高级阅读10课文解释

LessonThetrialthatrockedtheBackrgoundknowledgeCreationism:is:“Adoctrineortheoryholdingthatmatter,thevariousformsoflife,andtheworldwerecreatedbyGodoutofnothingandusuallyinthewaydescribedinGenesis.”is,“Atheoryoftheoriginalperpetuation(永存,不朽)ofnewspeciesofanimalsandntsthatoffspringofagivenorganismvary,thatnaturalselectionfavorsthesurvivalofsomeofthesevariationsoverothers,thatnewspecieshavearisenandmaycontinuetorisebytheseprocesses,andthatwidelydivergentgroupsofntsandanimalshavearisenfromthesameancestors;biologicalevolution.”Sciencev.Religion:Thehistoryandsignificanceofthe1925ScopesInthesummerof1925,alandmarkcasetookceinthetownofDayton,Tennessee.KnownastheScopes"MonkeyTrial,"itwasbroadcastoverthenewlydevelopedradionetworksanddominatedtheheadlinesofthenewspapersoftheday,promotedasthe"trialofthecentury."TheScopestrialhighlightedthesanddilemmasoverreligionandsciencethathavedAmericanculturethroughoutthetwentiethcentury.KingJamesVersionTheBookofChapterInthebeginningGodcreatedtheheavenandtheAndtheearthwaswithoutform,andvoid;anddarknesswasthefaceofthedeep.AndtheSpiritofGodmoveduponthefaceofthewaters.AndGodsaid,Lettherebelight:andtherewasAndGodsawthelight,thatitwasgood:andGoddividedthelightfromthedarkness.AndGodcalledthelightDay,andthedarknesshecalledNight.Andtheeveningandthemorningwerethefirstday.AndGodsaid,Lettherebeafirmament( ,天空)inthemidstofthewaters,andletitdividethewatersfromthewaters.AndGodmadethefirmament,anddividedthewaterswhichunderthefirmamentfromthewaterswhichwereabovethefirmament:anditwasso.AndGodcalledthefirmamentHeaven.Andtheeveningandthemorningwerethesecondday.AndGodsaid,Letthewatersundertheheavenbegatheredtogetheruntoonece,andletthedrylandappear:anditwasso.AndGodcalledthedrylandEarth;andthegatheringtogetherofthewaterscalledheSeas:andGodsawthatitwasgood.AndGodsaid,Lettheearthbringforthgrass,theherbyieldingandthefruittreeyieldingfruitafterhiskind,whoseseedisinitself,upontheearth:anditwasso.Andtheearthbroughtforthgrass,andherbyieldingseedafterkind,andthetreeyieldingfruit,whoseseedwasinitself,afterhiskind:andGodsawthatitwasgood.AndtheeveningandthemorningwerethethirdAndGodsaid,Lettherebelightsinthefirmamentoftheheavendividethedayfromthenight;andletthembeforsigns,andforseasons,andfordays,andyears:Andletthembeforlightsinthefirmamentoftheheaventogivelightupontheearth:anditwasso.AndGodmadetwogreatlights;thegreaterlighttoruletheday,andthelesserlighttorulethenight:hemadethestarsalso.AndGodsettheminthefirmamentoftheheaventogivelightupontheearth,Andtoruleoverthedayandoverthenight,andtodividethelightfromthedarkness:andGodsawthatitwasgood.Andtheeveningandthemorningwere AndGodsaid,Letthewatersbringforthabundantlythecreaturethathathlife,andfowlthatmayflyabovetheearthintheopenfirmamentofheaven.AndGodcreatedgreatwhales,andeverylivingcreaturethatwhichthewatersbroughtforthabundantly,aftertheirkind,andeverywingedfowlafterhiskind:andGodsawthatitwasgood.AndGodblessedthem,saying,Befruitful,andmultiply,andfillthewatersintheseas,andletfowlmultiplyintheearth.AndtheeveningandthemorningwerethefifthAndGodsaid,Lettheearthbringforththelivingcreatureafterkind,cattle,andcree thing,andbeastoftheearthafterhiskind:anditwasso.AndGodmadethebeastoftheearthafterhiskind,andcattletheirkind,andeverythingthatcreepethupontheearthafterhiskind:andGodsawthatitwasgood.AndGodsaid,Letusmakemaninourimage,afterourlikeness:letthemhavedominionoverthefishofthesea,andoverthefowloftheair,andoverthecattle,andoveralltheearth,andovereverycreethingthatcreepethupontheearth.SoGodcreatedmaninhisownimage,intheimageofGodhehim;maleandfemalecreatedheAndGodblessedthem,andGodsaiduntothem,Befruitful,multiply,andreplenishtheearth,andsubdueit:andhavedominionoverthefishofthesea,andoverthefowloftheair,andovereverylivingthingthatmovethupontheearth.AndGodsaid,Behold,Ihavegivenyoueveryherbbearingwhichisuponthefaceofalltheearth,andeverytree,inthewhichisthefruitofatreeyieldingseed;toyouitshallbeformeat.Andtoeverybeastoftheearth,andtoeveryfowloftheair,andeverythingthatcreepethupontheearth,whereinthereislife,Ihavegiveneverygreenherbformeat:anditwasso.AndGodsaweverythingthathehadmade,and,behold,itwasverygood.Andtheeveningandthemorningwerethesixthday.ChapterThustheheavensandtheearthwerefinished,andallthehostofthem.AndontheseventhdayGodendedhisworkwhichhadmade;andherestedontheseventhdayfromallhisworkwhichhehadmade.AndGodblessedtheseventhday,andsanctifiedbecausethatinithehadrestedfromallhisworkwhichGodcreatedandmade.Thesearethegenerationsoftheheavensandofthewhentheywerecreated,inthedaythattheLORDGodmadetheearthandtheheavens,Andeveryntofthefieldbeforeitwasintheandeveryherbofthefieldbeforeitgrew:fortheLORDGodhadnotcausedittorainupontheearth,andtherewasnotamantotilltheButtherewentupamistfromtheearth,andwateredthewholefaceoftheground.AndtheLORDGodformedmanofthedustofground,andbreathedintohisnostrilsthebreathoflife;andmanbecamealivingsoul.AndtheLORDGod ntedagardeneastwardinEden;andthereheputthemanwhomhehadformed.AndoutofthegroundmadetheLORDGodtoeverytreethatispleasanttothesight,andgoodforfood;thetreeoflifealsointhemidstofthegarden,andthetreeofknowledgeofgoodandAndariverwentoutofEdentowaterthegarden;andfromthenceitwasparted,andbecameintofourheads.ThenameofthefirstisPison:thatisitcompasseththewholelandofHavilah,wherethereisAndthegoldofthatlandisgood:thereisbdelliumandtheonyxstone.AndthenameofthesecondriverisGihon:thesameisitthatcompasseththewholelandofEthiopia.AndthenameofthethirdriverisHiddekel:thatiswhichgoethtowardtheeastofAssyria.AndtheriverisEuphrates.AndtheLORDGodtooktheman,andputhimintothegardenofEdentodressitandtokeepit.AndtheLORDGodcommandedtheman,saying,Ofeverytreeofthegardenthoumayest lyeat:Butofthetreeoftheknowledgeofgoodandevil,shaltnoteatofit:forinthedaythatthoueatestthereofthoushaltsurelydie.AndtheLORDGodsaid,Itisnotgoodthatthemanshouldbealone;Iwillmakehimanhelpmeetforhim.AndoutofthegroundtheLORDGodformedbeastofthefield,andeveryfowloftheair;andbroughtthemuntoAdamtoseewhathewouldcallthem:andwhatsoeverAdamcalledeverylivingcreature,thatwasthenamethereof.AndAdamgavenamestoallcattle,andtothefowltheair,andtoeverybeastofthefield;butforAdamtherewasnotfoundanhelpmeetforhim.AndtheLORDGodcausedadeepsleeptofallAdam,andheslept:andhetookoneofhisribs,andclosedupthefleshinsteadthereof;Andtherib,whichtheLORDGodhadtakenfromman,madeheawoman,andbroughtheruntotheman.AndAdamsaid,Thisisnowboneofmybones,andofmyflesh:sheshallbecalledWoman,becauseshewastakenoutofMan.Thereforeshallamanleavehisfatherandhisandshallcleaveuntohiswife:andtheyshallbeoneAndtheywerebothnaked,themanandhiswife,andwerenotashamed.ChapterNowtheserpentwasmoresubtil(狡猾的thananybeastthefieldwhichtheLORDGodhadmade.Andhesaiduntothewoman,Yea,hathGodsaid,YeshallnoteatofeverytreeoftheAndthewomansaiduntotheserpent,Wemayeatofthefruitofthetreesofthegarden:Butofthefruitofthetreewhichisinthemidstofgarden,Godhathsaid,Yeshallnoteatofit,neithershallyetouchit,lestyedie.Andtheserpentsaiduntothewoman,YeshallnotsurelyForGoddothknowthatinthedayyeeatthereof,theneyesshallbeopened,andyeshallbeasgods,knowinggoodandevil.Andwhenthewomansawthatthetreewasgoodforandthatitwaspleasanttotheeyes,andatreetobedesiredtomakeonewise,shetookofthefruitthereof,anddideat,andgavealsountoherhusbandwithher;andhedideat.Andtheeyesofthembothwereopened,andtheythattheywerenaked;andtheysewedfigleavestogether,andmadethemselvesaprons.AndtheyheardthevoiceoftheLORDGodwalkingingardeninthecooloftheday:andAdamandhiswifehidthemselvesfromthepresenceoftheLORDGodamongstthetreesofthegarden.AndtheLORDGodcalleduntoAdam,andsaiduntohim,Whereartthou?Andhesaid,Iheardthyvoiceinthegarden,andIwasafraid,becauseIwasnaked;andIhidmyself.Andhesaid,Whotoldtheethatthouwastnaked?thoueatenofthetree,whereofIcommandedtheethatthoushouldestnoteat?Andthemansaid,Thewomanwhomthougavesttobewithme,shegavemeofthetree,andIdideat.AndtheLORDGodsaiduntothewoman,Whatisthisthouhastdone?Andthewomansaid,Theserpentbeguiledme,andIdideat.AndtheLORDGodsaiduntotheserpent,Becausehastdonethis,thouartcursedaboveallcattle,andaboveeverybeastofthefield;uponthybellyshaltthougo,anddustshaltthoueatallthedaysofthylife:AndIwillputenmitybetweentheeandthewoman,betweenthyseedandherseed;itshallbruisethyhead,andthoushaltbruisehisheel.Untothewomanhesaid,Iwillgreatlymultiplythyandthyconception;insorrowthoushaltbringforthchildren;andthydesireshallbetothyhusband,andheshallruleoverthee.AnduntoAdamhesaid,Becausethouhasthearkenedthevoiceofthywife,andhasteatenofthetree,ofwhichIcommandedthee,saying,Thoushaltnoteatofit:cursedisthegroundforthysake;insorrowshaltthoueatofitallthedaysofthylife;Thornsalsoandthistlesshallitbringforthtothee;andthoushalteattheherbofthefield;Inthesweatofthyfaceshaltthoueatbread,tillthouuntotheground;foroutofitwastthoutaken:fordustthouart,anduntodustshaltthoureturn.AndAdamcalledhiswife'snameEve;becauseshewasthemotherofallliving.UntoAdamalsoandtohiswifedidtheLORDGodmakecoatsofskins,andclothedthem.AndtheLORDGodsaid,Behold,theman eoneofus,toknowgoodandevil:andnow,lestheputforthhishand,andtakealsoofthetreeoflife,andeat,andliveforever:ThereforetheLORDGodsenthimforthfromthegardenofEden,totillthegroundfromwhencehewastaken.Sohedroveouttheman;andhecedattheeastofgardenofEdenCherubims,andaflamingswordwhichturnedeveryway,tokeepthewayofthetreeoflife.BookofGenesis:Chapter2(Children'sVersion)TheStoryofAdamandGodtooksomeclayfromthegroundandmadetheshapeofaman.ThenHebreathedgentlyintotheshape.Theman'seye'sopenedandhebegantolive.GodcalledhimAdam.TheLordmadeabeautifulgardenforhimtolivein.Thegarden,calledEden,wasfullofmanywonderfulthings.Beautifulflowersgreweverywhere.Birdssanginthetrees,streamsflowedthroughthevalleyandanimalsroamedacrossthefields.GodhademadethemaninHisimagetokeep andlookaftertheGodbroughtalltheanimalstoAdamoneatatimetobegiventheirnames."Elephant",hewouldsay,or"Tiger",or"Porcupine".ButGodfeltsorryforAdam."Noneoftheseanimalsisreallylikehim,"thoughtGod,"heneedssomeonetosharehislife.Someonewhocaresforhimandwhohecancarefor."Thatnight,GodtookaribfromAdam'ssideandmadeawoman.WhenAdamawokethefollowingmorning,hefoundawife,Eve,lyingasleepbesidehim.Adamwassohappy.Hetookherhandandshewokeup.Shelookedupathimands Godtoldthemanandwomanthatitwastheirjobtotakecareoftheirnewhome.Godblessedthem,saying,"Allthisisforyou.Helpyourselftoanythingyoulike.ButnevertouchthetreeinthemiddleoftheGarden.Thattreegivesknowledgeofgoodandevil.Thedayyoueatitsfruit,youwilldie."GoddidnotmeanthatAdamandEvewoulddropdowndeadthemomenttheyatethefruitfromthetree.HemeantthatintimetheywoulddiewithoutHisSpiritdwellinginthem.Oneday,Evewasgatheringberriesfordinnerwhensheheardasilkyvoicebehind"HasGodtoldyouthatyoucaneatthefruitfromallthetrees?"thevoiceaskedsoftly.Eveturnedaroundtoseeasnaketalkingtoher."GodhastolduswecaneatallthefruitexceptforwhatgrowsonTheTreeoftheKnowledgeofGoodandEvil,"Evetoldtheserpent."Ohcomenow,that'ssilly!Ihardlythinksuchalovelyfruitwoulddoyouanyharm,"theserpentlied."GodknowsthatifyoueatfromTheTreeoftheKnowledgeofGoodandEvilyou'll ejustlikeGod,andwillbeabletodecideforyourselfwhatisrightandwhatiswrong."Thewomanlookedatthefruitandthoughthowtastyitlooked.ShethoughthowwonderfulitwouldbetobeaswiseandpowerfulasGod.Shebelievedtheserpent'slieandatethefruit.Shefeltastrangefeelinginthepitofherstomach.Shefidgetedandwonderedwhatwaswrongwithher.Suddenlysherealizedthatshewasfeelingguilty--shehaddisobeyedGodandknewshe'ddonesomethingwrong.EvehurriedlypickedsomemorefruitandtookitbacktoAdam.Theyatethefruitandsatingloomysilence.AssoonastheyatethefruitachangecameoverAdamandEve.TheybecameunhappyandfearfulofGod.AdamandEveheardGodcallingthem.Withoutthinking,theydivedintothebushes,butGodknewwheretheywere.WhenGodaskedthemiftheyhadeatenfromTheTreeoftheKnowledgeofGoodandEvilthatHehadtoldthemnottotouch,theyblamedeachotherfortheirGodwassadthatAdamandEvehaddisobeyedthem.HetoldthemthattheyhadtoleavetheGardenofEden,"Fromnowonyou'llhavetoscratchalivingfromthesoil.You'llneedtomakeclothesandgrowfood.Nothingwillcomeeasily--notevenchildbirth.Andoneday,youwilldie."Fundamentalism,inreligion,referstoabeliefintheinfallibility(neverwrong,failingormakingamistake),andlilinterpretation,ofadoctrineorholybook.SuchbeliefsareoftenthebasisforamovementthatseesitselfopposedtoModernism.ThetermfundamentalismwasoriginallycoinedtodescribeanarrowlydefinedsetofbeliefsthatdevelopedintoamovementwithintheUSantcommunityintheearlypartofthe20thcentury.Thesereligiousprinciplesstoodinoppositiontothemodernistmovement.Theterm"fundamentalist"hassincebeengeneralizedtomeanstrongadherencetoanysetofbeliefsinthefaceofcriticismorunpopularity,buthasbyandlargeretainedreligiousconnotations(especiallysincetheIranianrevolution,whencfundamentalismbecameatermusedtoexinthepoliticalcmovementbasedonfundamentalcbeliefs).Legallawyernoun[C](USALSOsomeonewhosejobistogiveadvicetopeopleaboutthelawandspeakfortheminIwanttoseemylawyerbeforeIsayattorneynoun[C]USFORlawyer:adefenseanattorneyfortheintiffacivil/criminalattorneydefendantnoun[C]LEGALainalawcasewhoisaccusedofhavingdonesomething noun[C]someonewhomakesalegalcomintagainstsomeoneelseinprosecute(LEGAL)verb[Iortoofficiallyaccusesomeoneofcommittingacrimeinacourtoflaw,or(ofalawyer)totrytoprovethataaccusedofcommittingacrimeisguiltyofthatcrime:Shoplifterswillbeprosecuted.Hewasprosecutedforfraud.AnymanufacturerwhodoesnotconformtothestandardscouldbeprosecutedundertheConsumersProtectionAct,1987.Thevictimhassaidthatshewillnotprosecutionnoun[CorU]whensomeoneisprosecuted:Anumberofthecaseshaveresultedinsuccessfulprosecution.Doctorsguiltyofneglectareliabletoprosecution. nounalegalrepresentativewhoofficiallyaccusessomeoneofcommittingacrime,especiallyinacourtofn.官，追诉者,告发Theprosecutorbroughtanaccusationoftheftagainst patibleofficesofprosecutorand官和的职位不能由一个人兼Relatingtoatrialinwhichonepartyactsasbothprosecutorand不公开刑事程序的有关一场审问的，其中一方既是又是Don'tjabyourfingeratme:I'mnotontrialandyou'renotthe别用手指指着我，我不是在受审，你也不是[C]LEGALoneormoreofthelawyerstakingpartinalawThejudgeaddressedCounselforthedefence(=thelawyergivingadvicetotheaccused )arguedconvincinglythathiswasnotguilty.counselornoun[C]USalawyer:[asformofaddress]Idon'tthinkthatquestionisrelevant, groupnounagroupofpeopleelectedorchosentomakedecisionsorgiveadviceonaparticularsubject,torepresentaparticulargroupofpeople,ortorunaparticularorganization:theUnitedNationsSecurityThisyissupportedbyagrantfromthelocalartsthegroupofpeopleelected ernaparticulararea,townorcity,andorganizeservicesforEdinburghCityThelocalcouncilhas/havedecidednottoallocatefundsfortheproject.Thetown/citycouncilis/areresponsibleforkeethestreetsclean.councillorUK,USnoun[C](USALSOcouncilmanorcouncilwoman)anelectedmemberofalocal atown/city/county/localcouncillorCouncillorMooren.议员(理事,顾问,参赞Findinghisownschememetwithnosupportfromthemajority,themayorfacedaboutandsupportedtheideasofhisCouncilors.CouncilorJonesmusthavepulledafewstringstoobtainnningpermissiontobuildanotherhouseinthegroundsofhispresentone.为了能在他现在土地使用范围再造所房子的计划得以批准，政务员一定是在背后拉了线CouncilorJones'snamehasbeenmudsincehewasimplicatedinofficial自从政务员在履职中的行为被出来后，他的名声非常坏barristernounatypeoflawyerinBritain,Australiaandsomeothercountrieswhoisqualifiedtogivespecialistlegaladviceandcanargueacaseinbothhigherandlowerlawcourts出庭Afterfifteenyearsasabarrister,shetooksilk（takesilkUKSPECIALIZEDto eaQC=Queen'sCounsel:ahigh-rankingBritishlawyer:）.她当了十五年的讼务之後，担任了御用Themajorityofjudgersarebarrister,buttheycannotpractiseas多数是高级，但他们不能作为高级开业Abarristerhaverightofaudienceinanycourtinenglandand高级在英格兰或威尔士的任何都有意见的权利Thebarristerentirelyrenouncehisrighttoobjecttoa这位完全放弃了陪审团员的权力nounatypeoflawyerinBritainandAustraliawhoistrainedtopreparecasesandgiveadviceonlegalsubjectsandcanrepresentpeopleinlowercourts:【英】初级Iwasadvisedtoputthematterintothehandsofa人家劝我把这件事交给处理afirmofn.Thesolicitorispreparingacaseinthecourt这位正在为明天的做准备Hersolicitordrewupherlastwilland拟就了遗嘱Writetohimcareofhis写给他的信件由转交Thesolicitorisproceedingwiththeexecutionofmymother's正著手执行我母亲的遗嘱Duringherillnesshersolicitorhasbeenactingforherinherbusiness在她患病期间,一直业务I'mseeingmysolicitor我明天去见Shepractisedasasolicitorformany她当了许多年事务Haveyoubeenontothesolicitor你跟谈过了吗noun[C] inalawcourtwhostateswhattheyknowaboutalegalcaseora TenwitnessesareexpectedtotestifyatthetrialThekeywitnessfortheprosecutionwasofferedprotectionaftershereceiveddeathexpertwitnessa whoisallowedtogivetheiropinioninalawcourtbecauseoftheirknowledgeorpracticalexperienceofaparticularsubject:Apsychiatristwascalledasanexpertwitnessforthetestifyverb[Iortospeakseriouslyaboutsomething,especiallyinacourtoflaw;togiveorprovide[+that]HetestifiedthathehadseenthemanleavingthebuildingaroundthetimeoftheParagraphs1-para.3-9:para.10-43:thepara.44-48thingsthathappenedafterthetrialMetaphorandsiExerciseVIOtherRhetoricalHyperbole:deliberayexaggeratesconditionsforemphasisoreffect.Example:thetrialthatrockedtheworldTransferredepithet:Epithetisanadjectiveoradjectivephraseappropriayqualifyingasubjectbynamingakeyorimportantcharacteristicofthesubject.Atransferredepithetisanadjectivemodifyinganounwhichitdoesnotnormallymodify,butwhichmakesfigurativesense.Example:throwingareassuringarmroundmyshoulderthrowingareassuringarmroundmyshoulder:reassure:comfort,encourage,cheer,setone’smindatApparentlythearmcan’tbereassuring.Thispartmeans“throwinganarmroundmyshoulderinareassuringmanner.Thefigureofspeechusedhereis‘transferredepithet’.transferredepithet:InEnglish: sleeplessnight;sleepycorner;dreamy,gloomy,friendlytrees;sickbed;sullensky;anxioushours;ignorantnonsense;TheGrapesofWrath;HecrasheddownonaingMarkTwainhadtoleavethecitybecauseofthescathingcolumnshewrote.（将人的行为‘严厉批评的移植修饰栏目Darrowwalkedslowlyroundthebakingcourt.（将烤面包、蛋糕等的动作移植于修饰，使读者感觉到的郁闷、紧张、灼热等）Transferredepithet与metaphor、 ification的共同之处是词语的移用，不同之处在于前者所移用Theyoungnation’sheart;itsflotsamofhustlers,gamblersandthugs;theepidemicofgoldandsilverfever;honed…hiswritingmuscles.Synecdoche(提喻):atypeofmetaphorinwhichthepartstandsforthewhole,thewholeforapart,thegenusforthespecies,thespeciesforthegenus,thematerialforthethingmade,orinshort,anyportion,section,ormainqualityforthewholeorthethingitself(orviceversa).Example:Thecasehaderuptedroundmyhead.ApartreferringtothewholeReferringtopeopleaccordingtoasinglecharacteristic:"thegraybeard"representinganoldermanor"thelonghair"representingahippie.Thisleadstobahuvrihicompounds.Describingacompletevehicleas"wheels",oramotorcycleasReferringtopeoplebyaparticularbodypart.Forexample,"headcount","countingnoses",or"allhandsondeck!",or"eyeballs"observingadverts.Describingasmallportableradioasa"transistor"(thoughthatmaysimplybeanabbreviationfor"transistorradio"),oraCRT-basedevisionreceiveras"thetube"SayingbubblestorefertoChampagneoranyothersparklingwine"Arabiansands"torefertheArabiandeserts.Thematerialthatathingis(actually,historically,orsupposedly)madeofreferringtothat"brass"forbrassinstruments,orthes casingsofbulletcartridges."cement"forconcrete,cementbeingjustthebinderinconcrete"glasses"forspectacles"irons"forshacklescedaroundaprisoner'swristsoranklestorestricthis"lead"for"pigskin"foranAmericanorCanadianfootball"stic"foracreditcard"silver"fortableware,cutlery,themostvaluableofwhichismadeofsilvermetal"steel"forasword"strings"forstringinstruments"threads"forclothing"tin"foracontainermadewithtin"wax"or"vinyl"foravinylrecord(successortowaxphonographcylinders)"willow"foracricketbat"wood"foratypeofclubusedinthesportofAcontainerisusedtorefertoits"barrel"forabarrelofoil"keg"forakegofbeer"hedrankthecup",torefertohisdrinkingofthecup's"inone'scups",asimpleexpressionmakinguseofacomplexofmetaphors:undertheinfluenceofalcohol,asdescribedashavingdrunkaliquidwhichissometimescontainedincupsRidicule:unkinddescriptionsthatareintendedtomakesomeoneorsomethingseemstupid.Example:Bryan,ageingandpaunchySarcasm:astrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Example:ThereissomedoubtaboutIrony:afigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Example:thegloriousageofthesixteenthAntithesis:establishesaclear,contrastingrelationshipbetweentwoideasbyjoiningthemtogetherorjuxtaposingthem,ofteninparallelstructure.Example:Toerrishuman;toforgive,divine.--Oxymoron:aparadoxreducedtotwowords,usuallyinanadjective-noun("eloquentsilence")oradverb-adjective("inertlystrong")relationship,andisusedforeffect,complexity,emphasis,orwit.Example:avictoriousdefeatDetailedstudyPara1verb(of )tofeelveryThesoldierswereswelteringintheirextremely fortablyInthesummer,it'sswelteringinthesmallersilver-tongued:(lit.)abletogivefinepersuadingspeeches,orator:agoodpublicspeaker,awhodeliversanoration(formalandsolemnpublicParaonhand(UKALSOtoneartosomeoneorsomething,andreadytohelporbeusedifA1200-strongmilitarywillbeonhandtomonitortheForthoseofyouwhodon'thaveanatlastohand,Newcastleisacityinthenorth-eastofgroupnounagroupofpeoplewhohavebeenchosentolistentoallthefactsinatrialinalawcourtandtodecidewhetheraisguiltyornotguilty,orwhetheraclaimhasbeenproved:membersoftheThejuryhas/havebeenunabletoreturnaverdict(=reachadecision).officersaren'tusuallyallowedtobe/sit/serveonajury.agroupofpeoplechosentodecidethewinnerofareassure:comfortandmakefromfear,stopworryingoftenbysayingsth.kindorfriendlyThedoctorreassuredthesickmanabouthishealth.Shewon'tbelieveitinspiteofallourcf:assure:trytocausetobelieveortrustinsth.;promiseThecaptainassuredthepassengersthattherewasnodanger.throwingareassuringarmroundmyshoulderTransferredepithet:Epithetisanadjectiveoradjectivephraseappropriayqualifyingasubject(noun)bynamingakeyorimportantcharacteristicofthesubject.Atransferredepithetisanadjectivemodifyinganounwhichitdoesnotnormallymodify,butwhichmakesfigurativesense.juryAjurytrialisalegalproceedinginwhichajuryeithermakesadecisionormakesfindingswhicharethenappliedbyajudge.Itistobedistinguishedfromabenchtrial(审)。)whereajudgeorpanelofjudgesmakealldecisions.Juriesweightheevidenceandtestimonytodeterminequestionsoffactandoflaw.Jurydeterminationofquestionsoflaw,sometimescalledjurynullification,mayleadtotheoverturningofaverdictbythejudge.Ajurytrialshouldnotbeconfusedwithgrandjuryproceedings.IntheUnitedStates,wheregrandjuriesarestillused,thejuryusedforatrialcanbereferredtoasa"petitjury"todistinguishitfromagrandjury,Benchtrial审Inthecaseofacriminaltrial,inmoststatesthecriminaldefendantalonehastheabilitytowaivetherighttoajury.InaU.S.civiltrial,oneofthepartiesmustrequestajurytrial(andpayasmallfee),otherwiseabenchtrialwillresult.Withbenchtrials,thejudgeisthefinderoflawandthefinderoffact.Insomebenchtrials,bothsideshavealreadystipulatedtoallthefactsinthecase(suchascivildisobediencecasesdesignedtotesttheconstitutionalityofalaw).Theseareusuallyfasterthanjurytrialsduetothefewernumberofformalitiesrequired.Forexample,thereisnojuryselectionphase,noneedforsequestrationandnoneedforjuryAbenchtrialhassomedistinctivecharacteristics,butitisbasicallythesameasajurytrialwithoutthejury.Forexample,therulesofevidenceandmethodsofobjectionarethesameinabenchtrialasinajurytrial.Benchtrials,however,arefrequentlymoreinformalthanjurytrials.Withoutthetimeconsumingshowmanshipofajurytrial,thepartiesareoftenabletoconcentrateontherealquestionsatissue.Note: verb[T]tonotdemandsomethingyouhavearightto,ornotcausearuletobeThebankmanagerwaivedthecharge(=saidwedidn'thavetopay),aswewereoldandvaluedcustomers.Iftheernmentwaives(=removes)thetimelimit,manymoreapplicationswillcomein.Hepersuadedthedelegatestowaive(=giveup)theirParaadverb(ALSOsquare)directlyandwithcertainty:Sherefusedtocomedownsquarelyoneithersideoftheargument.Shepunchedhimsquareonthejaw.Paraverb[T]Ifalawcourtoragrandjuryindictssomeone,itaccusesthemofficiallyofacrime:,告发;(尤指大陪UKHewasindictedondrugchargesatSnaresbrookCrownUSFivepeoplewereindictedformakingandsellingcounterfeitThejuryindictedallelevenmennamedbythe陪审团对受到局点名的十一个人一并提起公诉indictsomeoneforadjectiveRobberyisanindictable[Cusuallysingular]areasonforgivingThisseemstometobeadamningindictmentofeducation[C]LEGALaformalstatementofThechargesontheindictmentincludemurderandattemptedaccuse,charge,prosecute,Oneaccusessb.ofcheating.Onechargessb.withcheating.Oneprosecutessb.fortheft.Oneblamessb.fortheParafestoonnounadecorativechainmadeofcolouredpaper,flowers,etc.hunginacurvebetweentwo verbtodecoratearoomorotherceforaspecialoccasionbyhangingcolouredpaper,lightsorflowersaroundit,especiallyincurves:ThehallwasfestoonedwithChristmaslightsand [IorT]toproduceleaves,hairandothernewdeveloparts,or(ofleaves,hairandotherdeveloparts)tobegintogrow:IttakesaboutthreedaysfortheseedstoYourhairisstickingup-itlookslikeyou'resprouting[I](ALSOsproutup)INFORMALIf