名校内部人教版高中英语选修九Book 9 Unit 2

名校内部人教版高中英语选修九（Book9Unit2)Ⅰ.高频单词点击1．voyagen．航海；航行2．mercyn．仁慈；宽恕；怜悯→mercifuladj.仁慈的3．alongsideprep.靠着；沿着adv.在旁边；沿着边4．explorationn．探险；探测→explorern．探险者；勘探者；考察者→explorev．勘探；探索；调查研究5．minimumadj.最小的；最低的6．polen．地极；柱；杆7．horizonn．地平线；视野8．nowhereadv.无处9．offshoreadj.离岸的；海面上的10．outwardadj.外面的；向外的adv.向外；在外11．secureadj.安全的；可靠的→securelyadv.安全地；可靠地→securityn．安全；可靠12．randomadj.任意的；随便的→randomlyadv.随便地；任意地13．awkwardadj.难使用的；笨拙的→awkwardlyadv.笨拙地；尴尬地→awkwardnessn．笨拙；尴尬14．referencen．参考→referv．参考；查阅15．preciseadj.精确的；准确的16．simplifyv．使简化；使简易17．portableadj.便携式的；手提的18．shortcomingn．缺点；短处19．updatevt.更新20．tendencyn．趋向；倾向；偏好→tendv．趋向；走向21．reliableadj.可靠的；可信赖的；可依靠的→reliablyadv.可靠地→relyv．依靠；信赖Ⅱ.重点短语必记1．atthemercyof受……支配；任……处置2．workout计算出；制订出3．aswellas也4．ratherthan而不是5．inrelationto与……有关；涉及Ⅲ.常用句型必备1．Howdo_you_thinkseamenfoundtheirwaybeforemordernaccuratemethodsofnavigationwereinvented?2．Wemaywellwonderhowseamenexploredtheoceansbeforelatitudeandlongitudemade_it_possible_to_plot_a_ship's_position_on_a_map.3．Thisseemsto_have_beenthefirstandmostusefulformofexplorationwhichcarriedtheminimumamountofrisk.4．Nobodyknewthattheearthturnseastwardsatabout15degreeseveryhour,butsailorsdid_knowanapproximatemethodofcalculatinglongitudeusingspeedandtime.Ⅳ.课文缩写填空Thisreadingexplainshowseamenexploredtheoceansandwhatkindof__1__(navigation)instrumentswereusedtosailors__2__theseventeenthcentury__3__theywerenavigatingtheopenseaswithoutseeingland.The__4__(voyage)oftravellersbeforethe17thcenturyshowthattheywerenot__5__themercyoftheseaeventhoughtheydidnothavemodernnavigationalaids.Theseamencouldusecelestialbodies,wildlife,theweatherorthesea__6__(keep)alongsidethecoastline.Theycouldalsouse__7__compasstohelpfindthedirectionthattheshipneedstogo.Theycouldusethe__8__(bear)circletomeasurethesun'spositionandtelliftheyweresailingontheircorrectratherthanarandomcourse.__9__theastrolabe,thequadrantandthesextantcouldhelpgivetheseamenthelocaltimeandallowedthemtofindtheirlatitude__10__sea.答案：1.navigational2.before3.when4.voyages5.at6.tokeep7.the8.bearing9.While10.atLanguagePoints1．mercyn．仁慈；宽恕；怜悯showmercytosb.怜悯某人havemercyon对……表示怜悯withoutmercy残忍地，毫无同情心地atthemercyof任凭……的摆布；在……的支配中Whentheywereyoung,theyweretaughttoshowmercytothosehomelesspeople.当他们年轻时，他们就被教导怜悯那些无家可归的人。Whentheshipfailedtoworkatsea,thesailorswereatthemercyofthewindandtherain.当船在海上不能行进时，船员们任由风雨摆布。mercifuladj.仁慈的；宽容的mercilessadj.无情的；冷酷的Theslaveownerwasmercilessandalwaystreatedhisslaveswithoutmercy.奴隶主很冷酷，并且总是残忍地对待他的奴隶。用与mercy有关的单词及短语完成片段Heissuchamercifulmanasalwayshas_mercy_onthosehomelessanimals,whichareusuallyat_the_mercy_ofthecoldnessandstorm.Butsometimesheshows_no_mercy_tothosehedoesn'tlike.他是一个仁慈的人，总是怜悯那些任由寒冷雨雪摆布的无家可归的动物。但是有时对那些他不喜欢的人与物，他一点也不会怜悯。2．minimum(1)n.[C]最小量，最小数，最低限度，最小值Youmustgetaminimumof40questionsrighttopasstheexamination.你最少必须答对40道题才能通过考试。Theminimumpassmarkintheexaminationsis60outof100.考试的最低及格分数是100分中答对60分。(2)adj.最小的，最少的，最低的aminimumcharge/price最低收费/价格最大值与最小值max=maximum最大值min=minimum上面两词的复数是变um为a或直接加s。完成句子：(1)Theclassneedsa_minimum_of_six_students(最少6名学生)tocontinue.(2)Asan_absolute_minimum(绝对最低要求),youshouldspendtwohoursontheeveningstudying.3．horizonn．[C]地平线；(常pl.)视野，眼界，见识Thesunsankbelowthehorizon.太阳落到了地平线下。onthehorizon在地平线上；很可能即将发生；已露端倪broadenone'shorizons开阔某人的眼界Shewantedtotraveltobroadenherhorizons.她想旅行，以开阔眼界。完成句子：(1)Afinancialcrisisison_the_horizon(即将爆发)．(2)Takingpartinschoolactivitiescanbroaden_our_horizons(开阔我们的眼界)．4．nowhereadv.无处，任何地方都不；无目的；无结果(放于句首时，句子要用倒装语序)Heisnowheretobeseen.任何地方都见不着他。Nowhereisthebooktobefound.这本书在任何地方都找不着。完成句子：Nowhere

is_the_effect_of_government_policy(政府政策的效果)moreapparentthaninagriculture.5．secure(1)adj.安全的，可靠的；无忧虑的，安心的Ourhouseissecurefromflood.我们的房子没有被淹的危险。Atlasttheywereabletofeelsecureaboutthefuture.他们终于觉得不必为将来而担忧了。(2)vt.使安全，保卫Somemeasuresareneededtosecurethebankfromaflood.这道堤防需要采取一些措施，免得被洪水冲坏。securelyadv.牢固地，稳固地securityn.保护措施，保安部门完成句子：(1)安装了锁和防护栏后，窗户很安全了。Thewindowswere_secured_withlocksandbars.(2)她把自己置于一种虚假的安全感中。She'dallowedherselfintoa_false_sense_of_security.6．preciseadj.准确的，精确的，明确的，细致的，认真的Canyougiveamoreprecisedefinitionoftheword?你能给这个词下个更确切的定义吗？Doctorsfoundithardtoestablishtheprecisenatureofherillness.医生们难以判定她的确切病因。tobe(more)precise(更)确切地说，准确地说preciselyadv.准确地，恰好地moreprecisely更确切地说，更严格地说Thisroomisabout20sqms—well,19.5sqms，tobemoreprecise.这个房间约20平方米，嗯，确切地说，19.5平方米。比较accurate,precise,exact(1)accurate准确的，无误的(＝correct,freeofmistake)。(2)precise精密的，精确的(＝exactinform,detail,measurements,time,etc)。(3)exact确切的，准确的[＝correctandwithoutmistake(ofthingsthatcanbemeasured)]。用accurate,precise,exact填空(1)Sheledrescuerstotheexactspotwheretheinjuredclimberwaslying.(2)Thereisnoprecisedefinitionofastorm.(3)Weneedtogetmoreaccurateinformation.7．simplifyv．使简化，使简易Theapplicationformshavenowbeensimplified.申请表格现已简化了。Ihopehisappointmentwillsimplifymatters.我希望他被任命以后事情会好办一些。simplificationn．简化，简化的事物simplicityn．简单(性)，质朴，简单之处，方便[形]simple单一的（反义词complex合成的);简单的（反义词complicated复杂的）[动]simplify简化反义词:complicate使复杂化[名]simplicity简易性反义词：complexity复杂性完成句子：(1)Complaintshaveledto(a)

_simplification_of_rules/simplifying_rules(规则简化)．(2)Thisisakindof

simplified_version_of_the_story(故事简写本)foryoungchildren.8．updatev．使现代化，更新，向……提供信息It'shightimeweupdatedoursoftware.我们的软件应该更新了。updatesb.onsth.向……提供最新信息updateonsth.关于……的最新情况Icalledtheofficetoupdatethemontheday'sdevelopments.我给办公室打电话告诉他们当天最新的发展。完成句子：Hewrotealettertomeandupdated_me_on(向我提供)therecentactivitiesofhimself.短语荟萃：1．workout算出，制定出，处理，解决It'llworkoutcheapertotravelbybus.算起来还是乘公共汽车旅游便宜些。Canyouworkouttheproblem?你能处理这个问题吗？Icouldn'tworkoutwherethemusicwascomingfrom.我弄不清这音乐是从哪里传来的。Ihaveworkedoutanewwayofdoingit.我想出了做这事的一个新方法。outofwork失业atwork在工作；上班Hehasbeenoutofworkformonths.他失业已经好几个月了。比较workat,workon,workout(1)workat"从事于，致力于"，强调从事创新活动，可与hard搭配。(2)workon"从事于，致力于"，强调恪守不变的持续性；一般只用于进行时或完成时。(3)workout"解出，算出"，强调结果。填空：(1)Shewasworkingonherhairinfrontofthemirror.(2)Youshould

workout

aplanforstudyassoonaspossible.(3)Ifhegoesonworkinghardathislessons,he'llsurelymakeprogress.2．beusedtodosth.被用来做某事Clothisusedtomakeclothes.布料被用来做衣服。get/becomeusedto(doing)sth.逐渐习惯于(做)某事usedto过去常常(做某事)Thereusedtobe...过去常常有……beusedfor...被用于……beusedas被当作……来用Thisroomisusedforreading.这个房间用于阅读。Don'tbeusedasatoolbyothers.别让他人当作工具使用。比较usedtodo,beusedto,beusedtodo(1)usedtodo意为"过去常常做某事"，表示过去习惯性的动作或经常存在的状态。(2)be/get/becomeusedto...表示"习惯于……"，to为介词，后接(动)名词。(3)beusedtodo为被动语态，表示"被用来做某事"。完成句子：(1)我习惯于住在乡下。I've_got_used_to_livinginthecountryside.(2)这个大箱子用来盛她所有的书籍。Thisbigboxis_used_to_holdallherbooks.(3)甚至过去不喜欢英语的学生现在也变得对这门功课感兴趣。Eventhestudentswho_used_to_dislike_Englishhaveturnedouttobeinterestedinthesubject.3．inrelationto关于，和……相比Ihavesomecommentstomakeinrelationtothismatter.关于这件事我有几点看法。Itsbrainissmall,inrelationtoitsbody.和它的身体相比，它的大脑很小。havegoodrelationswith与……保持着良好的关系bearnorelationto与……没有关系Theyhavegoodrelationswiththeirneighbours.他们与邻居关系融洽。完成句子：(1)Tomhas_good_relations_with(与……关系良好)hisclassmates.(2)Unemploymenthereishighin_relation_to(与……相比)nationallevels.句型解构：1．Howdo_you_thinkseamenfoundtheirwaybeforemodernaccuratemethodsofnavigationwereinvented?你认为在现代准确的航海技术发明之前水手们是怎样航行的？本句是含有doyouthink的双重疑问句；其结构为：特殊疑问词＋doyouthink＋其他成分。Whichdoyouthinkwaseasiertoworkout;latitudeorlongitude?你认为经度和纬度哪一个更容易算出来？(1)用该句式结构的动词除think外，还有believe，suppose等。(2)doyouknow后接特殊疑问句时不需要把特殊疑问词提前。完成句子：你认为学英语时什么最难？What_do_you_think_isthemostdifficultinlearningEnglish?2．Wemaywellwonderhowseamenexploredtheoceansbeforelatitudeandlongitudemade_it_possible_to_plot_a_ship's_position_on_a_map.我们很可能感到奇怪，在经纬度被用来在地图上标出船只位置之前，海员是如何对海洋进行探索的。本句为"make＋it＋adj.＋todosth."结构，it为形式宾语，代替不定式toplotaship'spositiononamap；possible为宾语补足语；不定式为真正的宾语。类似用法的动词还有find,believe,think等。it除代替不定式作宾语外，还可以代替宾语从句。SometimeshefounditveryhardtolikeFellows.有时他觉得很难喜欢弗洛斯。Shesoonfounditpossibletodothisregularly.很快她发现经常干这事是有可能的。Ibelieveitnecessarythatyoulearnasecondlanguage.我认为你学习第二外语是必要的。完成句子：(1)因此，我认为汉语多吸收一些英语甚至其他语言的词汇是有必要的。Therefore,Ithink_it_necessaryfortheChineselanguageto_take_inmoreEnglishwordsandevenfromotherlanguages.(2)不久之后，通往停车场有两个入口，使得我们现在进去更加容易。Soonafter,therearetwoentrancestotheparkingplaces,making_it_easier_for_us_to_enteritnow.3．Thisseemsto_have_beenthefirstandmostusefulformofexplorationwhichcarriedtheminimumamountofrisk.这似乎已是最早的、最有用的探险方式，所冒的风险也最小。tohavedone为不定式的完成时态，表示发生在谓语动词所表达的动作之前的动作。动词不定式的完成时态的被动式为tohavebeendone。It'snotlikehertohavemissedtwodaysofclasses.缺两天课这样的事不像是她干的。Wewereproudtohavebeenpraisedforfindingthecavecarvings.我们为我们被表扬发现了岩洞雕刻而感到骄傲。完成句子：(1)Robertissaidto_have_studied(study)abroad,butIdon'tknowwhichcountryhestudiedin.(2)Abusfullofpassengerswasreportedto_have_gone(go)outofcontrolonahighwaysouthofthecity.4．Nobodyknewthattheearthturnseastwardsatabout15degreeseveryhour,butsailorsdid_knowanapproximatemethodofcalculatinglongitudeusingspeedandtime.以前没有人知道地球每小时向东移约15度，然而海员们确实知道用速度和时间来计算经度的近似标准的方法。本句中know前面的did用来表示强调。通常一般现在时强调谓语动词需要在动词的前面加do(第三人称单数用does)，一般过去时中，在动词前加did。Docomeherethisevening.今晚一定要来。Tomdoesstudyhardnow.现在汤姆确实学习很努力。Hedidwritetoyoulastweek.上周他确实给你写信了。完成句子：(1)However,anterribleaccidentdid_happen(的确发生了)yesterday.(2)Hedoes_like(确实喜欢)singingandheispopularinourclass.SectionⅢLearningaboutLanguageⅠ.高频单词点击1．parceln．小包；包裹2．cliffn．悬崖；峭壁3．expeditionn．远征；探险(队)→expeditionaryadj.远征的；探险的4．compulsoryadj.必须做的；必修的5．reformn．改革；革新Ⅱ.重点短语必记1．farawayfrom远离2．nextto仅邻着3．bedeterminedtodosth.决定做某事4．setout出发；动身5．soasto为了(做)6．owingto由于7．berecognizedas被认定为Ⅲ.常用句型必备1．Once_there,_itshookitselfandthrewSamuelintheapproximatedirectionofthenest.2．There_seemed_to_be_nowhere_to_hidebutthenhenoticedlotsofseaweedonhisleftandquicklyhidunderit.3．Hehadnot_onlyanoutstandingabilityinnavigationandexploration,but_alsoarealconcernforsailors'health.Ⅳ.单元语法聚焦ThePredicate(谓语动词)1．compulsoryadj.必须做的；必修的；被强迫的，义务的IsEnglishacompulsorysubject?英语是必修科目吗？EducationiscompulsoryinBritain.在英国实行义务教育。compulsoryadj.强制的optionaladj.可任选的Itiscompulsoryforsb.todosth.对某人来说做某事是必须的Chineseisacompulsorysubjectonthiscourse;artisoptional.这个课程里，汉语是必修科目，美术是选修科目。Accordingtotherulesandregulationsofourschool,itiscompulsoryforusstudentstoliveinthedormitoriesofourschool.根据学校的规章制度，我们学生必须住在学校的宿舍里。完成句子：(1)Education_is_compulsory(教育是义务)forallchildreninmanycountries.(2)Itis

compulsory_for_us_to_fasten_the_safety_belt(对我们来说系安全带是必须的)whiledriving.2．reform(1)n.改革；革新Hisspeechstressedtheimportanceofeducationalreform.他的演讲强调了教育改革的重要性。IreadaboutyourreformoftheschoolEnglishnewspaper,andthat'swhyI'mwritingtovoicemyopinion.我获悉了你对英语校报的改革方案，那就是我写信发表观点的原因。(2)vt.&vi.改革；革新Imustworkandreformmyself.我得下功夫改造自己。完成句子：(1)这场胜利给了我们一个革新的机会。Ourvictoryhasgivenusachanceto_reform.(2)很多人支持这次改革。Manyarefor/in_favour_of_the_reform.1．bedeterminedtodo"决定/心做某事"，为系表结构，着重于有决心的状态，可与表示一段时间的状语连用。Heisdeterminedtobecomeateacher.他决心当一名教师。IamdeterminedtodobetterthanMike.我决心比迈克做得更好。determinetodo/that...[动作]决定……Hedeterminedtosetoutearly.他决定早点动身。完成句子：(1)Hestartedworkinghardathislessons，determined(determine)togetthefirstplace.(2)Hesaidhedeterminedto_leave(leave)atonce.2．setout出发，动身Theysetoutonthelaststageoftheirjourney.他们动身踏上最后一段行程。setouttodosth.开始做某事setaboutdoingsth.开始做某事Shesetsouttobreaktheworldrecord.她一心努力打破世界纪录。Hesetabouthelpinghomelesswomenandchildrentoplacesofsafety.他着手帮助把无家可归的妇女和儿童送到安全的地区。完成句子：(1)Thateveningsheset_aboutwritingthereportandfinishitwithinthreehours.(2)Hewillset_outonapleasantjourneytomorrowmorning.3．soasto为了……Hegotupearlysoastocatchtheearlybus.他早起床是为了赶上早班车。比较soasto,inorderto(1)两者均为动词不定式作目的状语时的特殊结构。soasto不能位于句首；inorderto既可位于句首，也可位于句中或句末。(2)两者均可扩展为结果状语从句，即sothat从句或inorderthat从句。同样sothat从句不能位于句首。填空：Wedomorningexercisessoastobuildourbody(1)In_order_tobuildourbody,wedomorningexercises.(2)Wedomorningexercisesso_thatwecouldbuildourbody.(3)Wedomorningexercisesin_order_thatwecouldbuildourbody.4．owingto由于，因为Theycouldnotcrosstheriverowingtotheflood.由于洪水，他们不能过河。Owingtothebadweather,theflightwasdelayedforacoupleofhours.由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。becauseof因为(较口语化)dueto因为(较正式)thanksto因为；多亏了asaresultof因为onaccountof由于完成句子：Becauseofhiscarelessdriving,wehadabadaccident.→Owing_tohiscarelessdriving,wehadabadaccident.5．berecognizedas被认定为Bellisrecognizedasthefirstpersontoinventthetelephone.贝尔被认定为发明电话的第一人。recognizesb./one'svoice/handwriting认出某人/某人的声音/字迹recognizeone'smistake承认某人的错误recognizesb.as/tobe...承认某人是……Ihaveknownhimfortenyears.ButIdidn'trecognizehimjustnowbecausehehadchangedsomuch.我认识他十年了。但他变化太大了，我刚才没有认出来。完成句子：(1)我们很久没见了，所以第一眼没认出你来。Wehaven'tseenforalongtime,andIdidn't_recognize_you_atthefirstsight.(2)劳伦斯的小说终于被认为是天才之作。Lawrence'snovelwas_eventually_recognized_as_aworkofgenius.1．Once_there,_itshookitselfandthrewSamuelintheapproximatedirectionofthenest.一旦到了那儿，它就摇动全身并把塞缪尔扔向了约是它窝巢的那个方向。oncethere是状语从句onceitwasthere的省略形式。在状语从句中，经常见到这种省略现象。若(时间、条件、地点、让步、方式或比较等)状语从句能够满足以下两个条件，从句就可以使用省略形式：(1)恰当的从属连词。常用的有when,where,if,once,while,as,asif,though,whenever,than等；(2)从句主语与主句主语指的是相同的人或物，或者从句的主语是it，且从句谓语有be动词。这时可以省略从句的主语和be动词，只留下从属连词和表语或分词等。I'llgoandpickyouupif(itis)necessary.如有必要，我开车去接你。ShepickedupsomeEnglishwhen(shewas)inWashington.在华盛顿时，他学了些英语。Theconferencewentsmoothlythough(itwas)notorganizedproperly.尽管会议组织得不好，却很顺利。When(shewas)askedaboutherfamilies,shebegantoweep.当问到她的家庭时，她开始抽泣。完成句子：(1)Ifitisso,Ihopeyouwillhaveawonderfultime.→If_so,_Ihopeyouwillhaveawonderfultime.(2)Althoughtheywerefacedwithmanyproblems,theydidn'tloseheart.→Although_faced_with_many_problems,_theydidn'tloseheart.(3)Whilewewereclimbingthemountain,weenjoyedthewarmsunshineandthebeautifulview.→While_climbing_the_mountain,_weenjoyedthewarmsunshineandthebeautifulview.2．There_seemed_to_be_nowhere_to_hidebutthenhenoticedlotsofseaweedonhisleftandquicklyhidunderit.似乎是没有地方可以藏身，但是后来他注意到在他的左边有一些水草并且他迅速地藏在了水草下面。Thereseems/appearstobe...看起来好像有……therebe结构中可以加上一些词表示特殊的意义，类似的还有：Theremustbe...一定有……Theremaybe...可能有……Therehappenstobe...碰巧有……Thereusedtobe...过去常有……Thereisgoingtobe...将要有……Therewillbe...将会有……Whatapitymynewcomputerdoesn'twork.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithit.很遗憾，我的新电脑不好用了。它一定是坏了。Therehappenedtobealotofpeoplebytheroadhelpinguspullthecaroutofthebighole.路边恰好有很多人，他们帮助我们把车从那个大坑里拉了出来。Thereseemstobesomethingwrongwithit.它好像有点儿毛病。[注意](1)不能用has或have代替therebe句型中的be。(2)therebeing结构在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句，因此主句中就不再用任何连词。Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalktoschool.由于没有公交车了，我们不得不走着去学校。改错：(1)Therehasababyoverthere.has→is(2)Therebeingnofurtherbusiness,sothechairmanclosedthemeeting.去掉so(3)Thereisreporttobeanumberofthewoundedonbothsides.report→reported3．Hehadnot_onlyanoutstandingabilityinnavigationandexploration,but_alsoarealconcernforsailors'health.他不但有杰出的航海和探险本领，而且真正关心水手的健康。notonly...butalso"不但……而且……"，连接并列主语时，谓语动词要和临近的主语在人称和数上保持一致；连接谓语动词时，not前不可有助动词；连接分句时，若notonly位于句首，notonly分句要用倒装语序。NotonlyyoubutalsoIamresponsibleforit.不仅你而且我对此也有责任。Onthecontrary,smartphonesnotonlytakeupourvaluabletime,butalsodogreatharmtoourhealth.相反，智能手机不仅占去了我们宝贵的时间，而且对我们的健康造成极大危害。AsfarasIamconcerned,notonlywillhergenerosityhelpthoseinneedrealizetheirdreamsandrebuildfaithinlife,butalsoitwillmotivatemorepeopletoparticipateinsuchagooddeed.依我看来，她的慷慨不仅能帮助那些处于困境的人实现梦想、重拾生活信心，而且还能激励更多人参加这样的一个善举。完成句子：(1)Notonlydid_they_bring(他们带)snacksanddrinks,buttheyalsobroughtcardsforentertainmentwhentheyhadapicnicintheforest.(2)NotonlyhisparentsbutalsoTom

likes_playing_computer_games(喜欢玩电脑游戏)．语法讲座：谓语动词谓语表述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称和数的变化。1．及物动词、不及物动词和连系动词(1)需要跟宾语的动词为及物动词。及物动词后面可以跟单宾语、双宾语或者复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)。①单宾语Afterthat,IregainedmyenthusiasmforEnglishandspentmuchmoretimeandenergyworkingonthisparticularsubject.在那以后，我重新获得了对英语的热情，并把更多的时间和精力用于这个特别学科的学习上。②双宾语Mr.SchellwroteNewYorkTimesalettertheotherday.几天前Schell先生给《纽约时报》写了一封信。③宾语＋宾语补足语(常用于使役动词、感官动词、介词with,without,like以及其他部分动词后面。)HaveyoufoundEnglishdifficulttospeak?你发现英语难说吗？Thebigpinetreestoodtherelikeanumbrellacoveringthehouse.耸立在那边的那棵大松树像一把雨伞遮住了房子。(2)不需要跟宾语的动词是不及物动词。Inordertokeepfit,weshouldexerciseregularly.为了身体健康，我们应该经常锻炼。Alltheleaveshavefallenandwinteriscoming.所有的树叶都落了，冬天就要到来了。①几个不及物动词后加同源名词时变成了及物动词Theyarelivingapeacefullife.他们过着平静的生活。Hediedaheroicdeath.他死得很英勇。Thegirllaughedamerrylaugh.女孩愉快地笑了。Hesighedadeepsigh.他深叹了一口气。②许多动词往往既是不及物动词又是及物动词(3)连系动词虽然本身具有一定意思，但不能独立作谓语，需要带有表语才能构成谓语。Theyhaveremainedloyaltothegovernment.他们一直忠诚于政府。Thewatchisnecessaryinourdailylife,butitsfunctionistoosimpleanddull.手表在我们日常生活中是必要的，但它的功能太简单呆板了。2．短语动词(1)动词＋副词Pleaseputonyourcoat.请穿上大衣。(2)动词＋介词TheotherdayIcameacrossaforeignerinthecountryside.几天前我在乡下碰见了一个外国人。(3)动词＋副词＋介词Pleasekeepupwithothers.请跟上其他人。3．情态动词＋实义动词Inmyopinion,wecanshareinformationwitheachothertomakeabetterunderstanding.依我来看，我们可以信息共享，以便更好地沟通。4．主谓一致英语句子中的主语和谓语应在人称和数上保持一致。这被称作主谓一致。它主要遵循三个原则：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和就近一致原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。(1)意义一致原则所谓意义一致原则是指谓语动词的变化是以主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。Threemonthshaspassedsinceyouleft.(threemonths被看作一个时间整体，表示单数概念。)你已离开三个月了。Theoldaretakenverygoodcareofinourcity.(theold指所有的老年人，指一类人，表示复数概念。)在我们城市老年人被照顾得很好。(2)语法一致原则主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。Mr.BlackisawellknownscientistonAIDS.布莱克先生是著名的艾滋病科学家。Thesebooksareintendedforchildrenundernineyearsold.这些书是专门为九岁以下的儿童设计的。(3)就近一致原则就近一致原则是指谓语动词的变化是以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定。常见的结构有"notonly...butalso...,neither...nor...,either...or..."等。Neitherhisparentsnorhehimselfisabankclerk.(根据靠近谓语的主语he而定。)他父母和他本人都不是银行职员。NotJackbuthisparentsaretoblameforthehomeaccident.(根据靠近谓语的主语hisparents而定。)不是杰克而是他父母应为这个家庭事故受到责备。SectionⅣUsingLanguageⅠ.高频单词点击1．survival_n．生存；幸存→survivev．幸存，幸免于2．incidentn．事件；事变→incidentaladj.次要的3．departuren．出发；离开→departv．离开；出发4．crewn．(轮船、飞机等上的)工作人员；(工作)队5．depositvt.放；(把钱)存入银行6．dilemman．进退两难的局面7．routinen．常规；日常事务8．drawbackn．缺点；障碍9．starvationn．挨饿；饿死→starvev．挨饿；饿死10．psychologyn．心理学→psychologicallyadv.心理上地；心理学地11．tensionn．紧张；不安；张力→tenseadj.令人紧张的12．gradualadj.逐渐的；逐步的→graduallyadv.逐渐地；逐步地13．foreseevt.预见；预知14．thirstn．渴，口渴→thirstyadj.渴的15．tearvt.扯破；撕破→tearn．泪水；眼泪16．hardshipn．困苦；艰难→hardadj.困难的17．roarv．咆哮；轰鸣→roaringadj.轰鸣的Ⅱ.重点短语必记1．takeover接管2．becaughtin遭遇到3．inaddition此外，另外4．afterall毕竟；终究5．copewith成功地对付；应付6．takeone'smindoff使某人的注意力离开……7．setloose出发；开始8．jawsofdeath鬼门关Ⅲ.常用句型必备YoucouldnotimagineamoredisturbingsightthanwhatwelookedlikewhenarrivinginTimoroverfortydaysafterbeingsetlooseinoursmallboat.Ⅳ.功能意念项目原因与结果(Cause&effect)Whyareyou...？Howcouldyou...?Whydidyou...?Becauseof...Itwasbecause...Thereasonisthat...As/Sincehe...Nowthat...Therefore...Itwasdueto...Itis...,soI'mafraid...That'swhy...He...,soheisillwithfeverafterthevoyage.1．survivaln．[U，C]生存，幸存，残存；幸存者，残存物Theman'ssurvivalwassurprising,asthedoctorsthoughthewoulddie.这个人能活下来真是出人意料，因为医生们认为他必死无疑。Weneedfoodandwaterforsurvival.我们为了生存需要食物和水。survivev．大难不死，死里逃生；比……活得长survivorn.幸存者Onlyafewsoldierssurvivedthebattle.那次战斗中只有少数士兵幸存。Hediedin1940buthiswifesurvivedhimbyanother20years.他在1940年逝世，但他的妻子比他多活了20年。[注意]survive本身已表示"幸存，幸免于"，后面不能再接in或from。完成句子：(1)Inthesejungleareas,everydayisafightfor_survival(为生存)．(2)Whentheplanecrashed,thereweremorethan80passengersonboardandno_one_survived(无一幸免)．2．incidentn．[C]事件，事变；事情，小事Thedemonstrationproceededwithoutincident.游行示威中没有出事。Hecouldremembereverytrivialincidentingreatdetail.他能把每件小事的细节都记得很清楚。比较event,affair,accident,incident,business(1)event常指有重要意义的历史事件或较大的事。Whatwerethechiefeventsoflastyear?去年主要的大事是什么？(2)affair指曾经发生或必须去做的事、外交事务、重大事情，常用复数形式。Heisseentobeunreliableonforeignaffairs.他被认为在外交事务上是不可信赖的。(3)accident指难以预测的意外事故。Howdidtheaccidenthappen?这起事故怎么发生的？(4)incident指不重要的小事或暴力、枪战等事件，小插曲，政变。July7thIncident七七事变(5)business多指个人或商业事务。Itwasamistaketogointobusinesswithmybrother.和我兄弟一起经商是个错误。用event，affair，incident，business，accident填空(1)Thiswastheeducationaleventoftheyear.(2)Theyhadnorighttointerfereintheinternalaffairsofthatcountry.(3)Leavemealone,mindyourownbusiness.(4)Hisparentswereunluckilykilledinthetrafficaccident.(5)Heisoftentroubledbyquiteordinaryincidentsofdailylife.3．departuren．出发，启程，背离，违反Flightsshouldbeconfirmed48hoursbeforedeparture.航班应在起飞前48小时予以确认。Theirlatestsinglediscrepresentsanewdeparturefortheband.他们最新出版的单曲唱片体现了这支乐队的新尝试。departurefrom从……出发adeparturefromsth.对……的违反，逾越，背离departvi.离开，出发；背离，违反；离去分离Whathesaiddepartedfromthetruth.他说的话背离事实。ThetraindepartsforParisatnoon.这列火车中午开向巴黎。完成句子：(1)His_sudden_departure(他的突然离去)threwtheofficeintochaos.(2)Theyhadreceivednonewsofhim

since_his_departure_from_the_island(自从他离开这个岛后)．4．crewn.(1)[C]全体船员，全体机务人员；一队(或一班、一组)工作人员Theplanehadseventypassengersandacrewoften.飞机上有70名乘客及10名机务人员。Noneofthepassengersandcrewwereinjured.没有一个乘客和机务人员受伤。[注意]crew作主语时，如看作整体，谓语用单数；如看作成员们，谓语用复数。Thecrewonboardwassmall.船上的船员为数很少。Thecrewwerebusypreparing.机务人员正忙着准备。(2)v.充当(尤指船上的)工作人员Menareneededtocrewthelifeboat.需要有人来做救生艇的船员。改错：(1)Allthecrewsandpassengersarenotindanger.crews→crew(2)Thisfilmcrewarehardworking.are→is5．deposit(1)vt.放下，置下；存放，储蓄，寄存；沉淀Shedepositedhermoneyinthebank.她把钱存在银行里。Whentheriverisinflood,itdepositsalayerofmudonthefields.当河水泛滥时，便在田野上沉积一层泥。depositsth.withsb.把某物寄存在某人处Youcandeposityourluggagewithafriendofyours.你可以将行李寄存在朋友处。(2)n.[C]存款，储蓄；定金，押金We'veputdowna5%depositonthehouse.我们已支付了房款的5%作为订金。完成句子：Theynormallyaskyoutopay￡_100_as_a_deposit(付100英镑作为订金)．6．dilemman．[C]进退两难(的局面/境地)，困境，进退维谷beinadilemma处于进退两难的境地Thedoctorwasinadilemmawhethertotellthepatientthetruthabouthisconditionornot.医生进退两难，不知道是否该把病人的真实病情告诉他。IaminadilemmawhethertodomathsorEnglish.我左右为难，不知是做数学还是写英语。完成句子：Whenyouare_in_a_dilemma(处于进退两难的境地),trytokeepyourselfcalm.7．routinen．[U，C]常规，日常事务TeachersinourschoolwillhavearoutinemedicalexaminationonTeacher'sDay.在教师节我们学校的教师要进行常规的体检。Iarriveatnineo'clock,teachuntiltwelvethirtyandthenhaveameal;thatismymorningroutine.我九点钟到，教课教到十二点半，然后吃饭；那是我上午的例行作法。dailyroutine日常工作，例行公事完成句子：(1)Makeexerciseapartofyourdaily_routine(日常生活)．(2)Wecleanandrepairthemachineas_a_matter_of_routine(作为一项常规之事)．8．starvationn．饥饿，挨饿Millionswillfacestarvationnextyearasaresultofthedrought.由于发生旱灾，明年将有数百万人面临饥饿的威胁。starvev．(使)挨饿，饿死，缺乏……bestarvedtodeath饿死starvefor...渴望……Heisstarvingformakingfortune.他渴望发财。完成句子：(1)Insomeareas,therearestillsomepersonsstarved(starve)todeath.(2)Don'twasteanyfood;justthinkaboutpeopledyingofstarvation(starve)．9．tensionn．[U，C]紧张(状态)，不安；拉紧；压力，张力ThetensionintheFarEastisbuildingupagain.中东的形势又逐步紧张起来。Thereisoftenatensionbetweentheaimsofthecompanyandthewishesoftheemployees.公司的目标和雇员的思想之间经常存在矛盾。Welaughedandthathelpedeasethetension.我们笑了，因而使紧张的情绪缓和下来。完成句子：(1)Family_tension(家庭的紧张关系)mayleadtoviolence.(2)Takeadeepbreathandrelieveyournervous_tension(紧张的状态)．(3)Thegovernmentisdoingitsbesttoease_the_tension(缓和紧张局势)inthatarea.10．foreseev．预料，预知Wedon'tforeseeanyproblems.我们预料不会出任何问题。Thosewhocanforeseedifficultiesontheirwaytosuccessmaykeepcalmwhentheyreallyappear.在走向成功的路途中能够预见到困难的人在困难真正出现的时候常常能保持冷静的态度。完成句子：(1)

It_is_impossible_to_foresee(不可能预知)howlifewillworkout.(2)Noonecould_have_foreseen(能预料到)thatthingswouldturnoutthisway.11．thirstn．[U]渴，渴望Thesoldiersdiedofthirstinthedesert.士兵们在沙漠中干渴而死。haveathirstfor对……渴望Hehadagreatthirstforknowledge.他有强烈的求知欲。thirstyadj.渴的，口渴的，渴望(求)的bethirstyforsth.渴望，渴求……Thirstyandhungry,wedecidednottowaitanylonger.又渴又饿，我们决定不再等了。完成句子：他渴望到国外体验不同的文化。①Hehas_a_thirst_forexploringdifferentculturesinothercountries.②Heis_thirsty_forexploringdifferentculturesinothercountries.12．tearv．扯破，撕破，撕毁You'vetornaholeinyourpants.你这条裤子给划了一道口子。tear...open撕开tear...apart/intopieces/halves撕毁/撕成碎片/两半tearat撕扯tearoneselfawayfrom忍痛离开teardown拆毁tearup撕碎Shewassoangrythatshetoreuptheletter.她太生气了以至于撕毁了这封信。Nowadays，childrencan'ttearthemselvesawayfromthecomputergames.当今，儿童难以割舍电脑游戏。【巧记】Tearsinhereyes,shetoreherboyfriend'sletterintopieces.眼含着泪，她把男朋友的信撕成了碎片。(tear作动词；意为"撕；扯"，读音为[teə]，作为名词常用复数，意为"眼泪"，读音为[tIə])完成句子：(1)Shetore_up_his_letter(撕碎他的信)andthrewitaway.(2)Listergrabbedtheenvelopeandtoreitopen(撕开)toseeifhe'dgotthejob.13．hardshipn．[U，C]艰难困苦Peoplesufferedmanyhardshipsduringthatlongwinter.在那个漫长的冬季，人们吃了很多苦头。Itwasnohardshiptowalkhomeonsuchalovelyevening.在这么一个宜人的傍晚步行回家一点也不辛苦。完成句子：(1)Theoldman'sfaceshowed

the_hardship_all_through_his_life(他一生的困苦)．(2)

It_is_not_a_hardship_but_a_pleasure(不是一件苦差事而是一件快乐的事情)tolearnEnglishwell.1．takeover接管，占上风，取而代之Trynottoletnegativethoughtstakeover.尽量别被消极的思想左右。takein收留，欺骗，吸入，注意到；理解takeon雇用，呈现，接纳(乘客)takeup占据(时间、空间等)，开始从事Ourcompanyhastakenonanewlook.我们公司已经呈现出了新貌。完成句子：(1)Rogertook_uppaintingforawhile,butsoonlostinterest.(2)Hisonlyreasonforinvestinginthecompanywastotakeitover.(3)Ourhometowntook_onanewlook.(4)Don'tbe_taken_inbyproductsclaimingtohelpyouloseweightinaweek.2．becaughtin遭遇到，被……抓到Shewascaughtinathunderstorm.她遭遇了雷雨。Shewastornbetweenstudyandfootball,soshewascaughtinadilemma.她在学习和