2000年专八真题及答案详解

TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS(2000)-GRADEEIGHT-PAPERONETIMELIMIT:95MINLISTENINGCOMPREHENSION[40MIN.]InSectionsA,BandCyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.MarkthecorrectanswertoeachquestiononyourColoredAnswerSheet.SECTIONATALKQuestions1to5refertothetalkinthissection.Attheendofthetalkyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentothetalk.TherulesforthefirstprivatelibraryintheUSweredrawnupby___.thelegislaturethelibrarianJohnHarvardthefacultymembersTheearliestpubliclibrarywasalsocalledasubscriptionlibrarybecausebooks.couldbelenttoeveryonecouldbelentbybookstoreswerelenttostudentsandthefacultywerelentonamembershipbasisWhichofthefollowingisNOTstatedasoneofthepurposesoffreepubliclibrariesToprovidereaderswithcomfortablereadingrooms.Toprovideadultswithopportunitiesoffurthereducation.Toservethecommunity'sculturalandrecreationalneeds.Tosupplytechnicalliteratureonspecializedsubjects.Themajordifferencebetweenmodemprivateandpubliclibrariesliesin___.A)readershipC)serviceB)contentD)functionThemainpurposeofthetalkis___.tointroducecategoriesofbooksinUSlibrariestodemonstratetheimportanceofUSlibrariestoexplaintherolesofdifferentUSlibrariestodefinethecirculationsystemofUSlibrariesSECTIONBINTERVIEWQuestions6to10arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentotheinterview.Nancybecameataxidriverbecause___.sheownedacarshedrovewellshelikeddrivers'uniformsitwasherchildhooddreamAccordingtoher,whatwasthemostdifficultaboutbecomingataxidriverTherightsenseofdirection.Thesenseofjudgment.Theskillofmaneuvering.Thesizeofvehicles.WhatdoesNancylikebestaboutherjobSeeinginterestingbuildingsinthecity.Beingabletoenjoytheworldofnature.Drivinginunsettledweather.Takinglongdrivesoutsidethecity.ItcanbeinferredfromtheinterviewthatNancyina(n)___mother.A)uncaringC)affectionateB)strictD)permissiveThepeopleNancymeetsareratherdifficulttopleaserudetowomendriverstalkativeandgenerouswithtipsdifferentinpersonality

SECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTQuestion11isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.TheprimarypurposeoftheUSanti-smokinglegislationis___.totightencontrolontobaccoadvertisingtoimposepenaltiesontobaccocompaniestostartanationalanti-smokingcampaignD)toensurethehealthofAmericanchildrenQuestions12and13arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven30secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.TheFrenchPresident'svisittoJapanaimsat___.makingmoreinvestmentsinJapanstimulatingJapanesebusinessesinFrancehelpingboosttheJapaneseeconomylaunchingafilmfestivalinJapanThisisJacquesChirac's___visittoJapan.second C)fortiethfourteenth D)forty-firstQuestions14and15arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven30secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.Afghanpeoplearesufferingfromstarvationbecause___.meltingsnowbeginstoblockthemountainpathstheTalibanhavedestroyedexistingfoodstockstheTalibanarehinderingfooddeliveriesanemergencyair-liftoffoodwascancelledpeopleinAfghanistanarefacingstarvation.A)160,000B)A)160,000B)16,000D)100,000SECTIONDNOTE-TAKINGANDGAP-FILLINGInthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelisteningtothelecture,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompletea15-minutegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONEafterthemini-lecture.Usetheblankpaperfornote-taking.PROOFREADING&ERRORCORRECTION(15MIN)ProofreadthegivenpassageonANSWERSHEETTWOasinstructed.READINGCOMPREHENSION(40MIN)SECTIONAREADINGCOMPREHENSION(30MIN)Inthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyatotaloffifteenmultiple-choicequestions.ReadthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyourColoredAnswerSheet.TEXTADespiteDenmark'smanifestvirtues,DanesnevertalkabouthowproudtheyaretobeDanes.ThiswouldsoundweirdinDanish.WhenDanestalktoforeignersaboutDenmark,theyalwaysbeginbycommentingonitstininess,itsunimportance,thedifficultyofitslanguage,thegeneralsmall-mindednessandself-indulgenceoftheircountrymenandthehightaxes.NoDanewouldlookyouintheeyeandsay,"Denmarkisagreatcountry."You'resupposedtofigurethisoutforyourself.Itisthelandofthesilksafetynet,wherealmosthalfthenationalbudgetgoestowardsmoothingoutlife'sinequalities,andthereisplentyofmoneyforschools,daycare,retrainingprogrammes,jobseminars-Danesloveseminars:threedaysatastudycentrehearingaboutwastemanagementisalmostasgoodasaskitrip.ItisaculturebombardedbyEnglish,inadvertising,popmusic,theInternet,anddespitealltheEnglishthatDanishabsorbs-thereisnoDanishAcademytodefendagainstit-olddialectspersistinJutlandthatcanbarelybeunderstoodbyCopenhageners.Itisthelandwhere,asthesayinggoes,"Fewhavetoomuchandfewerhavetoolittle,"andaforeignerisstruckbythesweetegalitarianismthatprevails,wherethelowliestclerkgivesyoualevelgaze,whereSirandMadamehavedisappearedfromcommonusage,evenMr.andMrs.It’sanationof-aboutrecyclers55%ofDanishgarbagegetsmadeintosomethingnew-andnonuclearpowerplants.It'sanationoftirelessplanner.Trainsrunontime.Thingsoperatewellingeneral.

Suchanationofoverachievers-abrochurefromtheMinistryofBusinessandIndustrysays,"Denmarkisoneoftheworld'scleanestandmostorganizedcountries,withvirtuallynopollution,crime,orpoverty.Denmarkisthemostcorruption-freesocietyintheNorthernHemisphere."So,ofcourse,one'sheartliftsatanysightingofDanishsleaze:skinheadgraffitionbuildings("ForeignersOutofDenmark!"),brokenbeerbottlesinthegutters,drunkenteenagersslumpedinthepark.Nonetheless,itisanorderlyland.YoudrivethroughaDanishtown,itcomestoanendatastonewall,andontheothersideisafieldofbarley,anicecleanline:townhere,countrythere.Itisnotanationofjay-walkers.Peoplestandonthecurbandwaitfortheredlighttochange,evenifit's2a.m.andthere'snotacarinsight.However,Danesdon'tthinkofthemselvesasapeople ——that'showtheyseeSwedesandGermans.Danesseethemselvesasjazzypeople,improvisers,morefreespiritedthanSwedes,butthetruthis(thoughoneshouldnotsayit)thatDanesareverymuchlikeGermansandSwedes.Orderlinessisamainsellingpoint.Denmarkhasfewnaturalresources,limitedmanufacturingcapability;itsfutureinEuropewillbeasabroker,banker,anddistributorofgoods.YousendyourgoodsbycontainershiptoCopenhagen,andthesebright,young,English-speaking,utterlyhonest,highlydisciplinedpeoplewillgetyourgoodsaroundtoScandinavia,theBalticStates,andRussia.Airports,seaports,highways,andraillinesareultramodernandwell-maintained.Theorderlinessofthesocietydoesn'tmeanthatDanishlivesarelessmessyorlonelythanyoursormine,andnoDanewouldtellyouso.Youcanhearplentyaboutbitterfamilyfeudsandthesorrowsofalcoholismandaboutperfectlysensiblepeoplewhowentoffonedayandkilledthemselves.Anorderlysocietycannotexemptitsmembersfromthehazardsoflife.ButthereisasenseofentitlementandsecuritythatDanesgrowupwith.Certainthingsareyoursbyvirtueofcitizenship,andyoushouldn'tfeelbadfortakingwhatyou'reentitledto,you'reasgoodasanyoneelse.Therulesofthewelfaresystemarecleartoeveryone,thebenefitsyougetifyouloseyourjob,thestepsyoutaketogetanewone;andtheorderlinessofthesystemmakesitpossibleforthecountrytoweatherhighunemploymentandsocialunrestwithoutasenseofcrisis.TheauthorthinksthatDanesadopta___attitudetowardstheircountry.A)boastfulB)modestA)boastfulB)modestD)mysteriousWhichofthefollowingisNOTaDanishcharacteristiccitedinthepassageFondnessofforeignculture. C)Linguistictolerance.Equalityinsociety. D)Persistentplanning.Theauthor'sreactiontothestatementbytheMinistryofBusinessandIndustryis___.disapprovingapprovingnoncommittaldoubtfulAccordingtothepassage,Danishorderliness___.setsthepeopleapartfromGermansandSwedessparesDanessocialtroublesbesettingotherpeopleisconsideredeconomicallyessentialtothecountrypreventsDanesfromacknowledgingexistingtroublesAttheendofthepassagetheauthorstatesallthefollowingEXCEPTthat.DanesareclearlyinformedoftheirsocialbenefitsDanestakeforgrantedwhatisgiventothemtheopensystemhelpstotidethecountryoverorderlinesshasalleviatedunemploymentTEXTBButiflanguagehabitsdonotrepresentclasses,asocialstratificationintosomethingasbygoneas"aristocracy"and"commons",theydostillofcourseservetoidentifysocialgroups.Thisissomethingthatseemsfundamentalintheuseoflanguage.Asweseeinrelationtopoliticalandnationalmovements,languageisusedasabadgeorabarrierdependingonwhichwaywelookatit.Thenewboyatschoolfeelsoutofitatfirstbecausehedoesnotknowthefightwordsforthings,andawe-inspiringpunditsofsixorsevenlookdownonhimfornotbeingawarethatracksymeans"dilapidated",orhairy"outfirstball".Theminertakesacertainprideinbeing"oneuponthevisitorornovicewhocallsthecagea"lift"orwhothinksthatmenworkinginawarmseamareintheir"underpants"whenanyoneoughttoknowthatthegarmentsarecalledhoggers.The"insider"isseldomdispleasedthathislanguagedistinguisheshimfromthe"outsider".Quiteapartfromspecializedtermsofthiskindingroups,tradesandprofessions,thereareallkindsofstandardsofcorrectnessatwhichmastofusfeelmoreorlessobligedtoaim,becauseweknowthatcertainkindsofEnglishinviteirritationordownrightcondemnation.Ontheotherhand,weknowthatotherkindsconveysomekindofprestigeandbearawelcomecachet.Inrelationtothesocialaspectsoflanguage,itmaywellbesuggestedthatEnglishspeakersfallintothreecategories:theassured,theanxiousandtheindifferent.Atoneendofthisscale,wehavethepeoplewhohave"position"and"status",andwhothereforedonotfeeltheyneedworrymuchabouttheiruseofEnglish.TheireducationandoccupationmakethemconfidentofspeakinganunimpeachableformofEnglish:nofearofbeingcriticizedorcorrectedislikelytocrosstheirminds,andthisgivestheirspeechthatcharacteristicallyunselfconsciousandeasyflowwhichisoftenenvied.Attheotherendofthescale,wehaveanequallyimperturbableband,speakingwithasimilardegreeofcarelessease,becauseeveniftheyareawarethattheirEnglishiscondemnedbyothers,theyaresupremelyindifferenttothefact.TheMrs.Mopsofthisworldhaveactiveandefficienttonguesintheirheads,andifwehappenednottolikethe/rwaysofsayingthings,well,we"canlumpit".Thatistheirattitude.Curiouslyenough,writersareinclinedtorepresentthespeechofboththeseextremepartieswith-in'foring.Ontheonehand,"we'regoin'huntin',mydearsir";ontheother,"we'regoin'racin ’,mate."Inbetween,accordingtothisview,wehaveafarlessfortunategroup,theanxious.TheseactivelytrytosuppresswhattheybelievetobebadEnglishandassiduouslycultivatewhattheyhopetobegoodEnglish.Theylivetheirlivesinsomedegreeofnervousnessovertheirgrammar,theirpronunciation,andtheirchoiceofwords:sensitive,andfearfulofbetrayingthemselves.KeepingupwiththeJonesesismeasurednotonlyinhouses,furniture,refrigerators,cars,andclothes,butalsoinspeech.Andthemisfortuneofthe"anxious"doesnotendwiththeirinneranxiety.Theirlotisalsotheopenorveiledcontemptofthe"assured"ononesideofthemandofthe"indifferent"ontheother.Itisalltooeasytoraiseanunworthylaughattheanxious.Thepeoplethusuncomfortablystiltedonlinguistichighheelssooftenformpartofwhatis,inmanyways,themostadmirablesectionofanysociety:theambitious,tense,inner-drivenpeople,whoarebenton"goingplacesanddoingthings".Thegreaterthepity,then,ifadisproportionateamountoftheirenergygoesintowhatMr.Sharplesscalled"thisshabbyobsession"withvariantformsofEnglish-especiallyifthenetresultis(assooften)merelytosoundaffectedandridiculous. “Here",accordingtoBacon,"isthe,一.Itseemstomefirstdistemperoflearning,whenmenstudywordsandnotmatterthatPygmalionfrenzysisagoodemblem…,一.ItseemstomeTheattitudeheldbytheassuredtowardslanguageis___.A)criticalC)self-consciousB)anxiousD)nonchalantTheanxiousareconsideredalessfortunategroupbecause___.theyfeeltheyaresociallylookeddownupontheysufferfrominternalanxietyandexternalattacktheyareinherentlynervousandanxiouspeopletheyareunabletomeetstandardsofcorrectnessTheauthorthinksthattheeffortsmadebytheanxioustocultivatewhattheybelieveisgoodEnglishare___.worthwhile C)praiseworthymeaningless D)irrationalTEXTCFredCookeofSalfordturned90twodaysagoandtheworldhasbeenbeatingapathtohisdoor.Ifyouhaven'tnoticed,thebackstreetboyeducatedatBlackpoolgrammarstyleshimselfmoregrandlyasAlastairCooke,broadcasterextraordinaire.AnhonorableKBE,hewouldbeSirAlastairifhehadnottakenAmericancitizenshipmorethanhalfacenturyago.Ifitsoundssnobbishtodrawattentiontohishumbleorigins,itshouldbereflectedthattherealsnobisCookehimself,whohasspentalifetimedisguisingthem.ButthefactthatheoptedtorenouncehisBritishpassportin1941-justwhenhiscountryneededallthewartimehelpitcouldget-ishardlyamatterforcongratulation.CookehasmadeafortuneoutofhisloveaffairwithAmerica,entrancinglistenerswithaweeklymonologuethathaswonRadio4manydevotedadherents.Partofthepullisthedevelopeddrawl.Thisisthemanwhogavetheworld"midatlantic",thelanguageofthediscjockeyandpublicrelationsman.HesoundsAmericantousandEnglishtothem,whileinrealityhehasfordecadesbelongedtoneither.Cooke'sworldisanAmericathatexistslargelyintheimagination.HetookagestoacknowledgethedisasterthatwasVietnamandevenlongertowakeuptoWatergate.Hispoliticshavedriftedtotherightwithage,andmostofhisopinionshavebeenacquiredonthegolfcoursewithfellowcelebrities.HechasedafterstarsonarrivalinAmerica,FixingupaninterviewwithCharlieChaplinandbrieflybecominghisfriend.HetoldCookehecouldturnhimintoafinelightcomedian;insteadheisanimpressionist'sdream.Cookelikedthesoundofhisfirstwife'snamealmostasmuchasheadmiredhergoodlooks.Buthefoundbringingupbabydifficultandleftherforthewifeofhislandlord.Womenlistenerswereunimpressedwhen,in1996,hedeclaredonairthatthefactthat4%ofwomenintheAmericanarmedforceswererapedshowedremarkableself-restraintonthepartofUncleSam'ssoldiers.HisarroganceinnotallowingBBCeditorstoseehisscriptinadvanceworked,notforthefirsttime,tohisdetriment.Hisdefenderssaidhecouldnothelplivingwiththe1930svalueshehadacquiredandsomewhatdubiouslywentontocite"gallantry"aschiefamongthem.Cooke'sraconteurstyleencouragedawholegenerationofBBCmentothinkofthemselvesasmoreimportantthanthestory.HistreaclytoneswerethemodelfortheregularWorldServicereportsFromOurOwnCorrespondent,knownasFOOCsinthebusiness.Theymayyetbehisepitaph.Atthebeginningofthepassagethewritersoundscriticalof___.Cooke'sobscureoriginsCooke'sbroadcastingstyleCooke'sAmericancitizenshipCooke'sfondnessofAmericaThefollowingadjectivescanbesuitablyappliedtoCookeEXCEPT___.old-fashioned C)arrogantD)popularsincereThewritercommentsonCooke'slifeandcareerinaslightly___tone.A)ironicC)scathingB)detachedD)indifferentTEXTDMr.Duffyraisedhiseyesfromthepaperandgazedoutofhiswindowonthecheerlesseveninglandscape.TheriverlayquietbesidetheemptydistilleryandfromtimetotimealightappearedinsomehouseonLucanRoad.Whatanend!Thewholenarrativeofherdeathrevoltedhimanditrevoltedhimtothinkthathehadeverspokentoherofwhatheheldsacred.Thecautiouswordsofareporterwon

overtoconcealthedetailsofacommonplacevulgardeathattackedhisstomach.Notmerelyhadshedegradedherself,shehaddegradedhim.Hissoul'scompanion!Hethoughtofthehobblingwretcheswhomhehadseencarryingcansandbottlestobefilledbythebarman.JustGod,whatanend!Evidentlyshehadbeenunfittolive,withoutanystrengthofpurpose,aneasypreytohabits,oneofthewrecksonwhichcivilizationhasbeenreared.Butthatshecouldhavesunksolow!WasitpossiblehehaddeceivedhimselfsoutterlyaboutherHerememberedheroutburstofthatnightandinterpreteditinaharshersensethanhehadeverdone.Hehadnodifficultynowinapprovingofthecoursehehadtaken.Asthelightfailedandhismemorybegantowanderhethoughtherhandtouchedhis.Theshockwhichhadfirstattackedhisstomachwasnowattackinghisnerves.Heputonhisovercoatandhatquicklyandwentout.Thecoldairmethimonthethreshold;itcreptintothesleevesofhiscoat.WhenhecametothepublichouseatChapelBridgehewentinandorderedahotpunch.Theproprietorservedhimobsequiouslybutdidnotventuretotalk.Therewerefiveorsixworking-menintheshopdiscussingthevalueofagentleman'sestateinCountyKildare.Theydrankatintervalsfromtheirhugepinttumblers,andsmoked,spittingoftenonthefloorandsometimesdraggingthesawdustovertheirheavyboots.Mr.Duffysatonhisstoolandgazedatthem,withoutseeingorhearingthem.Afterawhiletheywentoutandhecalledforanotherpunch.Hesatalongtimeoverit.Theshopwasveryquiet.Theproprietorsprawledonthecounterreadingthenewspaperandyawning.Nowandagainatramwasheardswishingalongthelonelyroadoutside.Ashesatthere,livingoverhislifewithherandevokingalternatelythetwoimagesonwhichhenowconceivedher,herealizedthatshewasdead,thatshehadceasedtoexist,thatshehadbecomeamemory.Hebegantofeelillatease.Heaskedhimselfwhatelsecouldhehavedone.Hecouldnothavelivedwithheropenly.Hehaddonewhatseemedtohimbest.HowwashetoblameNowthatshewasgoneheunderstoodhowlonelyherlifemusthavebeen,sittingnightafternightaloneinthatroom.Hislifewouldbelonelytoountilhe,too,died,ceasedtoexist,becameamemory-ifanyonerememberedhim.Mr.Duffy'simmediatereactiontothereportofthewoman'sdeathwasthatofA)disgustB)guiltA)disgustB)guiltD)compassionItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthereporterwroteaboutthewoman'sdeathinamanner.C)discreetD)sensationalC)discreetD)sensationalB)provocativeWecaninferfromthelastparagraphthatMr.Duffywasina(n)___mood.A)angryC)irritableB)fretfulD)remorsefulAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueMr.Duffyonceconfidedinthewoman.Mr.Duffyfeltanintensesenseofshame.Thewomanwantedtoendtherelationship.Theybecameestrangedprobablyafteraquarrel.SECTIONBSKIMMINGANDSCANNING(10MIN)Inthissectiontherearesevenpassagesfollowedbytenmultiple-choicequestions.SkimorscanthemasrequiredandthenmarkyouranswersontheColouredAnswerSheet.TEXTEFirstreadthefollowingquestion.InthepassageBillGatesmainlydiscusses___.aperson'sopportunityofalifetimethesuccessofthecomputerindustrytheimportanceofeducationhighschooleducationintheUSNowgothroughTEXTEquicklyandanswerquestion31.Hundredsofstudentssendmee-maileachyearaskingforadviceabouteducation.Theywanttoknowwhattostudy,orwhetherit'sOKtodropoutofcollegesincethat'swhatIdid.Mybasicadviceissimpleandheartfelt."Getthebesteducationyoucan.Takeadvantageofhighschoolandcollege.Learnhowtolearn."It'struethatIdroppedoutofcollegetostartMicrosoft,butIwasatHarvardforthreeyearsbeforedroppingout-andI'dlovetohavethetimetogoback.AsI'vesaidbefore,nobodyshoulddropoutofcollegeunlesstheybelievetheyfacetheopportunityofalifetime.Andeventhentheyshouldreconsider.Thecomputerindustryhaslotsofpeoplewhodidn'tfinishcollege,butI'mnotawareofanysuccessstoriesthatbeganwithsomebodydroppingoutofhighschool.Iactuallydon'tknowanyhighschooldropouts,letaloneanysuccessfulones.Inmycompany'searlyyearswehadabrightpart-timeprogrammerwhothreatenedtodropoutofhighschooltoworkfull-time.Wetoldhimno.Quiteafewofourpeopledidn'tfinishcollege,butwediscouragedroppingout.Collegeisn'ttheonlyplacewhereinformationexists.Youcanlearninalibrary.Butsomebodyhandingyouabookdoesn'tautomaticallyfosterlearning.Youwanttolearnwithotherpeople,askquestions,tryoutideasandhaveawaytotestyourability.Itusuallytakesmorethanjustabook.Educationshouldbebroad,althoughit'sfinetohavedeepinterests,too.InhighschooltherewereperiodswhenIwashighlyfocusedonwritingsoftware,butformostofmyhighschoolyearsIhadwide-rangingacademicinterests.Myparentsencouragedthis,andI'mgratefulthattheydid.Oneparentwrotemethather15-yearoldson"losthimselfintheholeofthecomputer.”HegotanAinWebsitedesign,butothergradesweresinking,shesaid.Thisboyismakingamistake.Highschoolandcollegeofferyouthebestchancetolearnbroadly-math,history,varioussciences-andtodoprojectswithotherkidsthatteachyoufirsthandaboutgroupdynamics.It'sfinetotakeadeepinterestincomputers,dance,languageoranyotherdiscipline,butnotifitjeopardizesbreadth.Incollegeit'sappropriatetothinkaboutspecialization.Gettingrealexpertiseinanareaofinterestcanleadtosuccess.Graduateschoolisonewaytogetspecializedknowledge.Choosingaspecialtyisn'tsomethinghighschoolstudentsshouldworryabout.Theyshouldworryaboutgettingastrongacademicstart.There'snotaperfectcorrelationbetweenattitudesinhighschoolandsuccessinlaterlife,ofcourse.Butit'sarealmistakenottotaketheopportunitytolearnahugerangeofsubjects,tolearntoworkwithpeopleinhighschool,andtogetthegradesthatwillhelpyougetintoagoodcollege.TEXTFFirstreadthefollowingquestion.Thepassagefocuseson___.thehistoryandfutureofLondonLondon’smanufacturingskillsLondon'sstatusasafinancialcentrerthepastandpresentrolesofLondonNowgothroughTextFquicklyandanswerquestion32.WhatisLondonforToputthequestionanotherway,whywasLondon,by1900,incomparablythelargestcityintheworld,whichitremaineduntilthebombardmentsoftheLuftwaffeTherecouldbemanyanswerstothisquestion,butanyhistoryofLondonwillrehearsethreebroadexplanations.Oneistheimportanceofitslifeasaport.WhentheThamesturnedtoiceinFebruary1855,50,000menwereputoutofwork,andtherewerebreadriotsfromthosewhoseliveliboodshadbeenfrozenwiththeriver.Today,theThamescouldbefrozenforayearwithoutendangeringthelivelihoodsofanybutafewpleasure-boatmen.ThesecondmajorcauseofLondon'swealthandsuccesswasthatitwaseasilythebiggestmanufacturingcentreinEurope.AtthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolution,DutchloomsandthestockingknittingframewerefirstpioneeredinLondon.ThevastrangeofLondon'smanufacturingskillsisanotherfact;almostanyitemyoucannamewasmanufacturedinLondonduringthedaysofitsprosperity.In1851,percentofthemanufacturingwork-forceofGreatBritainwasbasedinLondon.By1961,thishaddramaticallyreduced.By1993,therewereamere328,000Londonersengagedinmanufacturing.Inotherwords,byourowntimes,twoofthechiefreasonsforLondon'sveryexistence-itslifeasapertandasacentreofmanufacture-haddwindledoutofexistence.London'sthirdgreatfunction,sincetheseventeenthcentury,hasbeenthatofnationalandinternationalbourse:theexchangeofstocksandshares,banking,commerceand,increasingly,insurance.BothInwoodandFrancisSheppard,inLondon:Ahistory,managetomakethesepotentiallydrymattersvividtothegeneralreader,andbothauthorsassureusthat"TheCity"inthefinancialsenseisstillasimportantaseveritwas.Both,however,recordthediminutionoftheCityasanarchitecturalanddemographicentity,withtheemptyingofmanycityoffices(sincetheadventofthecomputermuchoftheworkcanbedoneanywhere)andtheremovalofmanydistinctivelandmarks.TEXTGFirstreadthefollowingquestion.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto___.discusstheimpactoftheinternetforecastthefuturerolesofthebookstorecomparethepublisherwiththeeditorevaluatethelimitationsoftheprintedpageNowgothroughTEXTGquicklyandanswerquestion33.Sincetheadventoftelevisionpeoplehavebeenprophesyingthedeathofthebook.NowtheriseoftheWorldWideWebseemstohaverevivedthissmolderingcontroversyfromtheashes.Theveryexistenceofpapercopyhasbeenbroughtintoquestiononcemore.Itmightbethebookstore,ratherthanthebookitself,thatisonthebrinkofextinction.Manyofyouwillhavenotedtomofbooksellerwebsitespoppingup.Theyprovidelistsofbooksandletyoureadsamplechapters,reviewsfromothercustomersandinterviewswithauthors.WhatdoesallthismeanBrowsingavirtualbookstoremaynotaffordyouthesamedustypleasureasbrowsingroundarealshop,butasfarasservice,priceandconvenienceareconcernedthereisreallynocompetition.Thismaychangebeforelong,aspublishers'websitesbegintoofferdirectacc