成果c7t4阅读by修改

READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1PullingstringtobuildNooneknowsexactlyhowthepyramidswerebuilt.MarcusChownreckonstheanswercouldbe'hangingintheThepyramidsofEgyptwerebuiltmorethanthreethousandyearsago,andnooneknowshow.Theconventionalpictureisthattensofthousandsofslavesdraggedstonesonsledges.-Q1Butthereisnoevidencetobackthisup.NowaCaliforniansoftwareconsultantcalledMaureenClemmonshassuggestedthatkitesmighthavebeeninvolved.WhileperusingabookonthemonumentsofEgypt,shenoticedahieroglyphthatshowedarowofmenstandinginoddpostures.-Q2Theywereholdingwhatlookedlikeropesthatled,viasomekindofmechanicalsystem,toagiantbirdinthesky.Shewonderedifperhapsthebirdwasactuallyagiantkite,andthemenwereusingittoliftaheavyobject.Intrigued,ClemmonscontactedMortezaGharib,aeronauticsprofessorattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Hewasfascinatedbytheidea.'ComingfromIran,IhaveakeeninterestinMiddleEasternscience,'hesays.HetoowaspuzzledbythepicturethathadsparkedClemmons'sinterest.Theobjectintheskyapparentlyhadwingsfartooshortandwideforabird.'Thepossibilitycertainlyexistedthatitwasakite,'hesays.AndsinceheneededasummerprojectforhisstudentEmilioGraff,investigatingthepossibilityofusingkitesasheavyliftersseemedlikeagoodidea.GharibandGraffsetthemselvesthetaskofraisinga4.5-metrestonecolumnfromhorizontaltovertical,usingnosourceofenergyexceptthewind.Theirinitialcalculationsandscale-modelwind-tunnelexperimentsconvincedthemtheywouldn'tneedastrongwindtoliftthe33.5-tonnecolumn.Evenamodest,ifsustainedoveralongtime,woulddo.Thekeywastouseapulleysystemthatwouldmagnifytheapplied.Sotheyriggedupatent-shapedscaffolddirectlyabovethetipofthehorizontalcolumn,withpulleyssuspendedfromthescaffold'sapex.Theideawasthatasoneendofthecolumnrose,thebasewouldrollacrossthegroundonatrolley.Earlierthisyear,theteamputClemmons'sunlikelytheorytothetest,usinga40-square-metrerectangularnylonsail.Thekiteliftedthecolumncleanofftheground.-Q4'Wewereabsoluystunned,'Gharibsays.'Theinstantthesailopenedintothewind,ahugewasgeneratedandthecolumnwasraisedtotheverticalinamere40Thewindwasblowingatagentle16to20kilometresanhour,littlemorethanhalfwhattheythoughtwouldbeneeded.-Q5Whattheyhadfailedtoreckonwithwaswhathappenedwhenthekitewasopened.'Therewasahugeinitial—fivetimeslargerthanthesteadystate,'Gharibsays.-Q6Thisjerkmeantthatkitescouldlifthugeweights,Gharibrealised.-Q7Evena300-tonnecolumncouldhavebeenliftedtotheverticalwith40orsomenandfourorfivesails.SoClemmonswasright:thepyramidbuilderscouldhaveusedkitestoliftmassivestonesintoce.'Whethertheyactuallydidisanothermatter,'Gharibsays.Therearenopicturesshowingtheconstructionofthepyramids,sothereisnowaytolwhatreallyhappened.'Theevidenceforusingkitestomovelargestonesisnobetterorworsethantheevidenceforthebrutemethod,'Gharibsays.Indeed,theexperimentshaveleftmanyspecialistsunconvinced.'Theevidenceforkite-liftingisnon-existent,'saysWillekeWendrich,anassociateprofessorofEgyptologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.Othersfeelthereismoreofacaseforthetheory.Harnessingthewindwouldnothavebeenaproblem plishedsailorsliketheEgyptians.-Q10Andtheyareknowntohaveusedwoodenpulleys,whichcouldbeenmadestrongenoughtobeartheweightofmassiveblocksofstone.-Q8,9Inaddition,thereissomephysicalevidencethattheancientEgyptianswereinterestedinflight.AwoodenartefactfoundonthesteppyramidatSaqqaralooksuncannilylikeamodernglider.-Q11Althoughitdatesfromseveralhundredyearsafterthebuildingofthepyramids,itssophisticationsuggeststhattheEgyptiansmighthavebeendeveloideasofflightforalongtime.-Q12Andotherancientcivilisationscertainlyknewaboutkites;asearlyas1250BC,the wereusingthemtodelivermessagesanddumpflamingdebrisontheirfoes.-Q13Theexperimentsmightevenhavepracticalusesnowadays.Thereareplentyofcesaroundtheglobewherepeoplehavenoaccesstoheavymachinery,butdoknowhowtodealwithwind,sailingandbasicmechanicalprinciples.GharibhasalreadybeencontactedbyacivilengineerinNicaragua,whowantstoputupbuildingswithadoberoofssupportedbyconcretearchesonasitethatheavyequipmentcan'treach.Hisideaistobuildthearcheshorizontally,thenliftthemintoceusingkites.'We'vegivenhimsomedesignhints,'saysGharib.'We'rejustwaitingforhimtoreportback.'Sowhethertheywereactuallyusedtobuildthepyramidsornot,itseemsthatkitesmaymakesensibleconstructiontoolsinthe21stcenturyAD.Questions1-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes1-7onyouranswersheet,TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisItisgenerallybelievedthatlargenumbersofpeoplewereneededtobuildtheTRUEgenerallybelieved—conventionalpicturelargenumbersofpeople—tensofthousandsofslaves。定位词：largenumbersofpeople,buildthepyramids译文：传统的描述是由成千上万 拖动载有石头的雪橇来建造的Theconventionalpictureisthattensofthousandsofslavesdraggedstones译文：传统的描述是由成千上万 拖动载有石头的雪橇来建造的ClemmonsfoundastrangehieroglyphonthewallofanEgyptian定位词：hieroglyph,EgyptianWhileperusingabookonthemonumentsofEgypt,shenoticedahieroglyphthatshowedarowofmenstandinginoddpostures.此题定位词在文中原词出现，可以快速定位。文中定位此题定位词在文中原词出现，可以快速定位。文中定位 Clemmons是在一本关于埃bookGharibhadpreviouslydoneexperimentsonbirdNOT题干 在文章中未出现，此题“原文完全未提及”定位词：experiment,题干 在文章中未出现，此题“原文完全未提及”GharibandGrafftestedtheirtheorybeforeapplyingEarlierthisyear,theteamputClemmons'sunlikelytheorytothetest,testtestThesuccessoftheactualexperimentwasduetothehighspeedofthe定位词：highspeedofthewind,due此题按照顺序原则，在第五段首句定位出与风速相关的信息，但文中对于风速的描述为gentlelittlemorethanhalf(Thewindwasblowingatagentle16to20kilometresanhour,littlemorethanhalfwhattheythoughtwouldbeneeded.1620gentle（温和的）Theyfoundthat,asthekiteflewhigher,the gotNOT定位词：kite, ,flewhigher,got此题在定位句中只提到了kite打开的时候wind 很大，对于题目中的两个 Whattheyhadfailedtoreckonwithwaswhathappenedwhenthekitewasopened.“Therewasahugeinitial —fivetimeslargerthanthesteadystate 五倍。”Gharib同意。注意不要根同意。注意不要根 进行判断，以原文为准 Theteamdecidedthatitwaspossibletousekitestoraiseveryheavy定位词：kiteveryheavystonespossibleto译文： 这种猛然的拉力意味着风筝能够举起巨大的重量Thisjerkmeantthatkitescouldlifthugeweights,Gharib译文： 这种猛然的拉力意味着风筝能够举起巨大的重量Questions8-CompletethesummaryChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes8-13onyouranswersheet.Additionalevidencefortheoryofkite-TheEgyptianshad8...(wooden)pulleys...............,whichcouldliftlargepiecesof9.... ,8.答案theyknewhowtousetheenergyofthewindfromtheirskillas10..8.答案在定位段中查找定位词可以迅速定位于该段第二句。题中空格前为动词had，所以应于文中定位处扫描该动词或其同义词或其上下义词。此处扫描结果为tohaveused，则其后单词liketheEgyptians.Andtheyareknowntohaveusedwoodenpulleys,whichcouldhavebeenmadestrongenoughtobeartheweightofmassiveblocksofstone.9.答案9.答案定位词：large此题在文中定位紧接着上一题。通过扫描定位词得出largepiecesof对应文中massiveblocksof，于是其后单词即为答案。Andtheyareknowntohaveusedwoodenpulleys,whichcouldhavebeenmadestrongenoughtobeartheweightofmassiveblocksofstone.答案 定位词：energyfromtheHarnessingthewindwouldnothavebeenaproblem plishedsailorsliketheharness（驾驭harness（驾驭Thediscoveryononepyramidofanobjectwhichresembleda11.... suggestsmayhaveexperimentedwith12........flight..........定位词：pyramid,此题通过顺序原则可以很快定位，定位处looksuncannilylikeresembled，且译文：在 的阶梯金字塔上发现的一块木制加工品就酷似现代的滑翔机AwoodenartefactfoundonthesteppyramidatSaqqaralooksuncannilylikea译文：在 的阶梯金字塔上发现的一块木制加工品就酷似现代的滑翔机定位词：suggest,haveexperimented ideasof对应于题中haveexperimented ideasof对应于题中haveexperimentedwith，所以答案为of之后单词：theEgyptiansmighthavebeen ideasofflightforalongtime.AlthoughitdatesfromtheEgyptiansmighthavebeen ideasofflightforalongtime.Inaddition,overtwothousandyearsagokiteswereusedin asweapons,aswellasforsending13..messages.................定位词定位词此题,空格前为动词sending，则在定位句中扫描得到动词deliver与之对应，其后单词即asasearlyas1250BC,wereusingthemtodelivermessagesanddumpflamingdebrisontheir译文：早在公元前1250年 就用它们来传递信息或向敌人倾倒燃烧的碎片READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2EndlessMorethantwohundredyearsago,RussianexplorersandfurhunterslandedontheAleutianIslands,avolcanicarchipelagointheNorthPacific,andlearnedofalandmassthatlayfarthertothenorth.Theislands'nativeinhabitantscalledthislandmassAleyska,the'GreatLand';today,weknowitasAlaska.-Q14Theforty-ninthstatetojointheUnitedStatesofAmerica(in1959),Alaskaisfullyone-fifththesizeofthe48statescombined.Itshares,withCanada,thesecondlongestriversysteminNorthAmericaandhasoverhalfthecoastlineoftheUnitedStates.TheriversfeedintotheBeringSeaandGulfofAlaska—cold,nutrient-richwaterswhichsupporttensofmillionsofseabirds,andover400speciesoffish,sfish,crustaceans,andmolluscs.Takingadvantageofthisrichbounty,Alaska'scommercialfisherieshavedevelopedintosomeofthelargestintheworld.-Q15AccordingtotheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADF&G),Alaska'scommercialfisherieslandedhundredsofthousandsoftonnesofsfishandherring,andwelloveramilliontonnesofgroundfish(cod,sole,perchandpollock)in2000.ThetrueculturalheartandsoulofAlaska'sfisheries,however,issalmon.'Salmon,'noteswriterSusanEwinginTheGreatAlaskaNatureFactbook,'pumpthroughAlaskalikebloodthroughaheart,bringingrhythmic,circulatingnourishmenttoland,animalsandpeople.'-Q16The'predictableabundanceofsalmonallowedsomenativeculturestoflourish,'and'dyingspawners*feedbears,eagles,otheranimals,andultimaythesoilitself.'AllfivespeciesofPacificsalmon—chinook,orking;chum,ordog;coho,orsilver;sockeye,orred;andpink,orhumpback—spawn**inAlaskanwaters,and90%ofallPacificsalmoncommerciallycaughtinNorthAmericaareproducedthere.-Q17Indeed,ifAlaskawasanindependentnation,itwouldbethelargestproducerofwildsalmonintheworld.During2000,commercialcatchesofPacificsalmoninAlaskaexceeded320,000tonnes,withanex-vesselvalueofover$US260million.-Q18Catcheshavenotalwaysbeensohealthy.Between1940and1959,overfishingledtocrashesinpopulationssoseverethatin1953Alaskawasdeclaredafederaldisasterarea.-Q20Withtheonsetofstatehood,however,theStateofAlaskatookovermanagementofitsownfisheries,guidedbyastateconstitutionwhichmandatesthatAlaska'snaturalresourcesbemanagedonasustainablebasis.Atthattime,statewideharveststotalledaround25millionsalmon.Overthenextfewdecadesaveragecatchessteadilyincreasedasaresultofthisofsustainablemanagement,until,duringthe1990s,annualharvestswerewellinexcessof100million,andonseveraloccasionsover200millionfish.Theprimaryreasonforsuchincreasesiswhatisknownas'In-SeasonAbundance-BasedManagement'.Therearebiologiststhroughoutthestateconstantlymonitoringadultfishastheyshowuptospawn.Thebiologistssitinstreamsidecountingtowers,studysonar,watchfromaerones,andtalktofishermen.-Q21ThesalmonseasoninAlaskaisnotpre-set.Thefishermenknowtheapproximatetimeofyearwhentheywillbeallowedtofish,butonanygivenday,oneormorefieldbiologistsinaparticularareacanputahalttofishing-Q22.Evensportfishingcanbebroughttoahalt.ItisthismanagementmechanismthathasallowedAlaskasalmonstocks—and,accordingly,Alaskasalmonfisheries—toprosper,evenassalmonpopulationsintherestoftheUnitedStatesareincreasinglyconsideredthreatenedorevenendangered.-Q23In1999,theMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)***commissionedareviewoftheAlaskasalmonfishery.TheCouncil,whichwasfoundedin1996,certifiesfisheriesthatmeethighenvironmentalstandards,enablingthemtousealabelthatrecognisestheirenvironmentalresponsibility.-Q24TheMSChasestablishedasetofcriteriabywhichcommercialfisheriescanbejudged.Recognisingthepotentialbenefitsofbeingidentifiedasenvironmentallyresponsible,fisheriesapproachtheCouncilrequestingtoundergothecertificationprocess.TheMSCthenappointsacertificationcommittee,composedofapaneloffisheriesexperts,whichgathersinformationandopinionsfromfishermen,biologists,ernmentofficials,industryrepresentatives,non-ernmentalorganisationsandothers.SomeobserversthoughttheAlaskasalmonfisherieswouldnothaveanychanceofcertificationwhen,inthemonthsleadinguptoMSC'sfinaldecision,salmonrunsthroughoutwesternAlaskacompleycollapsed.IntheYukonandKuskokwimrivers,chinookandchumrunswereprobablythepoorestsincestatehood;subsistencecommunitiesthroughouttheregion,whonormallyhavepriorityovercommercialfishing,weredevastated.Thecrisiswascompleyunexpected,butresearchersbelieveithadnothingtodowithimpactsoffisheries.Rather,theycontend,itwasalmostcertainlytheresultofclimaticshifts,promptedinpartbycumulativeeffectsoftheelnino/lanifiaphenomenononPacificOceantemperatures,culminatinginaharshwinterinwhichhugenumbersofsalmoneggswerefrozen.Itcouldhavemeanttheendasfarasthecertificationprocesswasconcerned.However,thestatereactedquickly,closingdownallfisheries,eventhosenecessaryforsubsistenceInSeptember2000,MSCannouncedthattheAlaskasalmonfisheriesqualifiedforcertification.SevencompaniesproducingAlaskasalmonwereimmediaygrantedpermissiontodisytheMSClogoontheirproducts.-Q26Certificationisforaninitialperiodoffiveyears,withanannualreviewtoensurethatthefisheryiscontinuingtomeettherequiredstandards.*spawners:fishthathavereleased**spawn:release***MSC:ajointventurebetweenWWF(WorldWildlifeFund)andUnilever,aDutch-basedmulti-Questions14-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes14-20onyouranswersheet, ifthestatementaggresswiththeinformation. ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisTheinhabitantsoftheAleutianislandsrenamedtheirislands定位词：inhabitantsAleutianislands此题定位词均在文章第一段以原词出现。其含义为“岛上居民称此岛为Aleyska”，而题中为重命名(renamed)，FALSE。Theislands'nativeinhabitantscalledthislandmassAleyska,the'GreatLand';today,weknowitas译文：岛上的原住民把这块大陆称为，意为“伟大的土地”。如今，我们叫它阿拉Alaska’sfisheriesareownedbysomeoftheworld’slargestNOT定位词：Alaska’sfisherieslargestcompanies，owned此题通过定位词可以快速定位。文中定位句，阿拉斯加的一些商业渔场发展成为世界上最大的。题目中所提到的“渔场为最大的公司所拥有”在文中并未提及，所以此题答案为NOTGIVEN。Takingadvantageofthisrichbounty,Alaska'scommercialfisherieshavedevelopedintosomeofthelargestinthe译文：400渔场充分利用了大自然的馈赠，已经发展成为世界上规模最大的渔业地之一。LifeinAlaskaisdependenton定位词：lifesalmon，dependent通过题中定位词可定位于首次出现salmon的第三段。定位处运用比喻的手法说明大马哈鱼对于阿拉斯加意义重大，就像流过心脏的血液一样，这与题目中的dependenton(依赖于)TRUE。'Salmon,'noteswriterSusanEwinginTheGreatAlaskaNatureFactbook,'pumpthroughAlaskalikebloodthroughaheart,bringingrhythmic,circulatingnourishmenttoland,animalsandpeople.'译文：随笔作家•尤因在著作《伟大的阿拉斯加自然概况》一书中，大马哈鱼NinetypercentofallPacificsalmoncaughtaresockeyeorpinkNOT定位词：ninetypercent,Pacificsalmon，sockeyeorpink鱼，并捞的太平洋大马哈鱼有90％都产自此水域。而题目却将产自此水域的五种NOTGIVEN。AllfivespeciesofPacificsalmon—chinook,orking;chum,ordog;coho,orsilver;sockeye,orred;andpink,orhumpback—spawn**inAlaskanwaters,and90%ofallPacificsalmoncommerciallycaughtinNorthAmericaareproducedthere.译文：5种太平洋大马哈鱼都在阿拉斯加水域产卵：奇大马哈鱼()、大马哈鱼(狗鲑)、银大马哈鱼(银鲑)、红大马哈鱼(红鲑)、粉大马哈鱼(驼背大马哈鱼)。90％Morethan320,000tonnesofsalmonwerecaughtinAlaskainTRUE定位词：Alaska,in2000，morethan320,根据顺序原则可迅速定位此题，且定位句和题目内容一致，文章中的exceeded与题目中的morethanTRUE同意。exceed（超过Between1940and1959,therewasasharpdecreaseinAlaska’ssalmon定位词：Between1940and1959，Alaska'ssalmonpopulation，sharp定位词均以原词出现，定位句，在1940到1959，过度捕捞导致大马哈鱼总量大跌，这与题目完全一致。文章中的crashes与题目中的sharpdecrease属于同义转述。故 During2000,commercialcatchesofPacificsalmoninAlaskaexceeded320,000tonnes,withanex-vesselvalueofover$US260million.译文：2000年，阿拉斯加商业大马哈鱼产量超过320,000吨，船边额超过2.6亿美Crash（坠落Duringthe1990s,theaveragenumberofsalmoncaughteachyearwas100定位词：1990s,averagenumber，100根据年代可迅速定位于第四段末句，定位句年捕捞量超过(inexcessof)1亿，还有些21FALSE。Between1940and1959,overfishingledtocrashesinsalmonpopulationssoseverethatin1953Alaskawasdeclaredafederaldisasterarea.“受灾渔区”。不过，州通过抗争夺回了渔业自主管理权，在州的指导下开展Questions21-Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending.A-K,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-K,inboxes21-26onyouranswersheet.AAtorecognizefisheriesthatcarefortheBtobeCtostopfishfromDtosetupenvironmentalprotectionEtostoppeoplefishingforFtolabeltheirproductsusingtheMSCGtoensurethatfishnumbersaresufficienttopermitHtoassistthesubsistencecommunitiesintheI zeahugenumberofsalmonJtodenycertificationtotheAlaskaKtoclosedownallInAlaska,biologistskeepacheckonadult答案为Gtoensurethatfishnumbersaresufficienttopermit定位词：biologists,adult此题定位较易，但解题较难。由定位句可知生物学家从成年鱼类开始产卵时对其进行，但是并未直接其目的，考生只能通过理解该段上下文分析得出：生物学家的是“当目的是鱼量是否充足(abundance)。通过扫描选项，只有G选项能与之对应：toensurethatfishnumbersaresufficient(对应abundance)topermitfishing。故正确答案为G。sitinstreamsidecountingtowers,studysonar,watchfrom nes,andtalktoTherearebiologiststhroughoutsitinstreamsidecountingtowers,studysonar,watchfrom nes,andtalktoBiologistshavethe答案为Etostoppeoplefishingfor此题定位较难，考生应使用排除法，最后解决这道题。定位句生物学家可以制止(halt)捕鱼行为。通过扫描选项，只有E选项能与之对应：tostop(对halt)peoplefishingforsportE。Thefishermenknowtheapproximatetimeofyearwhentheywillbeallowedtofish,butonanygivenday,oneormorefieldbiologistsinaparticularareacanputahalttofishing。译文：渔民们知道一年中允许捕捞的大概时间段。但是在某些特定的日子，某个地区的In-SeasonAbundance-BasedManagementhasallowedtheAlaskasalmon答案为Btobe此题按照顺序原则可迅速定位，定位句该项管理使得阿拉斯加的大马哈鱼渔业开始繁荣(prosper)。通过扫描选项，只有B选项能与之对应：tobesuccessful(prosper)B。ItisthismanagementmechanismthathasallowedAlaskasalmonstocks—and,accordingly,Alaskasalmonfisheries—toprosper,evenassalmonpopulationsintherestoftheUnitedStatesareincreasinglyconsideredthreatenedorevenendangered.得以持续发展。而同时，其他地区的大马哈鱼数量却日益令人担忧，处在备受、甚至是的状态中。TheMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)was答案为定位词：MSC要定位此题，必须先辨识出established在文中的同义转述wasfound，定位句MSC会认证满足高环保标准的渔场；通过扫描选项，只有A选项能与之对应：torecognise(certifies)fisheriesthatcarefortheenvironment(meethighenvironmentalstandards)A。TheCouncil,whichwasfoundedin1996,certifiesfisheriesthatmeethighenvironmentalstandards,enablingthemtousealabelthatrecognisestheirenvironmentalresponsibility.译文：该成立于1996年，它为符合高环保标准的渔业证明，允许他们使用标签，表明他们知道自己肩负的环保责任。海洋管理设定了一套评定商业捕鱼业的标准。Asaresultofthecollapseofthesalmonrunsin1999,thestate答案为定位词：theK“toclosedownallfisheries”与原文几乎完全一致。故正确答案为K。However,thestatereactedquickly,closingdownallfisheries,eventhosenecessaryforsubsistence26.InSeptember2000,theMSCallowedsevenAlaskasalmon答案为定位词：sevenAlaska描选项及剩余选项，发现F选项“tolabel(对应disy)theirproductsusingtheMSClogo'’F。SevencompaniesproducingAlaskasalmonwereimmedia ygrantedpermissiontodis ytheMSClogoontheirproducts.译文：7家生产阿拉斯加大马哈鱼的渔业公司立即获准在产品上使用海洋管理徽Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3EFFECTSOFIngeneral,itisusibletosupposethatweshouldpreferpeaceandquiettonoise.Andyetmostofushavehadtheexperienceofhavingtoadjusttosleeinthemountainsorthecountrysidebecauseitwasinitially'tooquiet',anexperiencethatsuggeststhathumansarecapableofadaptingtoawiderangeofnoiselevels.-Q27Researchsupportsthisview.Forexample,GlassandSinger(1972)exposedpeopletoshortburstsofveryloudnoiseandthenmeasuredtheirabilitytoworkoutproblemsandtheirphysiologicalreactionstothenoise-Q35.Thenoisewasquitedisruptiveatfirst,butafteraboutfourminutesthesubjectswerengjustaswellontheirtasksascontrolsubjectswhowerenotexposedtonoise.Theirphysiologicalarousalalsodeclinedquicklytothesamelevelsasthoseofthecontrolsubjects-Q28.Buttherearelimitstoadaptationandloud esmoretroublesomeif isrequiredconcentrateonmorethanonetask.-Q29Forexample,highnoiselevelsinterferedwiththeperformanceofsubjectswhowererequiredtomonitorthreedialsatatime,atasknotunlikethatofanaeronepilotoranair-trafficcontroller(Broadbent,1957).-Q39Similarly,noisedidnotaffectasubject'sabilitytotrackamovinglinewithasteeringwheel,butitdidinterferewiththesubject'sabilitytorepeatnumberswhiletracking(FinkelmanandGlass,-Q401970).Probablythemostsignificantfindingfromresearchonnoiseisthatitspredictabilityismoreimportantthanhowlouditis.Wearemuchmoreableto'tuneout'chronicbackgroundnoise,evenifitisquiteloud,thantoworkundercircumstanceswithunexpectedintrusionsofnoise.-Q30IntheGlassandSingerstudy,inwhichsubjectswereexposedtoburstsofnoiseastheyworkedonatask,somesubjectsheardloudburstsandothersheardsoftbursts.Forsomesubjects,theburstswerespacedexactlyoneminuteapart(predictablenoise);othersheardthesameamountofnoiseoverall,buttheburstsPredictableLoudSoftTable1:ProofreadingErrorsandoccurredatrandomintervals(unpredictablenoise).-Q31Subjectsreportedfindingthepredictableandunpredictablenoiseequallyannoying,andallsubjectsperformedataboutthesamelevelduringthenoiseportionoftheexperiment.-Q32Butthedifferentnoiseconditionshadquitedifferentafter-effectswhenthesubjectswererequiredtoproofreadwrittenmaterialunderconditionsofnonoise.AsshowninTable1theunpredictablenoiseproducedmoreerrorsinthelaterproofreadingtaskthanpredictablenoise;andsoft,unpredictablenoiseactuallyproducedslightlymoreerrorsonthistaskthantheloud,predictablenoise.-Q33Apparently,unpredictablenoiseproducesmorefatiguethanpredictablenoise,butittakesawhileforthisfatiguetotakeitstollonperformance.-Q34Predictabilityisnottheonlyvariablethatreducesoreliminatesthenegativeeffectsofnoise.Anotheriscontrol.Iftheindividualknowsthatheorshecancontrolthenoise,thisseemstoeliminatebothitsnegativeeffectsatthetimeanditsafter-effects.-Q37Thisistrueeveniftheindividualneveractuallyexerciseshisorheroptiontoturnthenoiseoff(GlassandSinger,1972).Justtheknowledgethatonehascontrolissufficient.Thestudiesdiscussedsofarexposedpeopletonoiseforonlyshortperiodsandonlytransienteffectswerestudied.Butthemajorworryaboutnoisyenvironmentsisthatlivingdayafterdaywithchronicnoisemayproduceserious,lastingeffects.Onestudy,suggestingthatthisworryisarealisticone,comparedelementaryschoolpupilswhoattendedschoolsnearLosAngeles'sbusiestairportwithstudentswhoattendedschoolsinquietneighbourhoods(Cohenetal.,1980).-Q36Itwasfoundthatchildrenfromthenoisyschoolshadhigherbloodpressureandweremoreeasilydistractedthanthosewhoattendedthequietschools.Moreover,therewasnoevidenceofadaptabilitytothenoise.Infact,thelongerthechildrenhadattendedthenoisyschools,themoredistractibletheybecame.Theeffectsalsoseemtobelonglasting.Afollow-upstudyshowedthatchildrenwhoweremovedtolessnoisyclassroomsstillshowedgreaterdistractibilityoneyearlaterthanstudentswhohadalwaysbeeninthequietschools(Cohenetal,1981).Itshouldbenotedthatthetwogroupsofchildrenhadbeencarefullymatchedbytheinvestigatorssothattheywerecomparableinage,ethnicity,race,andsocialclass.Questions27-Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorWritethecorrectletterinboxes27-29onyouranswerThewritersuggeststhatpeoplemayhavedifficultysleeinthemountainsAhumansdonotpreferpeaceandquiettoBtheymaybeexposedtoshortburstsofverystrangeChumansprefertohearacertainamountofnoisewhiletheyDtheymayhaveadaptedtoahighernoiselevelinthe正确答案：D定位词：sleeinthe对应第一段前两句：先人类似乎(usible意为“貌似真实的”)更喜欢安静，然后利yetA“喜欢噪音不喜欢宁静”文章并未提及；B中的“瞬间产生的奇怪声音”在定位句中也未提及；C中的“人喜欢睡觉时听噪音”也未提及；只有D选项符合文意，其中adaptedtoahighernoiselevel对应文中的adjust(调节)，因为城市噪音较大，所以在山里睡觉时需Ingeneral,itisusibletosupposethatweshouldpreferpeaceandquiettonoise.Andyetmostofushavehadtheexperienceofhavingtoadjusttosleeinthemountainsorthecountrysidebecauseitwasinitially'tooquiet',anexperiencethatsuggeststhathumansarecapableofadaptingtoawiderangeofnoiselevels.Innoiseexperiments,GlassandSingerfoundAproblem-solvingismucheasierunderquietBphysiologicalarousalpreventstheabilitytoCburstsofnoisedonotseriouslydisruptproblem-solvinginthelongDthephysiologicalarousalofcontrolsubjectsdeclined正确答案：C定位词：GlassandThenoisewasquitedisruptiveatfirst,butafteraboutfourminutesthesubjectswerengjustaswellontheirtasksascontrolsubjectswhowerenotexposedtonoise.TheirphysiologicalarousalalsodeclinedquicklytothesamelevelsasthoseofthecontrolsubjectsResearchersdiscoveredthathighnoiselevelsarenotlikelytointerferewithAsuccessfulperformanceofasingleBtasksofpilotsorairtrafficCabilitytorepeatnumberswhiletrackingmovingDabilitytomonitorthreedialsat正确答案：A定位词：erfere第二段首句：但如果要求试验对象同时专注几项任务时，其对噪音的适应能力就会到达极从第二句开始就开始举例(Forexample)，因此例子之前的引导句就是解题句。噪音干扰同A排除，剩余选项也为A。isrequiredButtherearelimitstoadaptationandloudnoise esmoretroublesomeifisrequiredQuestions30-Completethesummaryusingthelistofwordsandphrases,A-J,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-J,inboxes30-34onyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanAAnocontrolBCDthesameamountEperformedbetterFperformedataboutthesamelevelGHshowedmoreirritationImademoremistakesJdifferenttypesGlassandSinger(1972)showedthatsituationsinwhichthereisintensenoisehavelesseffectonperformancethancircumstancesinwhich30. noiseoccurs.Subjectsweredividedintogroupstoperformatask.正确答案B定位词：GlassandSingernoiseBCDGJ。由题目所在句句意分析，可得出空格所填词应与intense构成反义关系。经过筛选可以确定答案为B选项：unexpected。另外，通过比较题目和文中定位处的对应关系，可得出题中inwhichoccurs对应文中withunexpectedintrusions，B。Wearemuchmoreableto'tuneout'chronicbackgroundnoise,evenifitis