2020届高三大二轮复习：专题1第3讲高瞻远瞩锁定主旨大意

第三讲高瞻远瞩锁定主旨大意名师点拨技能提升 研读重点明规律《考试说明》指出：任何一篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落，甚

至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，通过这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁

或什么(即文章的主题)，亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，文章的主

旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，

它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。［设题方式］——知方向主旨大意题常见的命题方式有以下几种：Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassageis.Thepassage(orthefirstparagraph)ismainlyabout.Whatisthemainidea/topic/purpose/subjectofthepassage?Thepassagechieflydiscusses/dealswith.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?Thepassagemainlytellsusthat.What'sthefirst/second/third...paragraphconcernedwith?WhatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinParagraph...?［解题技巧］——明方法.归纳要点抓大意。适用于没有明显的主题句的文章或段落。.从段落中抓大意。适用于主题句位于文章或段落中间类型的文章。.读首句抓大意。适用于主题句出现在开头的文章，如说明文、议论文、科技文献和新闻报道。.读尾句抓大意。适用于主题句出现在段/篇尾的文章。主旨大意题难度较大，属于区分度很高的选拔性题目。注意无论此类题目出现在什么位置都要最后做，因为通读全文后才能更好地把握文章主题，且文章中其他题目的解答会有助于对主题的理解。［干扰特点］——晓陷阱.过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。.以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别字词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。.移花接木，偷换概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。.无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。［考场技法］一、仔细审题，看好范围。，搞清楚是问某一段还是全文的中心思想。二、使用略读，迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍。，在阅读中，应充分利用有关信息词确定主题句的位置，比如在forexample，first，second之前的句中或在allinall，aboveall，therefore，thus，inshort，conclude之后的句子中寻找并确定。三、特别注意全文或所问段落的首句和尾句。，一是因为他们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼文章结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。四、了解标题的写作方式。，一般来说，标题的写作方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的短语。假若某一文章的中心句为：Coffeeisauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.话题：Coffce控制性概念：isauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.标题：CofffceAroundtheWorld［点津2］找主题句的五个小窍门①段落中出现表转折的词语（如however，but，infact，actually，while，onthecontrary，incontrast等）时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。②首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。③作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。（主旨句常包含关键词）④首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。⑤表示总结或结论词语常有therefore，this，inshort，conclude，conclusion等。经典案例全景剖析 剖析真题悟方法［识真题］——高考这样考（2017•高考全国卷甲阅读理解C）TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.Around100peoplehavealreadyputdowna$10,000deposittogetaTransitionwhentheygoonsale,andthosenumberswilllikelyriseafterTerrafugiaintroducestheTransitiontothepubliclaterthisweekattheNewYorkAutoShow.Butdon,texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It,sexpectedtocost$279,000.Anditwon,thelpifyou,restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.Inventorshavebeentryingtomakeflyingcarssincethe1930s,accordingtoRobertMann,anairlineindustryexpert.ButMannthinksTerrafugiahascomecloserthananyonetomakingtheflyingcarareality.Thegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.TheTransitionisnowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.MannsaidTerrafugiawashelpedbytheFederalAviationAdministration,sdecisionfiveyearsagotocreateaseparatesetofstandardsforlightsportaircraft,whicharelowerthanthoseforpilotsoflargerplanes.Terrafugiasaysanownerwouldneedtopassatestandcomplete20hoursofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTransition,arequirementpilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D.ThedesignersoftheTransition..WhyistheTransitionunlikelytoshowupintoomanydriveways?A.Itcausestrafficjams.B.Itisdifficulttooperate.C.Itisveryexpensive.D.Itburnstoomuchfuel..Whatisthegovernment,sattitudetothedevelopmentoftheflyingcar?A.Cautious. B.Favorable.C.Ambiguous. D.Disapproving.31.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?FlyingCaratAutoShowTheTransition,sFirstFlightPilots,DreamComingTrueFlyingCarClosertoReality［师说］高考新动向：本篇文章报道了国外公司研发飞行汽车的最新进展。它让考生体会到科学的趣味和实际应用，促使考生深入思考科技创新在人类生活和发展过程中起到的重要作用，帮助考生培养科学精神和人文情怀。［练技能］——题目这样做Step1：速读题干，确定主旨大意类题目。UStep2：确定文章的主题词：通过阅读文章和对其他题目的解答，确定文章的主题词。文章通常围绕主题词展开，主旨题的正确答案当然要包括文章主题词或主题词的同义改写词。UStep3：确定文章的主题句：开门见山是多数英文写作的惯性思维，文章结构也多见“总一分一总”形式。篇首、篇尾是重中之重，诚为必读。每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句成为本段主题句的概率往往最高，对于确定全文主旨也常不可或缺。UStep4：总结文章的主旨：根据文章的主题词和主题句，概括文章主旨，并与选项进行对比，确定正确答案。如果全文都没有明确的主题句，那么主题思想要通过各段的主要内容进行归纳，这时考生要阅读各段的首尾句来进行总结归纳。［现身说法］速读题干，不难发现第28题，第31题属于主旨类题目。.解析：选人。主旨大意题。根据第一段中提到飞行汽车的两个座位、四个轮子以及车翼、飞行速度、油耗等情况可知，该段是在介绍飞行汽车Transition的基本数据，故选A项。B项曲解文意，该段最后三句只是列举了这款飞行汽车在路上和在空中行驶时的一些数据对比，并没有提及其优势；C项无中生有，该段并没有提及这款飞行汽车的潜在市场问题；D项以偏概全，文中确实提到了飞行汽车的设计者，但它不是本段的主要内容。.解析：选C。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Butdon,texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It,sexpectedtocost$279,000.”可知，此款汽车不能推广的主要原因是它太贵了，故选项。A、B两项无中生有，文章并没有提及这款汽车会导致交通拥堵和难以操作的问题；D项曲解文意，第一段的最后两句介绍了飞行汽车的油耗，但没提及耗油太多。.解析：选B。观点态度题。根据第三段“Thegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.”中的permit可知，政府对此持支持的态度，故选B项。A项“谨慎的”，C项“模棱两可的"，D项“不同意的”。.解析：选D。标题归纳题。本文是一则新闻报道，介绍了一种新型的飞行汽车。新闻报道的主题句通常是第一句话。本文的第一句中提到了flyingcar和closertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear,由此可知，飞行汽车快要变成现实了，故选D项。A项以偏概全，该项虽然有flyingcar,但出现在汽车展览会上是以后的事，并不是文章重点；B项以偏概全，这款飞行汽车在上个月的飞行只是在第一段提到，并不能概括全文；C项张冠李戴，最后一段虽然提到了飞行员，但开飞行汽车不是他们的梦想。［语篇框架］Para1：Introducetheobject①andits②UPara2：Somepeople③adepositUPara3：Inventors_④makeaflyingcarand⑤contributestothatUPara4：Thedrivershouldmeet⑥__答案：©Transition②basicdate③haveputdown④have been trying to ©government ⑥a分类集训以小博大 短小精悍集中练requirement.标题归纳类主旨大意题（2016•高考全国乙卷阅读・D节选）Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornnessuneasiness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable；thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap（间隙）withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson,sneeds.ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThapersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied^音示）isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Intheseculturessilenceisacallforreflection.Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.InstillanotherusepersonsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.Nursesandothercaregiversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatient,ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing治愈）valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.Q：Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?SoundandSilenceWhatItMeanstoBeSilentSilencetoNativeAmericansSpeechIsSilver；SilenceIsGoldStep1：定位本文是一篇说明文，此类文章层次较为分明，段落比较清晰，具有明确的主题句。为了让考生对读的材料有一个较为清楚的认知，主旨句往往在首段即有体现。本文的主旨句是首段中的首句，Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Step2：筛选通读全文可知，文章介绍了沉默在不同文化里所代表的含义。文章未谈及sound,因此A不对；文章虽谈父子silencetoNativeAmericans,但只是第二段中的具体信息，不是文章的中心内容，故排除C项；另外，文章并未涉及到speechissilver的内容，所以D项也不对。［答案］B.概括类主旨大意题（2016•高考北京卷・B）SurvivingHurricaneSandy（飓风桑迪）NatalieDoan,14,hasalwaysfeltluckytoliveinRockaway,NewYork.Livingjustafewblocksfromthebeach,Nataliecanseetheoceanandhearthewavesfromherhouse.“It'stheoceanthatmakesRockawaysospecial,“shesays.OnOctober29,2012，thatoceanturnedfierce.Thatnight，HurricaneSandyattackedtheEastCoast，andRockawaywashitespeciallyhard.Fortunately，Natalie,sfamilyescapedtoBrooklynshortlybeforethecity,sbridgesclosed.WhentheyreturnedtoRockawaythenextday，theyfoundtheirneighborhoodinruins.ManyofNatalie,sfriendshadlosttheirhomesandwerelivingfaraway.Allaroundheipeopleweresuffering，especiallytheelderly.Natalie,sschoolwassodamagedthatshehadtotemporarilyattendaschoolinBrooklyn.InthefollowingfewdaysthemenandwomenhelpingRockawayrecoverinspiredNatalie.Volunteerscamewithcarloadsofdonatedclothingandtoys.Neighborsdevotedtheirsparetimetohelpingothersrebuild.Teenagersclimbeddozensofflightsofstairstodeliverwaterandfoodtoelderlypeopletrappedinpowerlesshighrisebuildings.“MymomtellsmethatIcan,tcontrolwhathappenstome，”Nataliesays，“butIcanalwayschoosehowIdealwithit.”Natalie,schoicewastohelp.Shecreatedawebsitepage，matchingsurvivorsinneedwithdonorswhowantedtohelp.NataliepostedinformationaboutaboynamedPatrickwholosthisbaseballcardcollectionwhenhishouseburneddown.Withindays，Patrick,scollectionwasreplaced.Inthecomingmonths，herwebsitepagehelpedlotsofkids：Christopher，whoreceivedanewbasketball;Charlie，whogotanewkeyboard.NataliealsoworkedwithotherorganizationstobringmuchneededsuppliestoRockaway.Hereffortsmadeherafamousperson.LastApril，shewasinvitedtotheWhiteHouseandhonoredasaHurricaneSandyChampionofChange.Today，thescars（创痕）ofdestructionarestillseeninRockaway，buthopeisintheair.Thestreetsareclear，andmanyhomeshavebeenrebuilt.“Ican,timaginelivinganywherebutRockaway，”Nataliedeclares.“Myneighborhoodwillbeback，evenstrongerthanbefore.”Q：Whatdoesthestoryintendtotellus?Littlepeoplecanmakeabigdifference.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.C.Eastorwest，homeisbest.D.Technologyispower.Step1：定位本文属于叙事性阅读材料。此类文章往往没有明确的主题句，需要读者进行详细阅读然后进行主旨概括。本文的主人公一一14岁的女孩娜塔莉一一主动参与重建遭受飓风重创的家乡。她建立了一个网站，为外界的捐赠者和家乡需要帮助的人结对，同时帮助很多孩子实现了自己的梦想。她应邀到白宫，并被授予荣誉称号。Step2：筛选本题给出的四句谚语的含义依次为：“小人物也有大作为”；“患难之友才是真正的朋友”；“金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝”；“技术就是力量”。本文介绍的是14岁的小女孩娜塔莉如何帮助家乡的重建工作，因此选A。3.段落大意类主旨大意题（2016•浙江高考阅读・C节选）Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psych