2023高考英语外刊时文精读专题03看到空中的碳足迹

2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练(3)Carbonemissions碳排放Seeingfootprintsintheair看到空中的碳足迹主题语境：人与自然主题语境内容：环境保护【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）ChrisJonesoftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,wasonariverintheAmazon

rainforest

whenheputthefinishingtouchesontheworld’sfirstonlinehouseholdcarbon

calculator(计算器).Thatwasin

2005.Hehopedthat,ifhecouldshowpeoplehowmuchgreenhousegaswas

associated

withdailyactivities—drivingthecar,heatingthehouse—theymightchangetheirbehaviourandcontributeinsomesmallmeasuretosavingtheAmazon.Seventeenyearslater,trackersareprovidingawealthofoften-neglectedinformationaboutthecarbon

emissions

ofeverydaylife.Theyprovidelocalandmicrodatawhichusefully

supplementtheglobalfindingsoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.

Trackersworkbyaskinguserstoanswerquestionssuchas:howmanymilesayeardoyoudrive;howmuchisyourannualhouseholdelectricitybill;howoftendoyoueatmeat?Theythen

calculate

apersonalorhousehold

estimateof

emissions

ofcarbon-dioxideequivalent(CO2e，二氧化碳当量排放量)peryear.AlexBeale,aclimatebloggerinAtlantawhohasstudiedthem,reckonstherearedozensofhouseholdcarbontrackersandhundredsof

specialist

ones,includingthosewhich

calculate

emissions

fromfoodorotherindustries,suchasanewonefromtheStockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI)totrack

emissions

fromshipping.For

individuals,reckonsMrBeale,themost

comprehensive

aretheCoolClimate

tracker

runbyDrJonesatBerkeleyandthe

calculator

setupbytheWorldWildlifeFund(WWF)andSEI.Whatdotheytellus?

DrJonesdescribesthemainhouseholdpollutingactivitiesas“cars,coal,cowsand

consumption,roughlyinthatorder”.Byfarthelargestsinglesourceof

emissions

isthefamilyvehicle.Onecarofaveragefuelefficiencydriven

14,000

miles(22,500km)spewsout

7

tonnesofcarbon,accordingtoDrJones’s

tracker.Swappingitforanelectricvehiclewouldsaveover

6

tonnes,oraneighthoftheaverageAmericanhousehold’syearly

emissions.

Nootherchangewould

generate

thatmuchsaving,thoughelectricityinthehomeisresponsibleforover

5

tonnesofcarbon

emissions

ayear,sogeneratingitwithsolar

panels（太阳能电池板）wouldcomeclose.Likeelectricvehicles,arooffullof

solar

panelsisnotcheap.Changingdietscostsless,andAmericanhouseholds

consume

meatworth

2.7

tonnesofCO2eayear,farmorethanmostpeople.IfAmericans

went

vegetarian（素食者）,thatwouldbelikehalfanaverage

solar

roof.

Thesehouseholdaverages,however,disguisewhatmaybethemostimportantthingcarbontrackers

reveal:thatapparentlysimilarhouseholdsproduceverydifferent

emissions.By

combining

their

tracker’sresultswith

postal（邮政的）codedata,theUniversityofCaliforniateamworkedoutaverage

emissions

byarea.Placeswithhigh

emissions—mostlysuburbs（郊区）—producefourorfivetimesasmuchcarbonasinnercitiesor

rural

areas,amuchlargermultiplethanmighthavebeenexpected.Chicago’shouseholdsproduce

37

tonnesofCO2eayear;

suburban

Eola’s,some

35

miles(56km)fromtheWindyCity,

emit96

tonnes.Thisisnotonlybecauseof

commuting（通勤）.Tripstoandfromworkaccountforlessthanafifthofmilesdriven;therestaretoshops,schoolsandsoon.

Evenmorestrikingisthedifferenceairtravelmakes.Theaveragehouseholdcontributionfromflyingis

1.5

tonnes,lessthanacar.ButhalfofAmericansneverfly.AccordingtoCoolClimate,flying

100,000

milesayearproducesa

stunning（惊人的）43

extratonnesofCO2.Ifjet-sethouseholdsweretocuttheirtravel

sharply,theywouldhaveadisproportionate（不成比例的）

effecton

emissions.TheymightevendosomethingfortheAmazon.

Overthenext

30

years,manycountriesarepromisingtomovetonet-zerocarbon,implyingthathousehold

emissions

willhavetobecuttoclosetonothing.StephanieRoe,WWF’sleadclimatescientist,reckonsthat,atbest,halfthereductionmightbeachievedthroughdemand-sidemeasures,suchasbehaviouralchangesby

individuals

andhouseholds.Andeventhatwouldrequirecompaniesandgovernmentstoprovidemoreincentives（激励）tochangethroughsupply-sideinvestmentstomakelow-carbonoptionscheaperandmorewidelyavailable.Trackers,itseems,have

daunting（令人怯步的）

lessonsforpublicbodiesandprivatehouseholdsalike.【课标词汇】associate将…（与…）联系起来，把…联系在一起Mostpeopleassociatethisbrandwithgoodquality.大多数人把这个品牌和优良品质联系在一起。Ialwaysassociatethesmellofbakingwithmychildhood.一闻到烘烤食物的味道我就想起了童年。Heiscloselyassociatedinthepublicmindwithhorrormovies.

在公众的心目中,他总是和恐怖电影紧密联系在一起。contribute捐（款）；捐助，捐献；贡献；有助于；促成，促使；投（稿）Ibelievethateachofuscancontributetothefutureoftheworld...我相信我们每一个人都能够对世界的未来有所贡献。Thestaffwhocontributetoyoursportspagesaredoingasplendidjob.为你们的体育专页撰稿的全体职员工作非常出色。Smokingcontributedtohisearlydeath.吸烟导致他早逝。neglect忽视，忽略:

Manyoftheseideashavebeenneglectedbymodernhistorians.

这些观念有许多都被现代的历史学家忽略了。Thewomandeniedthatshehadneglectedherchild...那位女士否认疏于照管自己的孩子。supplement

增加，补充，增补Hesupplements(=addsto)hisincomebyworkinginabarintheevening.他晚上在酒吧打工以增加收入。IsuggestsupplementingyourdietwithvitaminsEandA.我建议你在日常饮食中补充些维生素E和维生素A。calculate

算，计算Thecostofthedamagecausedbytherecentstormshasbeencalculatedas/atover£5million.据计算，近期风暴造成的损失超过了500万英镑。He'scalculatedthatitwouldtakehimtwoyearstosaveupenoughforacar.他算了一下要赚两年的钱才够买辆车。estimate

估计；估算；估价Theyestimate(that)thejourneywilltakeatleasttwoweeks.他们估计这次行程至少需要两周时间。Itwasdifficulttoestimatehowmanytreeshadbeendestroyed.很难估计有多少树被毁。reckon认为；把…看作Shewaswidelyreckoned(tobe)thebestactressofhergeneration.人们普遍认为她是她那一代最优秀的演员。Anearthquakeofmagnitude7isreckonedasamajorquake.

7级强度的地震被认为是大地震。dozensof许多I'vespokentohimdozensof(=many)times,butIstilldon'tknowhisname!虽然我和他说过很多次话，但我连他的名字都还不知道！Imusthavementionedhimdozensoftimesinmyletters.我肯定已在信中提到他许多次了。specialist专家；专业人员She'saspecialistinchildhoodillnesses.她是小儿科专家。I'veaskedtobereferredtoaspecialistaboutmybackpain.我已经要求转诊，让专科医生来治我的背痛。individual个人，个体Everyindividualhasrightswhichmustneverbetakenaway.每个人都有一些不可剥夺的权利。Wetrytotreatourstudentsasindividuals.我们力图把学生当成独立的个体来对待。comprehensive全面的；综合的；包罗万象的；详尽的Isthislistcomprehensiveoraretheresomenamesmissing?这份名单是完整的还是遗漏了一些名字？HehaswrittenafullycomprehensiveguidetoRome.他写了一本内容详尽的罗马旅游指南。consumption食用；消费；消耗Theseproductsarenotfornationalconsumption,butforexport.这些产品只供出口不供国内消费。Weneedtocutdownonourfuelconsumptionbyhavingfewercarsontheroad.我们需要透过减少路上行驶的车辆以降低燃料消耗。swap交换，交易Weswappedaddresseswiththepeoplewemetonholiday.我们与度假时认识的人交换了地址。I'llswapyoumychocolatebarforyourpeanuts.我拿我的巧克力跟你换花生。Wespenttheeveninginthepub,swapping(=tellingeachother)stories/jokes.我们整个晚上都泡在酒吧，轮流讲故事／笑话。generate造成；引起；使存在Thenewdevelopmentwillgenerate1500newjobs.新开发项目将会创造1500个新的就业岗位。Thesemeasureswillincreasetheclub'sabilitytogeneraterevenue/income.这些措施将会提升俱乐部的创收能力。consume（尤指大量地）消耗，消费，花费；（尤指大量地）吃，喝；〔心中〕充满，满是〔某种情绪或念头〕:Shewasscaredbythedepressionwhichthreatenedtoconsumeher.抑郁情绪在吞噬着她，她感到害怕。Hewasconsumedwithguiltaftertheaccident.这次意外事故发生后，他心里充满了内疚。Heconsumesvastquantitiesofchipswitheverymeal.他每一餐都要吃掉大量的薯条。disguise给…化装，给…乔装打扮；将…伪装起来Hedisguisedhimselfbyshavinghisheadandwearingafalsebeard.为了伪装自己，他剃了光头还粘着假胡须。Minorskinimperfectionscanusuallybedisguisedwithaspotofmake-up.微小的皮肤瑕疵通常可以用化妆品来掩盖。reveal揭露；泄露；透露HewasjailedforrevealingsecretstotheRussians.他因为向俄国人泄密而被监禁。Hewouldnotrevealwherehehadhiddenherchocolateeggs.他就是不说他把她的巧克力蛋藏在哪里了。combine（使）结合；（使）联合；（使）合并；（使）综合Noneofushasmuchmoneysolet'scombinewhatwe'vegot.我们谁都没多少钱，因此就把我们所有的钱凑在一起吧。Thetwocountriescombinedagainsttheircommonenemy.两国联合起来对抗共同的敌人。workout想出，得到(解决方法)，计算出，锻炼Workoutatagymorswimtwiceaweek.一周去健身房锻炼两次，或游两次泳。Ittookmesometimetoworkoutwhatwascausingthis...我花了一些时间才弄清此事的起因。Icouldn'tworkoutwherethemusicwascomingfrom.我弄不清这音乐是从哪里传来的。rural乡村的，农村的；似乡村的。Hespokewithaheavyruralaccent.他说话带着浓重的农村口音。emit

发出,射出,散发(光、热、声音、气等):Sulphurgaseswereemittedbythevolcano.硫磺气体由火山喷发出来。。accountfor（数量或比例上）占；为…提出理由;对…作出说明Now,thegenetheydiscoveredtodaydoesn'taccountforallthosecases.不过，他们现在发现的基因无法解释所有的病例。Thepoorweathermayhaveaccountedforthesmallcrowd.天气不好可能是人来得少的原因。striking异乎寻常的，惊人的；引人注目的There'sastrikingcontrastbetweenwhathedoesandwhathesayshedoes.他的所作所为和他所说的话大相径庭。Therearestrikingsimilaritiesbetweenthetwocases.两宗案件之间有惊人的相似之处。sharply

尖刻地；严厉地；猛烈地；急剧地；突然大幅度地；鲜明地；明显地；

迅疾而突然地；急促而大声地:

Thereportwassharplycriticalofthepolice.报道猛烈地抨击了警方。Profitsfellsharplyfollowingthetakeover.

接管后,利润突然大幅度降低。

Shemovedsharplyacrosstheroomtoblockhisexit.她疾步冲到门口,挡住他的去路。imply说明；表明Thesurveyimplies(that)morepeoplearemovinghousethanwasthought.调查显示,准备搬家的人口比想像的要多。Thefactthatshewashereimpliesadegreeofinterest.她到场就说明了她有一定程度的兴趣。available可获得的；可用的；可取得联系的；有空的There'snomoneyavailableforanofficepartythisyear.今年没有钱举办办公室派对了。I'mafraidI'mnotavailabletohelpwiththeshowonthe19th.19号的演出恐怕我没有时间来帮忙了。atbest充其量;至多:

Thecampaignwasatbestonlypartiallysuccessful.这场宣传活动充其量只是部分成功。Thetechniqueisatbestineffectiveandatworstdangerous.这个方法说轻一点是没有效果，说重一点是很危险。

【课标词汇精练】根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。Wecollectedshellsonthebeach.

Themeatwasclearlyunfitforhuman.Whenyou'vefinishedreadingyourbook,andI'vefinishedmine,shallwe?Herbiographythatshewasnotasrichaseveryonethought.Itisvitalthatfoodismadetothefamineareas.Atsomestageweneedtowhentheprojectwillbefinished.Governmentsourcesalong-term50%increaseinrailfares.Thegovernment’sresponseseemstohavebeenconfusedandatworstdishonest.She'sainmodernFrenchliterature.Likemanycreative,shecanbeverybad-tempered.Weofferyouatraininginallaspectsofthebusiness.Herlatestfilmalotofinterest/excitement.Ourhighlivingstandardscauseourpresentpopulationto25percentoftheworld'soil.Wetriedtothefactthatitwasjustaschoolhallbyputtingupcolouredlightsandballoons.Sickness,with(=togetherwith)terribleweather,contrivedtoruinthetrip.Whenaskedwhata£40.35mealforfivepeoplewouldcosteachdiner,theywereunableto.I'mnotanythingaboutyourcooking,butcouldweeatouttonight?Somevegetariansliketheirdietswithirontablets.ThepolicethatwhoeverkilledDadwaswithhimearlierthatday.Theareaisstillveryandundeveloped.Themetalcontainerbegantoaclickingsound.Computers5%ofthecountry'scommercialelectricityconsumption.TheirproductionofMacbethwasthemostvisuallyperformanceI'veeverseen.Theirexperiencescontrastsharplywiththoseofotherchildren.他们的经历和其他孩子的形成鲜明的对比。Thecancerriskswithsmokinghavebeenwelldocumented.Thegovernmentimposedataxonfuelswhichglobalwarming.Thepoliceofficerwasaccusedofhisduty.Keys:dozensof我们在海滩上捡了很多很多贝壳。consumption这肉显然不适合供人食用。swap我们看完各自的书之后，交换一下，好吗?revealed她的自传透露她并非像大家所想像的那样富有。available一定要把食品送到遭受饥荒的地区，这是至关重要的。calculate在一定阶段，我们需要计算一下工程何时会完成。estimate政府消息人士估计火车票价将有一个涨幅达50%的长期调涨。atbest政府的反应往好里说似乎是糊涂，往坏里说就是不诚实。specialist她是现代法国文学专家。individuals像许多富有创造力的人一样，她的脾气有时会很不好。comprehensive我们向你提供这个行业各方面的综合培训。hasgenerated她最近的一部影片引起了广泛的兴趣／使众多观众很是兴奋。consume我们的高生活水准致使我们目前的人口要消耗世界石油的25%。disguise我们不想让人看出这里实际上只是挂着彩灯和气球的学校礼堂。combined疾病，加上恶劣的天气，毁掉了这次旅行。workitout问到5个人吃一顿饭花了40.35英镑，每人要出多少钱时，他们算不出来。implying我并不是暗示你做的饭不好吃，只是想提议我们今晚去外面吃，好吗？tosupplement有些素食主义者喜欢在饮食之外吃一些含铁的药片。reckon警方认为杀害爸爸的人那天早些时候是和他在一起的。rural这个地区仍是一片乡村景象，没有被开发。emit金属容器开始发出咔嗒咔嗒的声音。accountfor计算机占去该国商业用电的5%striking他们制作的这部《马克白》是我见过的版本中最具视觉冲击的。sharply他们的经历和其他孩子的形成鲜明的对比。associated抽烟有引发癌症的危险，这两者的关联是有详尽的文献为证的。

contributedto政府对导致全球变暖的燃料课税。neglecting那位警官被控渎职。【译文】加州大学伯克利分校的克里斯·琼斯(ChrisJones)在亚马逊热带雨林的一条河上完成了世界上第一个家用在线碳计算器的收尾工作。那是在2005年。他希望，如果他能向世人展示有多少温室气体排放与日常活动相关——如开车、房屋供暖，人们就可能会改变自己的行为，并采取某些小措施拯救亚马逊。17年后，追踪器提供了大量经常被忽视的日常生活碳排放信息。追踪器所提供的当地微观数据，对政府间气候变化专门委员会的全球调查结果作了有益的补充。追踪器的工作原理是让用户回答以下问题：您每年驾车多少英里；您家一年的电费是多少?您多久吃一次肉?然后追踪器计算出个