayberefusedmainlybecause________A.yourlistenerscan’tunderstandyourdialect.B.yourlistenerscan’thearwhatyousaidclearly.C.yourapologyisnotsincere.D.yourapologyisnotexpressedwellenough.43.Whenofferinganapology,whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorprefer?A.“Youareright” B.“Iamsorryif…”C.“Iwaswrong.” D.“Well,mydaywasjustso…”44.Inthelastparagraph,theauthortellsusevenifyourapologymaynotbeaccepted,atleast___________.A.It’syourfaultanymore B.yourmindwillbeatpeaceC.yourfriendwillmakepeacewithyou. D.yourapologyistruetoyourheartBDamagetoOzoneLayerGetsWorseInthemiddleofwinter,whensnowisfallinginmanypartsoftheUnitedStates,scientistshavesoundedawarningtopeoplewhoplantospendmanyhoursinthesunthissummer.Thewarning:Thesun'ssummertimeraysaremoredangerousthanoncethought.Ateamofscientistsfrom80nationsrecentlyreportedtotheUnitedNationsthatalayerofozone（臭氧层）intheatmosphere,whichprotectshumansfromharmfullevelsofultraviolet（紫外线）radiation,willbethinnerovertheUnitedStatesthissummer.ThethinnerlayerallowsmoreultravioletraysfromthesuntoreachEarth.Theextraamountofultravioletradiationcouldcauseanincreaseinthenumberofcasesofskincancer.Scientistsfirstbecameconcernedaboutthelayerinthemid-1980swhenaholewasdiscoveredinthelayeraboveAntarcticaduringthewinter.Theholewascausedinchemicalsusedinrefrigeratorsandairconditioners.Whenthesechemicalsaresentoutintotheatmosphere,theyproducegasesthatdestroytheozone.ConcernabouttheprotectiveozonelayerrosemorerecentlywhendatafromsatellitesandgroundstationsshowedthatozonelevelsweredroppingoverareasotherthanAntarctica.LowozonelevelswererecordedinthespringandsummerovertheUnitedStatesandoverotherpopulatedareasintheworld.Althoughmanycountrieshavealreadybegunstoppingtheuseofozone-destroyingchemicals,thenewfindingsareexpectedtoadvancethetimetableforatotalbanofthechemicals.45.Thescientistshaveobservedtheozonelayer______.A.since1980 B.sincelastwinterC.formorethan20years D.foraboutoneyear46.Theozonelayerintheatmospherecan______.A.doalotofgoodtohumanbeingsinmanywaysB.protecthumansfromdiseasescausedbybadweatherC.doalotofharmtohumanbeingsinthesummer-timeD.protecthumansfromharmfullevelsofultravioletradiation47.Scientistsfirstfoundthattherewasaholeintheozonelayer______.A.aboveArcticduringthewinterinthemid-1980sB.aboveAntarcticaduringthewinterinthemid-1980sC.oversomewhereinthenorthoftheequatorin1980D.overtheUSAinthesummertimeinthemid-1980s48．Thedamagetotheozonelayerwascausedby______.A.thechangeableweather B.ozone-destroyingchemicalsC.chemicalsfromrefrigerators D.chemicalsfromairconditionersCDidyoueverthinksomeonewasscary(恐怖的)becausetheylookeddifferentoratestrangefood?Well,theymightthinkthesameaboutyou!Oneofthethingsweallneedtodoistocelebratevariety.Weshouldn’tthinkbadlyofpeoplefromotherculturesbecausetheybehavedifferentlyfromus.Sometimeswetreatpeoplefromothercountriesunfairly,becauseonepersonfromthatculturedidsomethingbad.Well,hasyourclasseverbeenpunishedjustbecauseafewkidswerecausingtrouble?Hasyourwholefamilyeverbeenblamedforsomethingyourlittlesisterdid?Itdoesn’tseemfair,doesit?It’sjustequallyunfairtoblameawholecultureforwhattwoorthreepeoplehavedone.Soherearesomethingsthatyoucandotohelpyourselfunderstandothercultures:①Findcommonground!Justrememberthateventhoughsomepeoplelookdifferentontheoutside,thatdoesn’tchangehowtheyareontheinside.Theystillhavetheexactsamefeelings!②________________Becausesomeonefromanotherculturehasbeenmeantoyou,youdecidetoavoideveryonefromthatculture.Wellthinkaboutit.Whyareyoublamingthemforsomethingtheydidn’thaveanythingtodowith?Putyourselfintheirshoes.Howwouldyoufeel?Puttingyourselfinsidesomeoneelse’sheadcanbeaverypowerfulwaytounderstandWHYtheyareactingthewaytheyare.③Trytomakefriendswithpeoplefromothercultures!Youcouldaskthemabouttheirculture,orwhatitislikeintheircountry,iftheycanremember,oriftheyhaveeverlivedthere.Tryfoodsfromtheirculture,oraskthemaboutwordsintheirlanguage.Youmightbesurprisedathowinterestingotherculturescanbe!Youcanjoingreatdiscussiongroups,participateinprojects,andhavelotsoffundoingnewthings.④Beawarethatyou’vejudgedotherpeopleIfyouknowwhatyouhavedone,ithelpstomakethingsbetter.Payattentiontowhatyouthinkaboutotherpeople.Ithelps.49.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage? A.WhytherearedifferencesbetweenpeopleB.Whattodotounderstandothercultures C.Howpeoplefeelwhentheymeetpeoplefromothercultures D.Thedifferencesbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures50.Whichofthefollowingcanbeputintotheblankbehind②?A.Avoideveryonefromthatculture! B.Putallresponsibilitiesonothers! C.Consideroneselffirst! D.Don’tblameallbecauseofone!51.Theunderlinedword“celebrate”mostprobablymeans“_______”.A.feelproudofB.expressideasofC.praiseandenjoyD.payattentionto52.Thefollowingcanbethebetterwaytotreatforeignersexcept_______. A.jointheirdiscussiongroups B.tryfoodsfromtheirculture C.avoidmeetingthem D.findcommongroundDEMUAIRLINESecretaryEmuAirlineisnowofferingapermanent,part–timesecretarialposition.Thepositionoffersaminimumof20hoursaweek,withaviewtofull–timeworkinthefuture.Phone8993264foranappointment.CityCollegeUnionIncSecretary/TypistTheUnionisastudentrunorganizationwithapermanentstaffof20.typingspeedofatleast60wpm.Theabilitytotakeshorthanddictationandaworkingknowledgeoffillingproceduresareessentialrequirements.Thebasicsalaryforthepositionis$18,500peryear.EnquirestoR.Barbar3875075.WordProcessorOperator(full-time)Applicationsareinventedforanoperatortoworkinanofficeassociatedwiththebuildingindustry.Onlyexperiencedoperatorsneedapply.Startingsalary$17,950.Applyinwritingto:ThePersonnelOfficerHillMorganPtyLtd38GreenhillRd.Kensington2033SewingMachinistWanted–JeansIndustryWeareanexpandingclothingcompanylocatedsouthofthecity.Ourdenimrangeincludesjeans,skirts,jacketsandshorts.Wearelookingforsewingmachineoperators.Thefactoryworksa38–hourweekover4.5days.Wagesandconditionsareinlinewiththecurrentindustrialaward.Ifyouareinterested,callinandpickupanapplicationformfromRipperJeans,23NorthAve,Beaudesert.53.Allthesepassagesbelongto_____. A.salesadvertisement B.wantadvertisementC.resume(简历) D.notice54.TheapplicantsforthepostofasecretaryinCityCollegeUnionIncshouldhavethefollowingqualitiesexcept_____.. A.typingskill B.writingrapidly C.abilityoforganization D.knowledgeaboutfillingtheform55.TheattractivenessofthepostinEMUAIRLINEis_____.. A.itsgoodsalary B.itsniceworkingcondition C.itspromisingfuture D.itsfreeflying56.AccordingtoSewingMachinist,howcanyoucontactwiththiscompany? A.Byphone. B.Byemail. C.Byfax. D.Byvisit.EAremorningpeoplebornormade?Inmycaseitwasdefinitelymade.Inmyearly20s,Irarelywenttobedbeforemidnight,andIwouldalmostalwaysgetuplatethenextmorning.ButafterawhileIcouldn’tignorethehighrelationshipbetweensuccessandrisingearly.OnthoserareoccasionswhereIdidgetupearly,Inoticedthatmyproductivitywasalmostalwayshigher.SoIsetouttobecomeahabitualearlyriser.Butwhenevermyalarmwentoff,myfirstthoughtwasalwaystostopthatnoiseandgobacktosleep.EventuallysomesleepresearchshowedmethatIwasusingthewrongstrategy.Themostcommonwrongstrategyisthis:Youassumethatifyou’regoingtogetupearlier,you’dbettergotobedearlier.Itsoundsveryreasonable,butwillusuallyfail.Therearetwomainschools(流派)ofthoughtonsleeppatterns.Oneisthatyoushouldgotobedandgetupatthesametimeeveryday.Thesecondschoolsaysyoushouldgotobedwhenyou’retiredandgetupwhenyounaturallywakeup.However,Ihavefoundbothofthemarewrongifyoucareaboutproductivity.Ifyousleepatsethours,you’llsometimesgotobedwhenyouaren’tsleepyenough.You’rewastingtimelyinginbedawakeandnotbeingasleep.Ifyoursleepisbasedonwhatyourbodytellsyou,you’llprobablybesleepingmorethanyouneed.Also,yourmorningsmaybelesspredictableifyou’regettingupatdifferenttimes.Thesolutionformehasbeentocombinebothmethods.IgotobedwhenI’msleepyandgetupwithanalarmclockatafixedtime.SoIalwaysgetupatthesametime(inmycase5am),butIgotobedatdifferenttimeseverynight—sometimesat9:30pm,andothertimesatmidnight.MostofthetimeIgotobedbetween10-11pm.However,goingtobedonlywhenI’msleepy,andgettingupatafixedtimeeverymorningismyway.Ifyouwanttobecomeanearlyriser,youcantryyourown.57.Accordingtothepassage,theunderlinedphraserefersto____.

A.peoplewhostayupuntilthenextmorning.

B.peoplewhogetupearlyinthemorning.

C.peoplewhofeelsleepyinthemorning.

D.peoplewhoseproductivityisthehighestinthemorning.58.Whydidtheauthorwanttobecomeahabitualearlyriser?

A.Becausehe/shewantedtoformthehabitofgoingtobedearlyandgettingupearly.

B.Becausehe/shehadfoundthathis/herproductivitywashigherwhenhe/shegotupearly.

C.Becausehe/shewantedtoseewhichofthetwomainschoolsofthoughtonsleeppatternswasright.

D.Becausehe/shewastoldthehighrelationshipbetweensuccessandrisingearly.59.TheauthorexperiencedallthefollowingEXCEPT____.

A.goingtobedaftermidnight.

B.gettingupearlyoccasionally.

C.pressingoffthealarmtogoonsleeping.

D.askingscholarsforadviceonsleepinghabits.60.Thepassageismainlyabout____.

A.howtobecomeanearlyriser.

B.howtohavegoodsleep.C.wrongstrategiesforgettingupearly.D.mainschoolsofthoughtonsleeppatterns.第二节根据对话内容，从对话后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。W：Doyouhaveanyplansforyourfuture?M：Er,61W：That’sgreat!I’dlikeverymuchtogotoBeijing．MaybeI’11findajobthere.M：That’snotbad.62.W：What?Areyoukidding?It’ssuchagoodchancetogoabroad．M：Youknow,63AndifIgothere,mymomwillgothere,too.Ihavetolivewiththem.W：64Butsomanystudentsenvyyourchance.M：Isee．65YouhaveyourownsayonyourfuturewhileIamsortofcontrolledbymyparents.W：Pooryou!Anyway，Ithinkwhatyourparentsdoisallforyourowngood．A．butIenvyyou．B．Youmeanyouhavenofreedom?C．Whataboutyou?D．ButImaychangemymind．E．myfather’sthere．F.forthemomentIplantogotoFranceformyMBA．G．gookluckforyourfuture．卷II第三部分写作（共三节，满分55分）第一节单词拼写(共10小题：每小题1分，满分10分)根据下列句子及所给汉语注释，写出空缺处各单词的正确形式。(每空只写一词)(请将答案写在答题卡上的指定位置)66.InordertoimprovehisoralEnglishhespentmostofhistimepractising________（发音）thewords.67.Theboyswerefighting,buttheteacher___________(分开)them.68.China________(成功)feeds22%oftheworld’spopulationwithonly7%oftheworld’sland.69.She_______(划；点燃)amatchandlitthecandlesonthebirthdaycake.70.Shefoundshehadleftherwalletathomeimmediatelyshe_______(登；上)theplane.71.Don’tbetoo_________（挑剔）aboutfoodandclothing.72.Sheoften________(描述)howshenarrowlyescapedtheearthquake.73.Assoonastheysawthesea,thechildrenshoutedin_____________(兴奋).74.Whenhe_______（摇头）hishead,Iknewhedidn’tagreewithme.75.Itisnecessaryforhighschoolstudentstovisit_________(博物馆)andbroadentheirviews. 第二节短文改错(共10小题；每小题1．5分，满分15分)此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行做出判断：如无错误，该行右边横线上画一个勾(√)；如有错误(每行只有一个错误)，则按下列情况改正：此行多一个词：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉。此行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(八)，在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。此行错一个词：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。注意：原行没有错的不要改。(请在答题卡的指定位置作答)Inmyvillage，alotofchildrenwereleavingschoolforvariousofreasons.Somefamiliesaretoopoortosendtheirchildrentoschool,buttheyhavetoearnmoneytosupporttheirfamilies.Manyparentsdon’tthinkituselesstosendtheirchildrentoschool.Theywouldrathertolettheirchildrenstayathome.Ifeelworriedthis.Ithinkeverychildshouldhavethechancetogotoschool.Weshouldpaymoreattentiontotheeducationofchildren,forwewillplayanimportantpartinoursocialistconstructioninthefuture.Waymustbefoundpreventchildrenfromleavingofftheirstudies.____第三节书面表达（满分30分）近来，你校开展“献爱心，送温暖”活动，号召广大学生向贫困或受灾地区捐款捐物。请你参考下列表格要点提示，以“捐款还是捐物”为题写一篇100-120字的英语短文。可适当增加内容。短文开头已给出，不计入总词数。参考词汇：生活必需品dailynecessities关于捐款关于捐物赞成1．捐款可以直接帮助人们购买生活必需用品或用于重建家园等。1．捐物可以旧物利用。反对2．中学生无生活来源，无钱捐献。2．捐物可能造成浪费，因为有些人得到的捐物并非自己所需要的物品。Weoftengivemoneytothepeopleinpoorordisaster-strickenareas.Butsomestudents____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________河北正定中学2010—2011学年第一学期第二次考试高三英语答题纸姓名姓名班级考号考场号座位号单词拼写(共10小题,每小题1分，满分10分)66._______________________67._______________________68._______________________69._______________________70._______________________71._______________________72._______________________73._______________________74._______________________75._______________________短文改错(共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分)variousofreasofamilies.Manyparentsdon’tthinkituselesstosendtheirtheedu请在各题目的答题区域内作答，超出黑色矩形边框限定区域的答案无效书面表达(满分30分)Weoftengivemoneytothepeopleinpoorordisaster-strickenareas.Butsomestudents________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________